Main Tenets of the nursing theorist

Leininger’s Culture Care Theory attempts to provide culturally congruent nursing care
through “cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that
are mostly tailor-made to fit with individual, group’s, or institution’s cultural values, beliefs, and
lifeways.”
 The intent of the care is to fit with or have beneficial meaning and health outcomes for
people of different or similar culture backgrounds.
 Culture Care is the multiple aspects of culture that influence and help a
person or group to improve their human condition or deal with illness or
death.
 Culture Care Diversity refers to the differences in meanings, values, or
acceptable forms of care in or between groups of people.
 Culture Care Universality refers to common care or similar meanings that
are evident among many cultures.
 Cultural and Social Structure Dimensions include factors related to
spirituality, social structure, political concerns, economics, educational
patterns, technology, cultural values, and ethnohistory that influence
cultural responses of people within a cultural context.
 Health refers to a state of well-being that is culturally defined and valued by
a designated culture.
 Cultural Care Preservation or Maintenance refers to nursing care activities
that help people from particular cultures to retain and use core cultural care
values related to healthcare concerns or conditions.
 Cultural Care Accommodation or Negotiation refers to creative nursing
actions that help people of a particular culture adapt or negotiate with
others in the healthcare community in an effort to attain the shared goal of
an optimal health outcome for patients of a designated culture.

 Cultural Care Re-Patterning or Restructuring refers to therapeutic actions

taken by culturally competent nurses. These actions help a patient to
modify personal health behaviors towards beneficial outcomes while
respecting the patient’s cultural values.

Roach
COMPASSION Awareness of one’s relationship to others, sharing their joys, sorrows, pain, and
accomplishments. Participation in the experience of another.
COMPETENCE Having the “knowledge, judgment, skills, energy, experience and motivation
required to respond adequately to the demands of one’s professional responsibilities” (Roach,
2013, p. 172). CONFIDENCE Comfort with self, client, and others that allows one to build
trusting relationships. CONSCIENCE Morals, ethics, and an informed sense of right and wrong.
Awareness of personal responsibility.
COMMITMENT The deliberate choice to act in accordance with one’s desires as well as
obligations, resulting in investment of self in a task or cause.
COMPORTMENT Appropriate bearing, demeanor, dress, and language that are in harmony
with a caring presence. Presenting oneself as someone who respects others and demands respect
Look on slides for more info
Kristen swanson
Maintaining belief- having faith or sustained belief in the person being able to get through an
event or transition and face the future with meaning,
Belief in the capacity of the person being cared for
Offering realistic optimism
Maintaining a hope filled attitude
Knowing- Striving to understand an event as it has meaning to the other person. It involves not
making assumptions, focusing on the person being cared for and assessing all aspects of the
condition and reality of the patient.
Being with- to be with can be simply giving of yourself and doing so in a way that the one being
cared for realizes the commitment concern and the attentiveness of the one caring. Being
emotionally present with the other, It conveys to the client that they and their experiences matter
to the nurse. Being there in person
Conveying availability and ability
Sharing feelings without burdening the one being cared for
Comforting
Doing for - doing for the other as he or she would if they could do so. Anticipating the patient’s
need, performing them skillfully and competent, protect the person being cared for, protect the
dignity
Enabling- this is facilitating the others passage through life transitions and unfamiliar events.
This assures the other’s long term well-being.

Jean Watson
Transpersonal caring relationships
Caring moments
The caritas processes
 1. Define nursing documentation according to the College of Registered Nurses of
Nova Scotia, 2017.
Documentation is a nursing action that produces a written account of pertinent client data
(A) nursing decisions and intervention and the client’s response (E)
2. Discuss the reasons for nursing documentation.
1.Communication and Continuity of Care-
 Documentation supports the exchange of information between the
interprofessional team.
 Nurses are also able to document their assessment data, plan of care along with
interventions and how the client responded to the care.
 All members of the healthcare team need accurate information so that they can
plan patient care.
 Inaccurate or incomplete documentation can lead to inconsistent or fragmented
care, lead to repetition of task and omission or delay in therapies.
2.Quality improvement
 Through chart audits documentation is used to evaluate the quality of services and
appropriateness of care.
 auditors meet to determine what is to be evaluated and determine a standard.
 charts are selected randomly to determine if they meet the standard.
3. To meet and maintain professional standards
 Accountability means being answerable for one’s own actions.
 This strengthens the support for nursing as a profession because we can prove that
we have practiced evidence-based care.
 demonstrate that they have applied nursing knowledge and skills and utilized
sound clinical judgement while providing care.

4.Expanding nursing science- Accurate nursing documentation is a rich source of data for
clinical research. Documentation leads to information for research which leads more EBP
 Data obtained from health records is used in health research to assess nursing
interventions, to evaluate client outcomes and to determine the efficiency and
effectiveness of care.
 Can generate information on evidence-based practice which in turn can improve
professional decision-making and the profession.
5. Education
 nursing students and students in other healthcare disciplines can learn about the
clinical manifestations, investigation, and management of health problems.
 nursing documentation will also demonstrate which interventions have been used
successfully to address a health problem.
 nursing students learn HOW to document

6. Resource planning
 Health records can identify the type and amount of client care required, services
provided, and the efficiency and effectiveness of those services.
 It also can be used by third party insurers for the approval of client insurance
claims.
 Workload measurement and/or client classification systems, derived as a
consequence of nursing documentation, can be used to help determine the
allocation of staff, skill mix, and/or funding
7. Legal purposes
 nursing documentation can be used in court as evidence to establish whether the
standards of care have been met.

3. Identify the aspects of patient care which should be documented.

1. Each component of the nursing process.
2. Information regarding the patient's admission, transfer, transportation and
discharge.
3. Patient education
4. Risk taking behaviours
5. Unanticipated, unexpected or abnormal incident
6. Medication administration. – the date, the actual time, the name, the route,
the specific site, the dosage and the nurses signature
7. Verbal and telephone orders. Be guided by the institution's policy as to what
to include here.
8. Collaboration and communication between other professionals.

4. Compare common formats for documenting in the nurses’ progress notes.

5. Apply the principles of documentation to the given scenario
1. Include the date and time the entry is being made.
2. End with a readable signature and credentials of the person who made the
entry.
3. Be legible with correct spelling and free from unauthorized abbreviations,
symbols or acronyms
This avoids misinterpretation which could cause patient harm.
Documentation done this way demonstrates a level of processional
competency and attention to
4. Be chronological
events should be documented in the order in which they occurred.
This enhances the clarity of communication.
Enables healthcare providers to determine what assessment information informed
the interventions and the outcomes of the interventions.
5. Be objective