SPE 69631
Evolution of Field Rejuvenation
Kasarie Singh, SPE, Petrotrin
Copyright 2001, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum
Engineering Conference held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 25–28 March 2001.
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Abstract
At the state oil company of Trinidad and Tobago, (Petrotrin)
and its predecessor companies, Field Rejuvenation has
evolved through time from single well targets to the more
highly detailed and complex field reservoir characterization
project currently underway.
Initially single well target selection would be done by
individual engineers operating their specific field. Generally,
the benefit of these actions were not long term and did not
significantly affect or arrest the declining production trends.
At a more formal level there were studies undertaken in the
process of the implementation a secondary or enhanced oil
recovery project. This had the effect of arresting field declines
and improving overall recoveries in the target fields.
The foregoing activities were carried out by the operating
companies of the day. In the late eighties because of limited
capital resources, a program of leasing blocks of idle wells to
small independent local operators was initiated. This program
proved successful in increasing indigenous oil production
from idle assets as well as generating positive cash flows. It
was therefore expanded and has since included farmouts and
joint-venture arrangements with foreign companies
participating also.
Currently Petrotrin is concluding a detailed field reservoir
characterization study of one of its most mature fields on land
which began production in 1913. The preliminary results have
demonstrated the crucial role of reservoir characterization in
evaluating the true potential of mature fields, and its potential
for increasing production even from these fields.
Introduction
Trinidad has a long history of oil exploration and production.
Oil was discovered in 1867 but commercial production only
began from 1908. All the major land oilfields are found in the
southern half of the island. The state oil company of Trinidad
and Tobago, PETROTRIN, began as an entity in 1993 with
the merger of two other state companies, Trintoc and
Trintopec. Prior to this several major international oil
companies have been producing the leases, and included:
United British Oilfield of Trinidad (UBOT), Shell Trinidad
Ltd., Kern Trinidad Ltd., Texaco Trinidad Ltd., and British
Petroleum. This paper will deal with the efforts of Petrotrin
and its two predecessor state companies.
The philosophy of rejuvenation was to increase production
through the reactivation of idle wells. Initially this was not a
coordinated process and it was left up to individual engineers
operating the lease to determine which wells would be acted
upon. This approach focused on the well as an entity, and
hardly ever considered its relation to the overall management
of the reservoir. During field development and subsequent
surveillance, it became apparent that some fields were
amenable to secondary recovery. In these cases some sort of
injection would be initiated with the injectant being water,
steam, CO2, or microbes. Because of the recent success of
detailed reservoir characterization in similar fields, Petrotrin
initiated a project to evaluate the feasibility of this method in
their environment.
Geological Setting
Both geographically and geologically Trinidad forms the
eastward extension of the South American mainland of
Venezuela. Trinidad’s Northern Range fold-belt is postulated
to be the direct continuation of the Coast Range of Eastern
Venezuela. Trinidad is also the most southerly of the
Caribbean islands and lies at the mouth of the Orinoco River
on the north-eastern continental shelf of South America. Land
production in Trinidad comes mainly from the Southern Basin
(Fig. 1), which forms part of the prolific Eastern Venezuelan
Basin. The main oil accumulations in Trinidad are confined to
the southwestern part of the island south of the Central Range
uplift. Most of the developed fields occur in beds of Miocene
age with small amounts of production from the Pliocene,
Eocene and upper Cretaceous. Oil occurrences in Trinidad are
mostly restricted to sandstone reservoirs. The major
accumulations are associated with anticlines but the oil
distribution is modified by faulting and the lenticularity of the
sands. The most notable fault is the right-lateral wrench strike-
2 KASARIE SINGH
slip Los Bajos fault that cuts across the southwest of the
island, and provided vertical migration pathways for oil and
gas1. The earliest fields to be discovered and developed were
anticlinal traps mappable at the surface. Buried anticlines were
discovered later by regional geologic studies, geophysical
surveys and structural drilling.
The stratigraphic sequence consists of the Upper and
Lower Morne L’Enfer (UMLE, LMLE), Forest and Cruse
formations of Pliocene age, and the Wilson, Herrera, Nariva
formations of the Middle Miocene age.
Rejuvenation Methods:
Swabbing
In 1992 former Trintopec began a review of all their
idle/capped wells with a view to implementing some plan for
recovering oil economically from these wells. In all, over
thirteen hundred wells were reviewed and approximately
eleven hundred were physically checked on location. From the
recommendations of the review; fifty-nine (59) wells were put
to flow, five (5) wells were put to pump, and sixty-one (61)
wells were placed on a regular swabbing schedule. During the
exercise period from 1992 April to 1992 August over 6100
barrels of oil was produced2. This production was not
sustainable however, and shows the short-term nature of this
type of reactivation effort.
Production Enhancement Task Force (PETF)
In 1996 November Petrotrin instituted a Production
Enhancement Task Force to arrest declining oil production
from its land fields. The focus was on marginal and inactive
wells throughout its operating fields. This Task Force
comprised several teams to review geographically contiguous
reservoirs. Each team included an engineer, a geologist and a
technician. The mandate of the PETF was to fast-track
opportunities for increasing production in the short term and to
identify any opportunity for enhanced recovery. As a result of
the investigations twenty-four (24) capped and observation
wells were reactivated, while one hundred and fifteen (115)
others were recompleted, and nineteen (19) were drilled as
replacement wells or infill wells.
Only the recompletion and reactivation programs were
successful economically. The drilling program was not
economic. However the overall project has been an economic
success. It is significant that the drilling program was
uneconomic, as the process for finding drilling locations was
the accepted norm. This pointed to the need for reviewing the
way of evaluating the potential of mature fields.
Secondary Recovery and E.O.R.
In 1987, in an effort to identify areas for the allocation of
funds for future projects, Petrotrin (former Trintopec) initiated
a wide ranging study3 to categorize its various reservoirs for
development drilling, exploration activity, secondary recovery
and enhanced oil recovery. It was recognized that the reserves
to production ratio were uncomfortably low and that new
reserves had to be added to ensure viability. Historically their
reservoirs had relatively low recoveries. This had been
SPE 69631
attributed to the following factors: (1) poor perforating
practices in which wells were perforated at one hole per foot
using guns with small diameter holes, (2) the complex nature
of the geology of the reservoirs, (3) the unconsolidated nature
of the reservoir rock, which in the early days led to sand entry
and premature well failure, and (4) poor completion practices
whereby production from different reservoirs were
commingled. The study reviewed all the major producing
fields and identified reservoirs for waterflooding and thermal
recovery implementation as well as development drilling.
Due to soft oil prices only the waterflood projects were
viable. To ensure an adequate supply of water for injection a
Produced Water Treatment Plant (PWTP) was installed. Here
effluent water from the main oil storage tank farm was treated
to obtain injection quality water. Operational problems at the
PWTP, however, resulted in a discontinuous water supply and
eventually forced a premature plant closure.
Waterflooding
Traditionally waterflooding has not been a major success.
There were several reasons for this, which included: (1)
inadequate geological and reservoir delineation, (2) irregular
water supply, (3) positioning of injectors in the poorest part of
the reservoir, and (4) failure to implement projects on a large
scale utilizing an adequate number of injectors for quick
response and better areal and vertical sweep efficiency. Thus
in the few waterfloods that were attempted, problems with low
injectivity and lack of response plagued most of the
operations. Currently there is only one (1) flood in actual
operation with less than 1200 barrels of water injection per
day. Current production stands at 430 bopd and is declining.
Water cut averages 70%. Fig. 2 shows the production
contribution from waterflood activities.
Thermal Recovery:
Steamflooding
Steamflooding has enjoyed much greater success for Petrotrin
and its predecessors. There exist large reserves of heavy oil in
shallow (<2500 ft.) reservoirs. The earliest record of thermal
recovery was in 1963. Since then cyclic and flooding
operations have expanded tremendously, and now Petrotrin
has over thirty (30) years’ experience in thermal applications4.
Currently there are eleven (11) active floods injecting 11000
bspd and 12000 bwpd. Production is down from a high of
8000 bopd in 1997 to 5800 bopd presently (Fig. 3). Because of
the tremendous reserve base of heavy oil (over 300 million
barrels) and the infrastructure already in place, steamflooding
continues to play an important part in Petrotrin’s goal of
arresting production decline as well as increasing reserves.
However high capital and operating costs for this type of
recovery limits it application to times when oil prices are high.
Due to low oil prices several steamfloods had to curtail steam
injection volumes in order to remain economic. Despite the
increasing oil prices and the consequent resumption of
injection rates, oil production still lags. This is attributed to the
collapse of the steam front behind the oil bank, and the need to
re-pressurize the reservoir.
SPE 69631 EVOLUTION OF FIELD REJUVENATION
Water Alternating Steam Process
Mature steamfloods that are uneconomic may become
economic if they are converted to waterflood. The water
alternating steam process (WASP) had shown itself to be a
viable method of operating a mature flood economically5. At
Petrotrin there are several mature steamfloods, which exhibit
high steam oil ratios, high water cuts, and high flowline
temperatures. At the low oil prices seen in 1998 several of
Petrotrin’s steamfloods were uneconomic. As a result steam
injection was curtailed in many projects, and plans were made
for WASP implementation. A pilot WASP project in the North
Fyzabad thermal scheme had already shown the viability of
this strategy. The WASP controlled steam breakthrough
problems and maintained reservoir pressure while improving
thermal efficiency. Several positive benefits were noted6: (1)
oil production declines were reversed, (2) direct lifting cost
was reduced, (3) there were substantial savings in natural gas
for generator fuel, and (4) reduction in workover cost
attributed to fewer pump changes and wellbore damage
occurrences. To monitor the performance of WASP some field
parameters are monitored: oil production rate, reservoir
temperature, and reservoir pressure. When conditions dictate,
patterns will be placed on steam injection again.
Fig. 4 shows the effect of this measure on the production
trends in the fields implemented.
Downhole Heaters
Petrotrin is also considering the implementation of a pilot
project for downhole heaters utilizing electromagnetic energy.
This process overcomes the heat losses inherent in cyclic and
steamflood operations from the surface and wellbore tubulars,
by generating the heat downhole across the reservoir interval
itself. Additional benefits include a reduction in water cuts and
less negative impact on the environment than from steamflood
operations. Field trials have shown encouraging results7 in
heavy oilfields similar to Petrotrin’s. Single well applications
as well as reservoir heating systems will be tested.
Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
Cognizant of the need to monetize its abundant resources of
heavy oil, Petrotrin is ever on the lookout for new applicable
technologies. Towards this end Petrotrin has embarked on a
Joint Venture arrangement with a foreign partner to bring the
Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process to one of
their old heavy oil fields. This technique if successfully
implemented in an economic manner opens up numerous
possibilities and will increase the extra-heavy oil recoverable
reserves.
Carbon Dioxide Flooding
Carbon dioxide gas is produced as a waste product from three
major petrochemical plants at the Point Lisas Industrial Estate
situated on the West Coast of Trinidad. Since CO2 poses a
threat to the environment through global warming and the
green house effect, it is best if it can be utilized for some
productive purpose. Petrotrin’s earliest record of carbon
dioxide injection has been from 1974 at the Forest Reserve
3
field in the Upper Forest horizon. Properties of the available
reservoirs and their crude types mandate the type of CO2 flood
employed, be it miscible or immiscible. The pressure at which
the CO2 becomes miscible with the oil is known as the
Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP). For our local crudes
this has been established at 1500 psig.
All the floods implemented previously in the available
reservoirs have been of the immiscible type. Immiscible
displacement depends on the solubility of the CO2 in oil,
which causes the oil to swell, and decreases its viscosity.
Reservoir depths less than 3000’, API oil gravity less than 22o,
and low average reservoir pressures mandate the
implementation of immiscible floods. Due to the location of
the CO2 supply being on the west coast of the island, fields on
the eastern and central part of the island although containing
higher API gravity crudes were never considered for CO2
injection because of the prohibitive infrastructural costs. This
method of E.O.R. is plagued with downtime associated with
the CO2 supply. Presently production averages less than 500
bopd from two (2) schemes (Fig. 5). Despite constraints with
the supply of CO2, the results have been encouraging8 with
recoveries of up to 7.2% of the original oil in place at 14-20
MSCF/STB.
Petrotrin plans to leverage on these successes and target
suitable reservoirs in the western part of the southern basin for
CO2 flooding. Towards this end a study was initiated to
identify reservoirs close to the existing CO2 infrastructure to
expand the floods. Several such fields have been identified as
likely candidates for injection. Discussions have already been
initiated for sourcing a secure long-term supply of CO2.
Innovative financing scenarios are also being evaluated for
this supply.
M.E.O.R.
Three sets of field trials have been implemented. To date
results have been mixed. Production increases have been less
than anticipated and incremental production has been small.
This process which targeted single wells does not have the
potential to significantly affect the reserves position.
Lease Operatorship and Farmouts
In the late 1980’s during a period of low oil prices, several
wells in the then state oil companies were shut in as being
uneconomic to produce. Over 5000 such wells were in
existence. Limited capital resources and high operating costs
destined these wells to be remain idle for several years.
Additionally this decrease in activity caused a lot of
equipment to be underutilized. In an effort to stimulate growth
in the energy sector the government of the day introduced a
policy whereby Farmouts and Lease Operatorships would be
encouraged. In 1989, the first Lease Operatorship block was
given out in the Coora Field. In 1991 the first Farmout block
was given out in the Barrackpore Field. At present there are
twenty-five (25) active Lease Operatorships, and eight (8)
active Farmouts9, the production contribution from which are
shown in Fig. 6.
4 KASARIE SINGH
In the Lease Operatorship only the wells are leased out and
the operator has limited rights for the development of the
block. Generally production is limited to the formation across
which the well is perforated when the lease was signed. In a
Farmout however the acreage is leased and the farmee has
unlimited access towards field development. Since the Lease
operator has little need for drilling the capital funds required is
smaller. Because of the drilling obligation in the Farmout, a
much greater amount of funding is required. The success of
Lease Operatorships and Farmouts depends on their having
lower overheads than Petrotrin which translates to lower cost
of production. Additionally, because of the smaller number of
wells and acreages there is closer scrutiny of assets and hence
quicker response time to off wells. This reduced downtime on
wells results in increased production. Moreover since wells
can be produced economically at lower production rates the
ultimate recovery from these wells are increased over that
which would have been obtained had Petrotrin continued to
operate the field.
Several benefits accrue from the Lease Operatorships and
Farmouts: (1) Petrotrin and the Government of Trinidad and
Tobago receives revenue from oil production for wells that
were previously idle, (2) idle equipment is utilized, (3)
employment is generated, (4) little or no risk for Petrotrin, (5)
minimal capital expenditure necessary from Petrotrin, and (6)
small incremental reserves are added because of the extension
of the life of the well.
Joint Ventures
Joint Venture (J.V.) arrangements have been instituted in
several areas in the Southern Basin. Most J.V’s have had
foreign partner participation. Generally the work obligations
required a considerable amount of technical work over and
beyond that for the Farmouts or Lease Operatorships. Thus far
these included the acquisition of 3-D seismic and the drilling
of exploration wells. To date no exploration wells have been
drilled and only one operator has completed seismic
acquisition and processing. At present there is only one (1)
J.V. block onshore that is being produced for a total of 600
barrels of oil per day.
J.V. blocks generally have a much larger acreage to ensure
that there is adequate opportunity for development work.
Usually also these acreages are in underdeveloped fields. The
intention here is to attract investors to prove up or explore for
new discoveries. J.V. partners bring technology to Petrotrin;
two of these so far being 3-D seismic and the steam-assisted
gravity drainage (SAGD) process. Both these technologies
require a substantial upfront capital investment with the
earliest anticipated production occurring a few years after the
lease acquisition.
Reservoir Characterization
Opportunities for field rejuvenation occur in depleted
hydrocarbon reservoirs because of heterogeneities that prevent
mobile hydrocarbon from migrating to the wellbore.
Heterogeneities at a scale that disrupt fluid flow in the
reservoir are inherent to most types of depositional systems.
SPE 69631
Even reservoirs that are historically viewed as being relatively
homogeneous may have opportunities for reserve growth
when analyzed using the detailed reservoir characterization
process. Quite often these opportunities exist because of thin
shale units which act as efficient barriers to vertical fluid flow.
These divide the reservoir at a scale finer than can be
efficiently accessed by the existing well pattern spacing and
perforation density.
Ref. 10 presents four main steps to identifying and
modeling reservoir heterogeneity. They include: (1) determine
geologic reservoir architecture, (2) establish fluid flow trends
in the reservoir, (3) integrate reservoir architecture and fluid
flow trends, and (4) estimate original oil in place, residual oil
saturation, and remaining mobile oil. These steps can be
undertaken concurrently and iteratively. The logical first step
though is determining the geologic reservoir architecture.
Reservoir heterogeneity is a function of reservoir
architecture, which reflects the original depositional style.
Sandstone maps when combined with log facies maps allow
the generation of a detailed model of reservoir architecture.
Although diagenesis modifies the fluid flow characteristics of
sandstones, the depositional facies, in most cases, control
reservoir heterogeneity. The utility of detailed Reservoir
Characterization in identifying reserve growth opportunities in
mature marginal fields has been well documented in the
literature10.
In Trinidad’s land province the last field discovery was in
1959. Since then no major discovery has been made on land.
Based on the success of detailed resrvoir characterization in
similar fields a decision was taken by Petrotrin’s management
to implement a study in one of its very mature fields.
The Parrylands field was selected from a list of seven
potential fields after evaluation by a team of engineers and
geologists. All available data for each of the fields were
compiled into a single data chart. Data compiled for each field
included general information (reservoir zones present, areal
extent, depth, number of separate reservoir sands, number of
wells, well spacing); geology (depositional setting of
reservoirs and net pay); reservoir attributes (porosity,
permeability, API gravity, and saturations); volumetrics
(cumulative production, reserves, and initial potentials). Fields
were then ranked according to a specific set of evaluation
criteria. These included: (1) large reserve growth potential, (2)
multiple drilling objectives, (3) high field extension potential,
(4) minimum geological and mechanical risk, and (5) adequate
field infrastructure. Using these criteria each team member
independently ranked all seven fields from greatest preference
to least preference, and then the best was chosen.
Utilizing the methodology cited, a detailed correlation
framework was developed which led to an increased number
of mappable units from the current four (4) to seventeen (17).
This detail has permitted a more accurate delineation of
reservoir heterogenieties, and led to the better understanding
of reservoir behavior. At each unit petrophysical maps
together with the corresponding sand maps and production
maps were constructed. The integration of these maps led to
the identification of various types of opportunities. They
SPE 69631 EVOLUTION OF FIELD REJUVENATION 5

include exploration type (2), infill drilling (5), step out (8),
targeted infill (10), truncation play (6), updip attic (6), and
underperforming pay (6). These forty-three opportunities
represent an increase in the reserve base of 2.8 MMBO and
can boost production 3.5 fold one year after implementation
(Fig. 7).
This method of detailed reservoir characterization has the
benefit of providing the input for geological mapping and
reservoir simulation packages. The lessons learnt from the
process involved will be transferred to other projects
throughout Petrotrin’s operation.
9. Hosein, A.: “Lease Operatorships and Farmouts:
Changing the Oil Production Scenario in Trinidad’s Land-
Based Fields,” paper SPE 36116 presented at the Fourth
Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering
Conference, Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago, 23-26
April 1996.
10. Hamilton, D.S. et al.: “Approaches to Identifying
Reservoir Heterogeneity and Reserve Growth
Opportunities in a Continental-Scale Bed-Load Fluvial
System: Hutton Sandstone, Jackson Field, Australia:
AAPG Bulletin, V. 82, No. 12 (Dec. 1998), P. 2192-2219.

Conclusions
1. Petrotrin has been continuously reviewing the way they
approach mature field rejuvenation.
2. Several methods of field rejuvenation have been
attempted in the past.
3. Well reactivation and recompletions though economic do
not add to the reserve base.
4. Only the EOR and the detailed reservoir characterization
methods added significant reserves.

Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the management of Petrotrin
for permission to publish the contents of this paper. He also
wishes to thank the individuals who reviewed the draft and
assisted in the preparation of the figures.

References
1. Ablewhite, K. and Higgins, G.E.: “A Review of Trinidad
West Indies, Oil Development and the Accumulations at
Soldado, Brighton Marine, Grande Ravine, Barrackpore-
Penal and Guayaguayare,” presented at the Fourth
Caribbean Geological Conference, Trinidad, 1965.
2. Maharaj, G.: “Evaluation of Swabbing/Reactivation
Program,” Petrotrin internal report, 1992.
3. Maharajh, D. et al.: “Identification of Future Oil
Prospects in Trintopec’s Leases,” Petrotrin internal report,
1988.
4. Ramkhalawan, C.D. et al.: “Thirty Years of
Steamflooding: Reservoir Management and Operational
Experiences,” paper SPE 30772 presented at the ATCE,
Dallas, Texas, 1995 October 22-25.
5. Hong, K.C., Stevens, C.E.: “Water-Alternating-Steam-
Process Improves project Economics at West Coalinga
Field,” SPE Reservoir Engineering (Nov. 1992) 407413.
6. Ramlal, V. and Singh, K.S.: “Success of Water-
Alternating-Steam-Process for Heavy Oil Recovery at
Petrotrin,” paper ER01 presented at the GSTT 2000 SPE
Conference, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 10-13 July 2000.
7. “Electromagnetic Reservoir Stimulation Shows Promise
in Brazil,” Oil and Gas journal, 86 (46): 106-108, Nov. 14
1988.
8. Singh, L.M. et al.: “Expansion of Carbon Dioxide
Injection in Forest Reserve,” Petrotrin internal report, July
1996.
6 KASARIE SINGH SPE 69631

M A P SH O W ING

L O C AT IO N O F T H E L A N D O I L F IE L D S O F T R IN ID A D

IN R E L AT IO N TO V E N E Z U E L A

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C a r ib be a n S e a

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TRIN ID AD
o f
Pa r i a
 SPE 69631

bfpd, bspd, bwpd bwpd, bfpd

Ja
Ja n-

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
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10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
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50000
97 M 7
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GROSS FLUID (BFPD)

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GROSS FLUID (BFPD)

Se 8 p-
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STEAM INJ (BSPD)

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Fig. 2
9

Fig. 3
M 9 ar
-9
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M 99 ay
-9
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-9 Ju 9
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Waterflood Production

Ju l-9
WATER INJ (BWPD)

Total Thermal Production

l-9 Se 9
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EVOLUTION OF FIELD REJUVENATION

Se 9 9
p-
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WTR. INJ (BWPD)

-9 Ja 9
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200
400
600
800

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1000
1200
1400
1600

1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
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9000

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bopd
7
8 KASARIE SINGH SPE 69631

Effe ct of WASP in Se le cte d Fie lds

A pex Quarry Bennett V illage Central Los Bajos North Palo Sec o

2500

2000
Production, bopd

1500

1000

500

0
May -96 Nov -96 Jun-97 Dec -97 Jul-98 Jan-99 A ug-99 Mar-00 Sep-00
F ig . 4

Ca rbon Diox ide P roduction

GROSS FLUID (BFPD) CO2 INJ (MCFD) OIL (BOPD)

8000 800

7000 700

6000 600
bfpd, MCFD

5000 500
bopd

4000 400

3000 300

2000 200

1000 100

0 0
M 7

M 8

M 9

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M 97

M 98

M 99

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-9

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-9

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ar

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ay

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Fig. 5
SPE 69631 EVOLUTION OF FIELD REJUVENATION 9

Previous Reactivation Methods

Lease Operatorships and Farmouts Production

LEASE OPERATORSHIPS (25 active) FARMOUTS (8 active)

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000
Production, bopd

2,500

2,000

1,500

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Ap 4

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l-9

l-9

l-9

l-9
r-9

r-9

r-9

r-9

r-9

r-9
n-

n-

n-

n-

n-

n-
ct

ct

ct

ct

ct

ct

ct
Ju

Ju

Ju

Ju

Ju

Ju
O

Fig. 6

P ro d u ctio n F o re ca st fro m Re se rvo ir Ch a ra cte risa tio n S tu d y

Pr e-Study Pos t- Study

10000

1000
Production (bopd)

100
Jul-95

Jul-96

Jul-97

Jul-98

Jul-99

Jul-00

Jul-01

Jul-02

Jul-03

Jul-04
Jan-95

Jan-96

Jan-97

Jan-98

Jan-99

Jan-00

Jan-01

Jan-02

Jan-03

Jan-04

F ig . 7