Zone Coverage

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Kellyville Training Center
WPS
Fluid Placement

Successful matrix

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treatments require
uniform treating fluid
distribution
 StimCADE* Untitled
11-27-2001
Acid Placement: Rate By Zone Thickness vs.Volume

0.24
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4

0.22 --- Treatment Fluids ---

1 - NH4CL 3%
2 - HCl 10%
3 - MUD ACID 10/1.5
0.20 4 - HCl 5%
5 - DIV SLUG J227

0.18

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Zone 1
Rate by Zone thickness (bbl/min/m)

Zone 2
0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10

0.08
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Volume (bbl)

*Mark of Schlumberger
Guidelines for Staging Treatments

Perforated Acid Diverter Design

Interval (ft) Stages Stages (Ft)

20 2 1 10’

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40 3 2 15’
60 3 2 20’
80 4 3 20’
100 5 4 20’
125 5 4 25’
150 6 5 25’
175 7 6 25’
200 8 7 25’
225 9 8 25’
250 10 9 25’
Common Placement Techniques
Mechanical methods
– Ball sealers
– Straddle packers

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– CT, inflatable packers
Bridging and Matrix Diverter Agents
– Salts
– OSR
Chemical
• for carbonates, best
Mechanical Diversion

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Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
– Less sensitive to chemical composition of fluid
– Less sensitive to temperature
– Effective interval isolation Sandstones

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and
• Disadvantages carbonates
– Workover rig
– Special equipment
– No gravel pack
– No open hole
– Operational risks
– Horizontal well complications
– Operational time
 Ball Sealers Packers

conventional buoyant
density ball sealer
ball sealer

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 Schlumberger Private
Matrix Diverters and Bridging Agents
History
• Soaps (1936)
• Cellophane flakes Sandstones and
• Naphthalenes (1954) tight carbonates

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• Rock Salt
• Wax-Polymer Blends
• Hydrocarbon Resins
Fluid Diversion
ACID
• Slug diversion
DIVERTER
(in acid or
brine)

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ACID

• Continuous Diversion

DIVERTER
(in acid)
Requirements
• Physical
– Low cake permeability
– Minimal matrix invasion
– Well dispersed material

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• Chemical
– Compatibility
– Cleanup
– Constant cake properties
– Constant with temperature
– Constant with fluid type
Properties
• Bridging agents (bridge natural fractures)
– 10/20 to 100 Mesh
– 20k-1k md
– Rock salt for injectors

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– OSR for oil wells
– Followed by Diverters

• Diverters (matrix)
– <100 Microns
– up to 5000 md
– Injectors - benzoate salts, benzoic acid
– Producers - OSR
• Advantages
– No rigs
– No downhole tools
– Open hole
– Harmless

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– No operational risks

• Disadvantages
– Compatibility
– Careful design to match rock pore size distribution
– Temperature sensitive
– Solubility
– May be ineffective in gravel pack’s sandscreens
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Common Diverters
OSR’s
• Liquid dispersion of finely divided oil-soluble
resins
• Delivered continuously or in slugs (recommended)

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• Problems
– (k)½ approximates pore size in microns
– Diverting agents bridge
– Size > 1/2 to 1/3 pore size
– Particle flows in and out
– < 1/6 pore size
• J237A, J238, J426
J237A
• Liquid dispersion of finely divided oil-soluble
resins
Size = 1 - 4 m
Two Component System:

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1. Hard Granules 4 m
2. Soft Granules 1 m

• Designed for matrix acidizing of oil and gas

wells.
J237A Design Considerations
• Compatibility
– No mutual solvents
• Concentrations

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– Function of k and temperature
• Placement Technique:
– Continuous
– Slug
• Cleanup:
– Overflush of light oil will aid in cleanup
J238
• Powder
• ONE component system
– Hard granular resin (4 micron particle size)

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• Compatible with alcohol
– Gas well acid
– Alcoholic acid
• Placement technique:
– Continuous
– Slug (recommended)
Water Soluble Diverting Agents
• Water producers
• Water overflush
• Injection wells

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• J363
J363
• Sodium benzoate:
– C6H5COONa + HCl C6H5 COOH + Na+
+ Cl- (Benzoic Acid)

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• Rock salt
• Key point
– Use bridging agents (J227) for K > 5D or fractured zones
– Saturate acid
• 150 oF
• Highly soluble in water or alkaline solutions
J363 Design Considerations
• Compatibility
– No mutual solvents or alcoholic acids

• Dispersion

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– F78 (5 gal/1000)

• Placement techniques
– Continuous addition
– Slug addition:
– 50# in 1-2 bbls of acid
Limitation of Bridging Agents

e l l bore

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t he w
i on at
e r s
c i d di v
A
only
3. Chemical Diverters
• Thief zones, fissured carbonates, highly permeable
formations, where bridging and matrix diverters
don’t work

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• In-depth diversion
• Best approach
• Foam, FoamMAT, OilSEEKER Sandstones and Carbonates

• SDA, VDA Carbonates only

Foam Diversion
• Water-based fluid, N2, surfactant
– F52, F100, F103
– F103 for HC-based fluids

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• Viscosity
• Generation
– at surface: carbonates (and sandstones)
– in-situ: sandstones
Foaming Agents – HCl, Mud Acid, Clay
Acid

• F100 if T > 215 ºF

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• F103 if T < 215 ºF and K < 200 md
Foaming Agents – Other Treatments

ALCOHOLIC SYSTEMS
Alcoholic Acid
Gas Well Acid F52
Alcoholic Mud Acid
Gas Well Mud Acid

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NARS 200
NARS NARS 201

F100

Clean Sweep Fluids

DAD
Organic Solvent Mixtures P121
A26
 Foaming Agents - Concentration

in % by vol Temperature ºF
Foamer 100-125 125-215 215-250 250-300

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F103 0.4-1.0 - - -

F100/F52 0.4-0.8 0.5-1.0 0.8-1.5 1.0-2.0

Foam Diversion Process: Step 1

Damaged Zone

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Thief Zone

• Clean the near wellbore area (Mutual

solvent in brine or CS)
• Displace oil or condensate
Foam Diversion Process: Step 2

Damaged Zone

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2 1 Thief Zone

• Saturate the near wellbore region with foamer (HCl or brine

containing foamer)
• Remove damage from the thief zone
• Saturate the rock with foamer to stabilize the foam
Foam Diversion Process: Step 3

Damaged Zone

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2 Thief Zone
1

• Foam injection
– Foam bank is formed in both layers
Foam Diversion Process: Step 4

Damaged Zone

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2 Thief Zone
1

• Shut-in period
– Foam dissipates rapidly in damaged zone
Foam Diversion Process: Step 5

Damaged Zone

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2 Thief Zone
1

• Inject treating fluid containing foamer

– Acid preferentially flows into low perm layer
Conclusions: Benefits of Foam
Diversion
• High water-cut wells

• Non-damaging diverter system is used

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• Effective

• Only option for low-P wells

• Standard products and equipment

Summary: Acid Placement
Acid placement is one of the Five Stars for good
matrix treatment design

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– Treatment methodology
– Formation damage characterization
– Placement technique
– Fluid volume and contact time
– Fluid compatibility
Summary: Placement Techniques
1. Mechanical methods
– Good cement and casing integrity
– Homogeneous zones

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2. Bridging agents and diverters
– Good for moderate to low degree of heterogeneity
– Water soluble for water wells; Oil soluble for oil wells
– Roughly 1 diverter stage per 25’ interval
– Low KV/KH
3. Chemical (Self-diverting fluids)
– Long open hole intervals
– Vertical and horizontal holes

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– Carbonates (fractured, vugs)
– High permeability contrasts
Case History – InTouch 4193935

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Case History – InTouch 4193935

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Case History – InTouch 4193935

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