Formation Evaluation

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GR , SP , Caliper
 Objective of a well
The Objective of most wells is to find hydrocarbons.
The volume of hydrocarbons in place is given by:

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H = Constant x  (SH) h 

where
H= initial oil in place
= effective porosity
SH= Hydrocarbon saturation
h= productive interval
A= drainage area
Can we measure SH???

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We measure Water
Saturation = Sw

Then SH = 1- Sw
Archie’s Equation

Empirical constant
(usually near Resistivity of

aR
Rww

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unity) formation

Sw = n
water, -m


Water
saturation
m
m Cementation
exponent
, fraction
Saturation
R
Rtt (usually near 2)

exponent (also Resistivity of

usually near 2) Porosity uninvaded
, formation, -m
fraction
 Complex world - > Other reasons

Logs provide detailed essential information on wells

and reservoirs

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Well
• Rock type
Sandstone
• Porosity
Depth • Permeability
Claystone
• Fluid type
• Fluid volume
Limestone
• Formation tops
• Fractures
Shale

Granite
 Types of Measurement
Passive measurements
Gamma ray:
Indicates lithology
Spontaneous potential:
Indicates lithology

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Caliper:
Hole condition

Active measurements
Resistivity:
Fluid saturation, fluid type
Cap rock Porosity:
Oil Rock properties, quantity of
hydrocarbon
Density:
Rock properties, seismic
response
Sonic log:
Source rock Rock properties, seismic
Reservoir rock
response
Passive measurements

▪Gamma ray
▪Spontaneous potential
▪Caliper

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Gamma Ray
Measures natural radioactivity of
formation
• Potassium (K)
• Uranium (U)

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• Thorium (Th)
Gamma Ray

 Radioactive elements tend

to concentrate in clays and
shales

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 In sedimentary formations,
the GR log reflects the clay
or shale content.

 Clean formations, such as

sandstones or limestones,
usually have a very low level
of radioactivity
TOOLS - GR
 Platform Express –> HGNS
 Conventional GR tool –> SGT L/N
 Telemetry tools -> EDTC


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Perforation GR tools -> PGGT-C/D

 Calibration?
 Only for formation evaluation GR tools
 Before and After Calibration with GR jig
 Example GR Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
GRC ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
0 150
10700

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10800

GR
Log

10900
Caliper

 The Caliper log is a continuos

measure of the actual borehole

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diameter, to know the condition
of the well where the other tools
are being ran.

 Is also used to calculate the

volume of cement needed
behind the casing
TOOLS - Caliper
 Platform Express –> TLD (density tool)
 All Density tools -> LDT / LDS
 4 Arm Caliper -> PPC, FMI


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6 Arm Caliper -> EMS

 Calibration?
 YES. Before Calibration
 1 & 4 Arm calipers = 8 & 12 in rings
 EMS = Star
 Caliper Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700
ACAL

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6 16

10800

Caliper
Log
10900
Spontaneous Potential (SP)
 Measures the electrical potential in the formation caused
by the salinity difference between the drilling mud and the
formation water

 SP is generally an indicator of permeability

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Spontaneous Potential - SP

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Spontaneous Potential - SP

 SP:

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 Membrane Potential - Em
 Liquid Junction Potential - Ej

 “The SP cannot be recorded in

holes with nonconductive muds”
Spontaneous Potential - SP

 If Rmf > Rw
 shales will have a low SP and
clean sandstones will have a

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higher SP.

 If Rmf < Rw
 shales will have a high SP and
clean sandstones will have a
lower SP.

 If Rmf = Rw
 little SP will be developed and
the SP log will have very little
character.
Spontaneous Potential - SP

 Shaliness indicator
SPshale = -10 mV
SPsand = -40 mV

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SPlog = SP reading from the log = -25 mV

The percentage of shale will be :

SPlog - SPshale / SPsand - SPshale =

-15/-30 = .5
or 50% shale

 Fresh and saltwater interface

 Correlation
 SP Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
SPC
10700

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-160 MV 40

10800

SP
Log

10900
SP Log Response

SP
Shale

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Impervious
nonshale
Reservoir
bed
Impervious
nonshale
Reservoir
bed
Shale