The statement monthly or quarterly cost to be revealed three things which are:

(1) Anticipated cash receipts

(2) /anticipated cash cost including living expenses
(3) Anticipated borrowing and pay back because it is only show the cash alone.
The cash alone will not indicate whether a profit is made or not. In view of this, cash

flow is the manager best tool to the matter and adjust predictions outcomes for best result. It

should be done monthly.

Intormation can be used to make interim financial statement that is, income statement balance sheet.
These are the prediction of what might happen and help the manager to plan ahead.

LECTURE ELEVEN
BEE PEST, DISEASES AND CONTROL

There are various reason attributed to the pest, diseases. Such as:

Importation of goods
i. Climate condition of environment
iii. Pollution
Industrial pollution i.e chemical uses etc.
Wind e.tc.
But the worst enemy, is the bee keeper himself due to frequency disturbance on their

nest, through regular infection or honest of ripe honey. The other common pest are lizard and
toad lucking themselves up near the hive entrance and catch flying bees.

cONTROL
. This can be control by using meta cone one the legs of the hives filled with oil or

grease
ii. Ant can be control putting ash on the ground, but for serious invasion spread the hive

with salt.

ii. Termite: it can be control by using g0od seasoned wood for the construction of hive

legs.
IV. Wax Moth: is an inseet that destroying the combs in the hive. It can be control from
the entrance by keep (put it at hive entrance and glue the surrounding of it). It can be control

by nailing hive entrance i.e 4" nail to prevent them from entering.
Regular inspection of hive is very important. Fire tracing prevent burning of S00m

distanee. But don't you use any chemical.

54
 BEETLE: The effect is yet to be know but they have to visit hive from time to time. It can be

control by clearing the surrounding of hive regularly.

CONTROL OF PEST AND DISEASES: TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES.
Many materials that are used to control insects, weeds, and plant diseases are toxic to honey bees.

These pesticides are placed in three groups in relation to their effects on bees. Highly toxic materials
are those that kill bees on contact during application and for one or more days after treatment. Bees

should be moved from the area if highly toxic materials are used on plants the bees are visiting.

Among the materials in this group are the foilsmang

There are various reason attributed to the pest, diseases. Such as:

L.lmportation of goods
ii. Climate condition of environment
iii. Pollution
IV. Industrial pollution i.e chemical uses etc.
V. Wind e.tc.
But the worst enemy, is the bee keeper himself due to frequency disturbance on their nest,
through regular infection or honest of ripe honey. The other common pest are lizard and toad
lucking themselves up near the hive entrance and catch flying bees.
CONTROL

This can be control by using meta cone one the legs of the hives filled with oil or

grease

i. Ant can be control putting ash on the ground, but for serious invasion spread the hive
with salt.
iii. Termite: it can be control by using good seasoned wood for the construction of hive

legs.
iv. Wax Moth: is an insect that destroying the combs in the hive. It can be control from
the entrance by keep (put it at hive entrance and glue the surrounding of it). It can be control
by nailing hive entrance i.e 4" nail to prevent them from entering.
Regular inspection of hive is very important. Fire tracing prevent burning of 500m distance.
But don't you use any chemical.
BEETLE: The effect is yet to be known but beekeepers must visit the hive from time to time.
It be control by clearing the hive
can
surrounding of regularly.

LECTURE TWELVE

55
 WHAT IS APITHERAPY

Apitherapy is a branch of alternative medicine that uses honey bee products including honey,
make many
pollen, bee bread, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom. Proponents of apitherapy
evidence.
wide-ranging claims for its health benefits which are not supported by medical
is the of products from the bee heal variety of medical conditions and
Apitherapy use to a

promote health. The products that are usually used include raw honey, royal jelly, pollen,
propolis, bee wax and bee venom. The term apitherapy is derived from the words apis
meaning bee and therapy meaning treatment. The apitherapy is claimed to be effective
against a wide range of medical conditions ranging from arthritis and chronic pain to serious
medical conditions like cancer and stroke. There is very little scientific evidence to support

many of the claims of the apitherapists, however it remains one of the main branches of

aliernative medicine. Apitherapy is widely promoted as having a wide range of health

benefits, including the ability to treat multiple sclerosis, to alleviate various types of pain, and
to boost general wellbeing. Such claims are not supported by medical evidence. Although
honey and its derivative products are under investigation for possible medical applications in
cancer therapy there are, according to the American Cancer Society, "no clinical studies in

humans showing that bee venom or other honeybee products are effective in preventing or
treating cancer.

Therapies involving the honeybee have existed for thousands of years and some may be as old as
human medicine itself. The ancient rock art of early hunter-gatherers depicts the honeybee as a
source of natural medicine. Bee venom
therapy was practiced in ancient Egypt, Greece, and China-
three Great Civilizations known for their highly developed medical
systems. Hippocrates, the Greek
physician known as the "Father of Medicine", recognized the healing virtues of bee venom for
treating arthritis and other joint problems. Today, growing scientific evidence
suggests that various
bee products promote healing by improving circulation,
decreasing inflammation, and a stimulating
healthy immune response.
DIFERENT TERMINOLOGY IN BEEKEEPING

Apis Honeybees
Absconding : Total moving away of bees from the hives
Swarming : Clustering of honeybees together during high population of bees
Apiary: Honeybee farm
Odhive : Hive around the forest orclosed areas

Bee bread: name given to pollen stored in the beecombs

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Drone Male bee
Brood: All the immature honeybee eggs ( Laverstage )
Dadant hive: A design of American single wall frame hive

Forage: Flowering plants which provide nectars and/ pollen for bees
Langstroth hive : A design of frame hive
Pheromone: A chemical substance produced by bees for communication