FOUNDATION in SCIENCES (MARA)

PRACTICAL REPORT COVERSHEET

COURSE NAME CHEMISTRY 2

COURSE CODE SCI 1064

LECTURER MADAM YUZAILA BINTI YUNUS

SESSION /
22/23 SEMESTER 2
SEMESTER

ASSESSMENT DETAILS

TITLE RATE OF REACTION

DATE OF
16 MARCH 2023
EXPERIMENT
COURSE
LEARNING CLO 3: Apply some techniques used in chemistry
experiments.
OUTCOME

Student Name: Class:

Nik Aymi binti Nik Azman
1. Afif Arham bin Muhammad Shukri FD1
2. Siti Zulaikha binti Muhammad
3. Nik Aymi binti Nik Azman
OBJECTIVES

1. To study the effect of temperature on the reaction rate

INTRODUCTION

The rate of change in the reactants' or products' concentrations over time.

Temperature, pressure, catalyst, particle size, and reactant concentration are the
variables that affect the rate of reaction. At normal temperature, the calcium chloride
solution and baking soda solution react. The pace of the reaction can be sped up by
warming the reactants and slowed down by cooling them.

Many reactions won't happen at all at room temperature. The reactants must be
heated for these reactions to take place. The reactants have sufficient energy to
react when they are heated. After a reaction begins, it is frequently sustained by the
energy the reaction generates on its own.

The heated solutions will respond considerably more quickly than the cold ones, and
they will do so instantly. The mixed heated solutions will start to bubble and contain
white solid particles. The murky grayfish-like state of the cold solutions will last for
some time. Eventually the mixed solutions will gradually turn white and bubble, and
particles of white solid will emerge.
APPARATUS

 Graduated cylinder
 Balance or measuring spoon
 Beaker
 Plastic container
 Ice cube
 Glass rode

CHEMICAL REAGENTS

 Baking soda, NaHCO3

 Calcium chloride, CaCl2
 Hot water (about 50°c)
 Cold water (about 0-5°c)

PROCEDURE

1. Two small beakers baking soda solution were labelled A and B. While another
two small beakers calcium chloride solution were labelled C and D.
2. 20 ml distilled water was added to all beakers.
3. 2 g of baking soda was added to beaker A and B. 2 g of calcium chloride was
added to beaker C and D. The solutions were swirled until the solid dissolves.
4. Half of the solution in beaker A was poured into beaker B and half of the
solution in beaker C was poured into beaker D
5. One plastic container was filled with hot water and the other with cold water
until each was about 1/4 full. The water should be shallow. The hot and cold
water baths were labelled.
6. One plastic container was filled with hot water and the other with cold water
until each was about 1/4 full. The water should be shallow. The hot and cold
water baths were labelled.
7. Both solutions in the hot water were combined as well as the solution in the
cold water. The observations were recorded.
RESULTS

A B C D

Initial temperature (°c) 26 26 24 24

A+C B+D

Final temperature (°c) 36 23

Time taken to produce

117 430
precipitate (s)
DISCUSSION

Based on experimental data,

the rate of reaction increases as
the temperature increases
which supports my hypothesis
to an extent. Graph 1 indicates
that experiment 2 shows the
most reliable result in terms of
fitting the trend stated in my
hypothesis in which the rate of
reaction roughly doubles for
every 10˚c increase in
temperature. In comparison to
my own
experiment (experiment 1) and
experiment 3 in which the rate
is not as consistent.
Furthermore, Graph 2
highlights the limitations of a
small set of data from other
individuals
due to human errors. Although
graph 2 also follows the trend
in which the rate of reaction is
dependent of the temperature
rising, the doubling of the rate
for every 10˚c is not so clear
which contrasts my
hypothesis.
Based on experimental data,
the rate of reaction increases as
the temperature increases
which supports my hypothesis
to an extent. Graph 1 indicates
that experiment 2 shows the
most reliable result in terms of
fitting the trend stated in my
hypothesis in which the rate of
reaction roughly doubles for
every 10˚c increase in
temperature. In comparison to
my own
experiment (experiment 1) and
experiment 3 in which the rate
is not as consistent.
Furthermore, Graph 2
highlights the limitations of a
small set of data from other
individuals
due to human errors. Although
graph 2 also follows the trend
in which the rate of reaction is
dependent of the temperature
rising, the doubling of the rate
for every 10˚c is not so clear
which contrasts my
hypothesis.
Based on experimental data, the rate of reaction increases as the temperature increases
which supports my hypothesis to an extent. Graph 1 indicates that experiment 2 shows the
most reliable result in terms of fitting the trend stated in my hypothesis in which the rate of
reaction roughly doubles for every 10˚c increase in temperature. In comparison to my own
experiment (experiment 1) and experiment 3 in which the rate is not as consistent.
Furthermore, Graph 2 highlights the limitations of a small set of data from other individuals
due to human errors. Although graph 2 also follows the trend in which the rate of reaction is
dependent of the temperature rising, the doubling of the rate for every 10˚c is not so clear
which contrasts my hypothesis. Based on experimental data, the rate of reaction increases as
the temperature increases
which supports my hypothesis to an extent. Graph 1 indicates that experiment 2 shows the
most reliable result in terms of fitting the trend stated in my hypothesis in which the rate of
reaction roughly doubles for every 10˚c increase in temperature. In comparison to my own
experiment (experiment 1) and experiment 3 in which the rate is not as consistent.
Furthermore, Graph 2 highlights the limitations of a small set of data from other individuals
due to human errors. Although graph 2 also follows the trend in which the rate of reaction is
dependent of the temperature rising, the doubling of the rate for every 10˚c is not so clear
which contrasts my hypothesis.
The results show that the dependent variable, in this case the rate of reaction is
proportional to the independent variable, the temperature in this investigation. This is
because the collision theory states that an increase in temperature causes a rise in
kinetic energy thus a higher ollision frequency will cause a reaction to occur faster.
The higher the temperature, the more particles overcome the activation energy. In
this investigation, the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate
caused the X mark to disappear due to the formation of a precipitate of sulfur. The
colourless solutions reacted together and shifted to cloudy followed by being
opaque. This reaction can be summarised by the following ionic equation:

S2032-(ag) + 2H+ (ag) -> S(s) + SO2(aq) + H20(l)

It was vital for there to be controlled variables due to the fact that the various factors
such as the volume and concentration of the solution, would have influenced the rate
of reaction.

Overall, the investigation of the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction was
successful in a sense that the relationship between the two variables coincided and
my results supported my hypothesis in showing that as the temperature rose, so did
the rate of reaction. However, some minor faults to the experiment due to systematic
errors would have impacted my results and so an exponential shaped graph was not
fully achieved.

QUESTION

1. State the relationship between the temperature with time and the rate of reaction

An increase in temperature typically increases the rate of reaction. Hence, will result
in the decrease the period or time taken for the reaction to occur. An increase in
temperature will raise the average kinetic energy of the reactant molecules.

2. Write the equation for the reaction.

NaHCO3 + CaCl2 → CaCO3 + CO2 + NaCl + H2O

3. Suggest two factors that influences the rate of reaction.

-Temperature
-Concentration of reactant

CONCLUSION
 From this experiment, the effect of temperature on reaction rate was studied.
Objective was archived.

REFERENCES

 Key, J. A. (2014, September 16). Factors that Affect the Rate of Reactions.
Opentextbc.ca; BCcampus.
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/factors-that-affect-the-
rate-of reactions/#:~:text=Reactant%20concentration%2C%20the%20physical
%20state

 Chemical Reactions Background: In an auto collision, passengers are

protected by air bags. A chemical reaction produces. (n.d.).
https://www.seaford.k12.ny.us/cms/lib07/NY01000674/Centricity/Domain/
326/Chemical%20Reactions%20double%20replace%20ment.pdf

 Is there any relation between time and temperature? (n.d.). Quora. Retrieved
March 23, 2023, from https://www.quora.com/Is-there-any-relation-between-
time-and-temperature#:~:text=No%2C%20there%20is%20no%20relationship

 What is the relationship between time and temperature.as the body cooling
down then time is? | Socratic. (n.d.). Socratic.org. Retrieved March 23, 2023,
from https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-relationship-between-time-and-
temperature-as-the-body-cooling-down-t#:~:text=Explanation%3A