THE IMPACTS OF MOBILIZING EXTENDED WATER SERVICES

DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INTSIKA YETHU LOCAL

MUNICIPALITY.

BY

TSHIBE SANELE

A mini dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Administration Honours

at

WALTER SISULU UNIVERSITY

SUPERVISOR:MR Fiko
COSUPERVISOR: Prof Balkaran

December 2021

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Table of Contents
WALTER SISULU UNIVERSITY...................................................................................0
The impacts of Mobilizing extended water services during the COVID-19 pandemic
in Intsika Yethu Local municipality.......................................................................2
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................2
1.2 Background of the study................................................................................2
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON SERVICE DELIVERIES.......................................3
1.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK...........................................................................5
1.3.1 Uncovering a water emergency in making....................................................5
1.4 RESEARCH PROBLEM....................................................................................5
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE COVID-19....................................................6
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION...................................................................................7
1.5.1 PRIMARY QUESTION..................................................................................7
1.6 Sub Questions...............................................................................................7
1.7 AIM OF THE STUDY......................................................................................7
1.8 Objectives of the study..................................................................................9
1.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY......................................................................9
1.10 DEFINITION OF THE MAIN THE MAIN TERM...............................................10
1.11 Possible limitations....................................................................................11
1.12 Ways to overcome limitations.....................................................................11
1.13 delimitations of the study...........................................................................12
1.14 proposed layout of the study......................................................................12
1.15 conclusions...............................................................................................12
Part II: Literature review...................................................................................13
2.1 introduction................................................................................................13
2.2 Review of available literature using subheadings:..........................................14
2.2.3 Identification of authors who have interest in your area of study.................16
2.2.4 Trace prominent authors in your subject who will help you justify importance
of your research................................................................................................17
2.2.5 Check consistencies and controversies in similar field of your research.........18
2.2.6 Evaluate prior findings in similar studies as your.........................................18
2.2.7 Identify gaps in the literature....................................................................18

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 2.2.8 Conclusion...............................................................................................18
Part III: Methodological Framework...................................................................19
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................19
3.2 Research Methodology.................................................................................19
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.........................................................19
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHOLOGY...........................................................20
MIXED METHODS APPROACH............................................................................20
3.3 Research design..........................................................................................21
3.6 Data collection Instrument/s........................................................................22
3.7 RESEARCH SITE..........................................................................................23
3.8 Population of the study................................................................................24
3.9 Sampling/sample.........................................................................................25
3.10 Data Collection procedures.........................................................................25
3.11 Ethical Clearance/Considerations................................................................26
Permission to conduct research..........................................................................26
3.11 DATA ANALYSIS........................................................................................28
Bibliography.........................................................................................................30

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The impacts of Mobilizing extended water services during the COVID-19
pandemic in Intsika Yethu Local municipality

1.1 Introduction
IntsikaYethu Local Municipality is an administrative area in the Chris Hani District of
the Eastern Cape in South Africa. The municipality is one of six in this district.
IntsikaYethu is an Isixhosa name meaning "our pillars".

The motivation behind the investigation is to evaluate the issues confronting the world,
South Africa and Ngqwaru people group in IntsikaYethu Local Municipality in the
arrangement of water and sanitation. Ngqwaru location Ward 12 is a little
communitysituated in Cofimvaba town under INTSIKAYETHU Local Municipality found in
Eastern Cape Province.

The issue of further developing water and disinfection started throughout quite a while
past, yet at the same time there are incalculable elements upsetting water and
sanitation administrations. The issue of water services and deliveries has been
influenced and seriously affected the citizens of Ngqwaru location during the outbreak
of COVID-19 because of higher demands and usage of available resources by the
citizens.

1.2 Background of the study

During the outbreak of COVID-19 in South Africa, government made it clear with the
division of water and sanitationthat.

 The Department of Water and Sanitation will give way forward to the issue water
crisis in country regions, informal settlements, and rural areas.
 The Department will build the arrangement of water and sanitation in high-
thickness public regions, informal settlements, and provincial regions.
 The Department will likewise guarantee that provincial regions and casual
settlements are given water tanks and standpipes, to build admittance to water
for the public.

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  Water tanks and sanitizers will likewise be given out in the open spaces including
taxi positions, train and transport stations, and different regions where
individuals assemble.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON SERVICE DELIVERIES

The people group's admittance to water is by all accounts seriously restricted due to
their financial status, for the most part destitution. The resident's admittance to water
and sanitation is brought about by absence of business, Absence of joblessness powers
individuals relocate to metropolitan to search for better chances of which at these
difficult occasions things are altogether different on the grounds that they can't do
anything for themselves since they needed to cling to the lockdown guidelines which
powers individuals to remain at home, so it is difficult for them to go out and hustle for
the fundamental necessities(Ngam, 2020, p.04).

Almost all the citizens of ward 12 in Cofimvaba are profoundly influenced by

privatization. Absence of support is another financial factor that denies individuals from
getting water and disinfection administrations, individuals in this town are ineffectively
educated on nearly part of water and sanitation issues. Water and disinfection inclusion
is poor in this town because of manyfoundations disappointment that has been stated
above.

As South Africa keeps on being on the different levels of lockdown, administration

conveyance has seen an expansion among numerous networks in the country(Madisa &
Hartle, 2020, p.05). This, as the Department of Water and Sanitation has conveyed a
huge number of water tanks to numerous spaces who endure critical lack of water, to
help local people to keep cleanliness during this time(Mhlekude, 2020, p.02).

The issue of water being the principle worry for some residents across rural areas of
IntsikaYethu Local Municipality mainly in ward 12 of Ngqwaru community.It is obviously
for responsibility to ensure that administration finishes its guarantees, cooperating with
the nearby regions to give water to networks so that individuals can beable to access
water and wash their hands.

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Then again, maybe the flare-up of Coronavirus diseases has uncovered imbalances in
South African culture with water being a piece of this, we have seen other
neighbourhood regions working intimately with the networks particularly those that are
weak providing them with whatever needs that is by all accounts an issue particularly
the issue of water.

Things could've been done another way if the public authority at the primary spot
extended their thought that water is a common freedom, it is a huge humiliation for
South Africa that numerous families are yet having no admittance to water
administrations during these troublesome occasions. Coronavirus has played as a
reminder on this matter since South Africa is a dry country; the water deficiencies at
present featured by the pandemic and are for the most part brought about by
legislative issues and dynamic.
Most of water deficiencies includes the disappointment by the IntsikaYethu Local
municipality to supply versatile faucet water during the time where it was required the
most and these issues stayed problematic, becauseneighbourhood regions currently are
done giving convenient water to needy areas that are poor and weak where water
emergency has been difficult for seemingly forever.
Numerous residents have lost confidence particularly in the issue of water
administrations considering lack of foresight and sharing of assets by our Municipalities.
We generally realized that the climate is changing, and the battle of water has been in
the process for quite a while.f that was being considered before the COVID-19
pandemic government ought to have enough plans with spending plan in the
arrangement of water benefits(Madisa & Hartle, 2020, p.05).
Eventually it very well may be a misstep to say that this is a Corona Virus emergency,
this is a more extensive venture since individuals couldn't be here griping about the
shortage of water if the public authority had designs even before covid19 pandemic.
The way that administration's first reaction during COVID-19 was to purchase up each
local area with water tanks in the country, to me it shows that water was continually
something individuals in the nation were continually stressing over.

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1.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1.3.1 Uncovering a water emergency in making

The outbreak of Covid diseases in the nation had exposed the disparities in South
African culture, with water being part of this. The outbreak of Covid contaminations and
the hurry to give water to networks so they can clean up, and often wash their hands
ought to be a significant reminder toward the South African government, specialists
said during a Daily Maverick online webinar on water in this country(Ngam, 2020, p.04).
The South African government's inability to design and plan with regards to giving
water to networks was unmistakably featured by the Covid pandemic – and
community's lack of access to water ought to be a significant humiliation to those in
control (Pollard & Du Toit, 2020).

1.4 RESEARCH PROBLEM

Water supply to the spaces around the town Cofimvaba isn't solid since the time
districts needed to stretch out their administrations to their individual regions because
of the flare-up of Corona Virus, since tanks were conveyed and introduced in the spaces
where water stays an issue, yet those tanks were never loaded up with water.

Ward 12 of Ngqwaru community have been facing an issue of channelled water which
they never worked yet pipes were introduced. Connected to water supply is helpless
disinfection. As per Water administration report apparatus water supply in IntsikaYethu
Local Municipality is beneath RDP standard. Most families utilize water from the streams
and dams to satisfy their needs at homes. The flow water supply framework doesn't
have adequate ability to adapt to the requests. The shared standpipes in the space
don't get water for longer period (Lockwood, 2020).

One of the huge challenges in this space is framework disappointment and the district
needs more staff limit or money related resources for execute such structures quickly,
thusly a large portion of occupants don't move toward safe water and sanitization helps
the failure by the area to loosen up water and sterilization organizations to residents
put people at serious risk. The towns are constrained to use open sources water from

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streams and hand tunnelled well which consistently has certifiable outcomes to
prosperity and neatness.

Vulnerable social class of Cofimvaba have faced general prosperity crises even before
the erupt of Corona Virus due to depending to water from the streams where animals
using a comparative water to drink, and it is where people will dump their
waste(Mhlekude, 2020, p.02).

Without a doubt various live in a steady broad prosperity crisis where government
doesn't cook for people's necessities. People living near any River are at high risks of
contracting unsafe disorders, as free insides and E-Coli, and Covid-19 which not simply
inspirations troublesome signs, it furthermore infers long stretch underhandedness to
prosperity(Xhanti, 2019, p.03).

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE COVID-19

South Africa’s WASH infrastructural challenges require a greater degree of co-ordinated
response if the virus is to be contained. The NBI has identified this as an opportunity
for our business community to play a pivotal role in safeguarding both our communities
and supply chains. This response is two-fold, with the first level being education and
awareness rising across our local networks(Mhlakoane, 2020, p.11). The next level is
wider infrastructural support for the local municipalities in which we operate
as businesses.

The NBI has focussed on issues of water and infrastructural insecurity for several years,
which places us in a pivotal position to identify key challenges and opportunities going
forward. Poor water quality, limited or no water access for large segments of the
population and deteriorating sanitation and hygiene infrastructure, are amongst the
greatest challenges South Africa faces(Ellis, 2020, p.02). These issues are further
compounded by unequal access to adequate health care facilities.

In the light of COVID-19, the Water Research Commission (WRC) has identified the
need for a consolidated response from experts to address WASH challenges(Ellis, 2020,

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p.02). On 27 March 2020, the NBI participated in a webinar hosted by the WRC, to
address these challenges in the South African context. Dr NonhlanhlaKalebaila, of the
WRC, emphasised the triple issues of water supply, source and quality. Without
sufficient access to a clean water supply from a reliable source, vulnerable communities
stand a significantly higher chance of becoming infected with COVID-19(Helmsing,
2020, p.02). This includes the inherent difficulty of complyingwith social distancing
around a shared water source, as is common in many high-density informal settlements
and rural areas.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

1.5.1 PRIMARY QUESTION

What are the main impacts of water scarcity during the COVID-19 pandemic?

1.6 Sub Questions

 What are the momentum and possible challenges with water arrangements in
the rural areas that rely on IntsikaYethu Local Municipality?
 How does the unavailability of piped water affect the environment?
 How can water service delivery be improved in IntsikaYethu Local municipality?
 What steps does the Municipality has undertaken regarding the issues faced by
ngqwaru community?

1.7AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of assembling water administrations
inNgqwaru location, ward 12of IntsikaYethulocalmunicipality during the COVID-19
pandemic.

The study will examine the unavailability of water services during the lockdown
pandemic and its impacts to the rural community during the time where citizens needed
to have access to water frequently.

 Study will examine water service deliveries in IntsikaYethu Local municipality

strategy administrative systems.
 To do writing study concerning water administrations gave in South Africa

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  To survey the arrangement of water administrations in the IntsikaYethu Local
Municipality
 To decide the reasons for water deficiency conveyed to the local
communitiesIntsikaYethu Local Municipality
 To give suggestions dependent on the data accessible
 To formulate recommendations regarding the issue of water shortages during
the COVID-19 pandemic in rural areas of IntsikaYethu Local Municipality

To accomplishthe goals stated above, following will be thought of:

 The study needs to guarantee to dominate the advancement through different

stages. The main period of the contextual analysis incorporates testing of the
families of Ngqwaru Location. The subsequent stage contains the utilization of
surveys, writing audit, site perception and phone meet as information assortment
instruments.
 In corresponding with the writing review, assortment of fundamental foundation
information that was acquired from diaries, water reports and endorsed
proposition from web, for website perception assortment of information that was
finished by taking photographs and for phone talks with, this information will be
gathered through notes composing. The examination utilized the mix of
subjective and quantitative methodology.
 The third stage contains joining the discoveries of a few examinations and this
information will be basically dissected utilizing, notes composing, tables and
diagrams. Through the dispersion of polls to individuals from the town it ought to
be affirmed that there is water and sanitation issue. For a great many people the
longing is to approach water and disinfection in these occasions where COVID-19
is yet striking for sterile purposes.
 The study will represent very well that there are additionally different elements
adding to shortage of water issues, which incorporates absence of capital and
assets by the public authority to give admittance to water. Water and disinfection

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 inclusion is poor in IntsikaYethu local areas due to the dissipated idea of
settlements.

1.8Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study is to enhance Protection and improvement of water
supply reliability, including identification of challenging issues in rural areas and urban
water use efficiency strategies.

Another objective is to balance quality of life, and social, environmental, and economic
impacts when implementing projects Consider the needs of disadvantaged communities
even during and after the existence of COVID-19.

This is because many citizens have used to the life where it seems to be normal to have
access to clean water and piped water, due to their living conditions and the fact that
their education level is very low for them to raise their concerns to their leaders.
Ngqwaru community is one of those areas that have been badly affected about the
issue of unavailability of water services even during the COVID-19 pandemic.

1.9SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is trusted that the discoveries of the investigation will give approaches to further
develop water and sanitation administration conveyance to the provincial local area of
Cofimvaba explicitly in ward 12during, as it has been seen that during the COVID-19
pandemic there were destroying impacts when there were no arrangements of water
administrations.

The discoveries of the investigation will further develop the current water the
executives’ frameworks and recommending methods of leading it. It is likewise trusted
that the discoveries will turn into a good example in directing closely resembling
research in different networks.

On the opposite side, the data gave in this examination is pointed toward further
developing the way country settlements are being treated as far as administration
conveyances where impeded networks are in effect left behind when administrations
are being allotted.

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1.10 DEFINITION OF THE MAIN THE MAIN TERM
Extended water services-it was a strategy during an outbreak of coronavirus that
seeks to extend government spending and delivering basic services like water, food
parcels, social relief stress grant and other government services that contributed to the
communities during the trying times to the people all over the country. The strategy
was proposed so that disadvantaged communities can be able to cope with the stress of
being in these kinds situations and to help those individuals that cannot earn living for
themselves.

COVID-19- A Covid is a sort of normal infection that causes a disease in your nose,
sinuses, or upper throat. Most Covids aren't hazardous.

In mid-2020, after a December 2019 episode in China, the World Health Organization
distinguished SARS-CoV-2 as another sort of Covid. The flare-up immediately spread all
throughout the planet.

Coronavirus is a sickness brought about by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what specialists
call a respiratory lot contamination. It can influence your upper respiratory plot
(sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory parcel (windpipe and lungs).

Lockdown- A lockdown is a limitation strategy for individuals or local area to remain

where they are, normally because of explicit dangers to themselves or to other people
on the off chance that they can move and connect uninhibitedly. The expression "stay-
at-home" or "sanctuary set up" is frequently utilized for lockdowns that influence an
area, as opposed to specific communities.

Service delivery- Service delivery can be characterized as any contact with the policy
management during which the customers – residents, occupants or ventures – look for
or give information, handle their undertakings or satisfy their obligations. These
administrations ought to be conveyed in a viable, unsurprising, dependable and client
amicable way.

Water and sanitation- Water sanitation is characterized as the method involved with
cleaning and cleansing water so it is ok for use. An illustration of water sanitation is a

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process of purifying water so it is safe for use. An example of water sanitation is a filter
that removes impurities from water.

1.11 Possible limitations

 The study focuses only in one area that is ward 12 of Ngqwaru location in
IntsikaYethu Local Municipality, although there may be other communities that
have experienced the same problem.
 Other neighbourhood communities of Cofimvaba and Tsomo have been excluded
in the study although they fall under IntsikaYethu Local Municipality.
 The study includes only the events that occurred during the lockdown period
where people were unable to have access to water services.
 Not all the data provided covers the whole population of IntsikaYethu Local
Municipality as the municipality covers a large amount of land with many rural
areas relying to the same municipality.

1.12 Ways to overcome limitations

The study will help to overcome the existing limitation by taking at least two of the
individual households in each area to sample. This is due to the lack of time. Another
way is the use of questionnaire. Questionnaire is very easy, does not waste much of a
researcher’s time and enables anyone that took part to stay anonymous. So using a
questionnaire in this study in order to overcome the possible limitations can be essential
because a number of people can take part in this study of which that cannot consume
much of the researcher’s time.

1.13 delimitations of the study

 Due to the limitations of the study, the study cannot go further to include
everything about service deliveries made during the COVID-19 pandemic other
than extended water services in IntsikaYethu Local Municipality.
 Although there are existing challenges within the rural areas of IntsikaYethu
Local Municipality, but they are not included in the study as they could change
the meaning and focus of the topic.

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  Another factor is the large number of population that IntsikaYethu Local
Municipality occupies; some information is not included due to the distance
which will be a time-consuming factor.

1.14 proposed layout of the study

This study is about the extended water services during the COVID-19 in IntsikaYethu
Local municipality, the case study focuses on the challenges faced by the citizens of
Cofimvaba in ward 12 under the IntsikaYethu Local municipality, as they faced hardship
in coping with the situation of not having access to water and specifically piped water,
on top of that COVID-19 added its pressure to this community making them living in
lesser situations than before.

The research designed for this study is systematically review, where the researcher will
consolidate the discoveries from directing meetings, a few investigations, chosen from
diary article, distributed proposal and water reports from the web, concerning water
and sanitation issue. The study utilized the technique for qualitative methodology.

The reasonableness of this methodology in this review is a direct result of the strength
and its capacity to give complex literary portrayals of how individuals experience a
given exploration issue. It gives data about the "human" side of an issue – that is, the
frequently incongruous practices, convictions, assessments, feelings, and connections of
people.

1.15 conclusions
 The assessment used subjective examining strategy. The data collection method

fuses the composing review, study, site insight and telephone meets. The part
explained how the data will be explored and it similarly gives the imperative and
delimitation of the assessment.
 This assessment raises issues of irregularity that displayed during the Lockdown
time period in the course of action of safe appreciating water commonplace
organizations. It highlights not simply the growing requirement for more
imperative sponsoring by state and locale government for fundamental
organizations like drinking water, yet furthermore the meaning of a
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 comprehensive and facilitated approach to manage administering drinking water
resources in commonplace spaces of South Africa.
 The following part is a writing survey which intends to examine, ideas of
neighbourhood government, authoritative courses of action, water
administrations conveyance, guidelines for water arrangement and execution
estimation. It gives hypothetical meanings of these ideas just as their
implications with regards to the review. It additionally sets out a portion of the
elective manners by which service delivery can be conceptualized and how it
tends to be identified with administration issues and legislations.

 The discussion about water service delivery begins with a section on local
governance which is followed by organizational structures within the local
municipalities andmetropolitan administrations. The main aim of this chapter is
to explain the degrees of IntsikaYethu Local Municipal involvement in extended
water service delivery. A brief explanation of the methods used to assess levels
of compliance at municipal level is also entailed in this chapter.

Part II: Literature review

2.1 introduction
First, a literature review is an outline of the previouslypublished works on the current
topic that is being investigated. This part of the proposal looks on the full academic
paper or a piece of an insightful work like a book, or an article that have been recently
produced and resolving a similar issue, this is to look and ready to investigate different
scientists work and discoveries about the review.

Following part is aliterature reviewwhich aims to overview books, insightful articles, and
some other sources applicable to this review, and thusly, gives a depiction, outline, and
basic assessment of these works comparable to the exploration issue being examined.
This part likewise gives an outline of key discoveries, ideas, and advancements
corresponding to an examination issue or question.

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This is to furnish the specialist and the crowds with an overall picture of the current
information on the subject under question. Hence, to make it applicable to the study
and flow point, a legitimate exploration question has been asked and an appropriate
examination technique have been picked. As such, this part of the paper serves to
arrange the current review inside the body of the applicable writing and to give setting
to the reader. In such a case, the survey generally goes before the approach and
results areas of the work.

2.2 Review of available literature using subheadings:

JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation is the consuming water
and sanitation monitoring mechanism that provides information enhancing comparison
between countries and over time. For the sustainable development goals, the JMP uses
its 25 years of experience, and focuses on drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene.

EXPOSING A WATER CRISIS IN THE MAKING

The outbreak of coronaviruspandemic, and the rush to give water to networks so they
can clean up, ought to be a significant reminder toward the South African government,
specialists said during a Daily Maverick online course on water emergency in this
country.

The South African government's inability to design and get ready with regards to giving
water to networks was distinctly featured by the Covid-19 pandemic – and networks'
absence of admittance to water ought to be a significant embarrassment to those in
control. This article has a place with our chronicles of more than 50,000 bits of work
over the previous decade.

The request for clean water calls for straightforwardness about the water circumstance
in the nation, and for reformist plans that will ensure admittance to water is supported
even after the pandemic. It additionally calls for responsibility to ensure government
follows on his promises to give water to communities so they can wash their and other
domestic needs (Helmsing, 2020).

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WATER SUPPLY STILL A MAJOR CHALLENGE IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE

Water keeps on being a significant challenge in rural areas of the Eastern Cape, people
group actually bring water from waterways, which they share with animals. This in spite
of the declaration made in 2014 by previous president Jacob Zuma of the multi-billion-
rand Umzimvubu Water Catchment Project. The task, which involves the development
of Ntabelanga, Laleni and Mbokazi dam, is intended to supply water to great many
families in OR Tambo, Joe Gqabi and Alfred Nzo regions.

Access to clean water is an essential common freedom; however a few networks in

rural Eastern Cape do not enjoy it. About 24% of families in the territory utilize
unchanged water sources and these incorporate most rural communities who actually
get water from streams. These citizens they utilize this water for cooking, drinking and
clothing.

Sometimes people become sick because of consuming dirty water and experiencing
many diseases that are associated with water. Individuals wash their vehicles here and
the water then, at that point, streams to the waterway. That is the thing that causes
the runny stomachs," says an inhabitant. "The water is stinky. At the point when you do
your clothing with this water your garments smell terrible. At times we purchase
cleansing agents when we don't have body splashes with the goal that we can smell
better. One of the community member said, “We likewise don't have different means
however to drink it however foul as it seems to be”.

CRISIS MODE: IT’S TIME TO SOUND THE ALARM IN THE EASTERN CAPE WATER
SHORTAGES.

The water circumstance in the Eastern Cape is an undeniable crisis. The territory's
7,000,000 individuals are living in dread and tension because of a significant lack of
water, a circumstance that has been continuing for a long time, yet which has now
deteriorated into an emergency.

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If one somehow managed to pass by broad media inclusion, we may be enticed to
believe that the second-greatest emergency in South Africa right currently is the Covid-
19 and the water emergency particularly in the rural areas of Eastern Cape.

It is the looming Day Zero circumstance in the Eastern Cape. A multiyear dry spell has
left the territory faltering. Day Zero is scheduled for 1 June 2021 in many pieces of the
area. Day Zero is the day when a specific region authoritatively runs out of water. We
saw this in Cape Town in 2018, when a multi-year dry spell exhausted dams and the
taps nearly ran dry. Common and city specialists illustrated plans for the beginning of
Level 7 water limitations when water services would be formally cut off and it would be
each individual for them.

The water circumstance in the Eastern Cape is an irrefutable crisis. The territory's
7,000,000 individuals are living in dread and tension because of a significant deficiency
of water, a circumstance that has been continuing for a long time, yet which has now
declined into an emergency. Dam levels are at 12%. The Kouga dam has been at 4.5%
for quite a while.

2.2.3 Identification of authors who have interest in your area of study

Water assets may be some distance far away from the families, mainly in rural
communities(Cruywagen, 2021, p.02). In research conducted in Malawi, Kenya,
Uganda, and Tanzania (Pollard & Du Toit, 2020), it become discovered that if the water
faucets have been situated towards the residing, the quantity of water collected by a
person consistent with day increases from 9.7 to fifteen litres. Studies in
Mozambique(Richy et al., 2021, pp.42-46) confirmed that households accumulate on
common 11.1 litres of water in keeping with person in keeping with day if the source is
less than 300 m from the dwelling, whilst the households who've to stroll greater than 1
km gathered on average 9.1 litres of water by means of someone in keeping with
day(Lockwood, 2020).

In Lesotho, Esrey and co-employees made a difficult estimate of 10 litres of water by

means of a person in keeping with day based on direct observations of families in rural

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communities. Studies in rural groups within the Limpopo Province of South Africa
confirmed that on average 11.4 litres of water by means of a person in step with day
became gathered if the supply become close to the household, in comparison to a
median of 8.6 litre of water with the aid of someone in line with day if the assets have
been more than 1 km from the family. The Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry(Richy et al., 2021, pp.42-46) in South Africa recommends 25 to 34 litres by
way of someone in keeping with day from a source inside a distance of 2 hundred m
from the dwelling and the WHO estimates at the least 20 litres of water by means of
someone per day is sufficient (Pollard & Du Toit, 2020).

2.2.4 Trace prominent authors in your subject who will help you justify
importance of your research
The daily maverick exposes the issues of Eastern Cape municipalities in terms of
delivering services to its communities. This article has shown shaken the province of
theEastern Cape because it is clear that the majority of municipalities in Eastern Cape
are struggling to deliver services to the people especially the issue of water(Ellis, 2020,
p.02).

The SABC news also played a huge role in trying to make me to understand the issues
faced by the Eastern Cape during the survey of Umzimvubu River in Port St Johns,
where there are no suitable storages of water. Locations surrounding the river in the
year of 2019 were not having access to clean water and sanitation, as they were
consuming dirty water with animals and same river was being used as a dumping site.

These articles about the scarcity of water in certain areas of the Eastern Cape
municipalities have made it easier for me to gather information together as they all
have the way of linking to the topic I have chosen, although they refer to different
communities(Bogdan & SK, 2019).

My study seeks to focus more on the side of water services during the coronavirus
pandemic. Because this was the time where imbalances and inequalities among
communities were exposed, this has resulted to people lose faith on municipalities.

18 | P a g e
2.2.5 Check consistencies and controversies in similar field of your research
The article on daily Maverick was undertaken because of the slow pace by the
municipalities to deliver services to the people.Economist XhantiPayi said the outbreak
of coronavirus infections in the country had exposed the inequalities in South African
society, with water being a part of this.

The data was collected in a qualitative approach because this was an interview that was
conducted by(Ellis, 2020, p.02) on 20 may 2020. The study only used primary data
because there are no measurements and graph used.

2.2.6 Evaluate prior findings in similar studies as your

The information above helped me a lot in identifying the main issues among the fact
that municipalities indeed fail to deliver to its people especially on the side of water.
This is an ingoing situation that needs the attention of government authorities, because
it may happen that there are other issues that we as citizens do not know of which they
are the ones that keeps on hindering the processes of delivering water to the people.

2.2.7 Identify gaps in the literature

There are no international studies included in this literature. This is because that studies
that are conducted abroad are more differ than the studies that have been produced
around South Africa. This literature does not clarify in detail every study that has been
conducted, because its questions are based on the view of other researchers not to
explain every information in detail as will take more time to combine the work and also
needs more information.

2.2.8 Conclusion
This chapter focuses on the research processes and design which includes the data
collection method and instrument, data analysis, target population and sample, pilot
interview and methods to ensure trustworthiness. This chapter 2 of the research has
summarised the literature that is relevant to this study, bringing out where the gaps in
the literature are, therefore it served its purpose for citing major conclusions, findings,
and methodological issues related to the gaps in the knowledge from chapter 1.

19 | P a g e
The next part is the chapter 3 of this study. Here there will be a brief explanation of
approaches that will be used for solving the issue in hand. It also outlines the
description of all components of methodology in details. Description of all methods and
clarify how they are used in this study. It also outlines why each technique would be
the best choice for answering the research question.

Part III: Methodological Framework

3.1 Introduction
This chapter gives an outline of the research methods that are to be used when
conducting research. It provides information on the participants, that is, the criteria for
conclusion in the study, who will be the participants, and how they are going to be
sampled. The researcher describes the research design that is chosen for the purpose
of this study and the reason for this choice. The instrument that will be used for
collecting data will be also described including the procedures to be followed to carry
out the study. Therefore, methods that will use for analysing data will be put in place.
Lastly, the ethical issues that will be followed in the process are also discussed.

3.2 Research Methodology

Research methodology is the particular strategies or methods used to distinguish,
select, measure, and investigate data about a topic. In the researchpaper, the
procedure segment allows the reader to fundamentally evaluatethestudy's general
legitimacy and reliability to guarantee that the outcomes address the research targets
(Richy et al., 2021).

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Qualitative research relies on information acquired by the researcher from direct
perception, interviews, polls (on which members compose descriptively), focus groups,
and participant-observation,recordings made in regular settings, reports, and relics. The
data are generally nonnumeric. Qualitativemethods incorporate ethnography, grounded
hypothesis, talk investigation, and interpretative phenomenological
examination(Holloway, 2017). Qualitative techniques have been utilized in social
science, human studies, political theory, brain science, social work, and instructive

20 | P a g e
exploration. Qualitative researchers concentrate on people's comprehension of their
social reality(Dey, 2016).

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHOLOGY

Quantitative research is an exploration technique that spotlights on evaluating the
assortment and investigation of information. It is framed from a deductive methodology
where accentuation is set on the testing of hypothesis by empiricist and positivist ways
of thinking(Tashakori & Teddie, 2019).

Quantitative information is any information that is in mathematical structure like

insights, rates, and others. The scientist examinations the information with the
assistance of statics and expectations the numbers will yield a fair-minded outcome that
can be summed up to some bigger populace(Dey, 2016).

MIXED METHODS APPROACH

Mixed method research incorporates the utilization of more than one technique for
information assortment or exploration in an examination study or set of related
investigations(Tashakori & Teddie, 2019). Mixed methods research is more explicit in
that it incorporates the blending of subjective and quantitative information, techniques,
systems, or potentially ideal models in an exploration study or set of related studies.

The methodology that will be used in this study is qualitative research methodology,
because it is a kind of logical research. In everyday terms, logical exploration comprises
of a research that:

 seeks answers to a question

 systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question
 collects evidence
 produces findings that were not determined in advance
 Produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the
study Qualitative research shares these characteristics.

Additionally, it tries to comprehend a given research problem or theme according to the

points of view of the local community it includes. (Bogdan & SK, 2019). Subjective

21 | P a g e
exploration is particularly powerful in acquiring socially explicit data about the qualities,
sentiments, practices, and social settings of specific populaces.

This system is reasonable for this study because of the strength and its capacity to give
complex literary portrayals of how individuals experience a given research issue. It
gives data about the "human" side of an issue – that is, the regularly disconnected
practices, convictions, opinions, emotions, and relationships of individuals.

Qualitative strategies are also viable in distinguishing intangible factors, like accepted
practices, socio economic status, gender roles, ethnicity, and religion, whose role in the
research issue may not be promptly clear(Dey, 2016).

Despite the fact that discoveries from qualitative information can frequently be reached
out to individuals with qualities like those in the review populace, acquiring a rich and
complex comprehension of a particular social setting or wonder commonly overshadows
inspiring information that can be summed up to other topographical regions or
populaces. In this sense, qualitative research contrasts slightly from scientific research
in general(Bogdan & SK, 2019).

3.3 Research design

The research design refers to the general procedure that the specialist utilizes to
coordinate the various parts of the study in an intelligible and logical manner, in this
way, guaranteeing that the researcher will successfully address the exploration issue; it
establishes the outline for the assortment, estimation, and investigation of
information(TN, 2019, p.11).

The approaches and strategies joined in the plan of aresearch study will rely upon the
angle of the analyst over their convictions in the idea of information and reality
frequently moulded by the disciplinary regions the researcher place with(Tashakori &
Teddie, 2019).

The research designed picked for this study is systematic review, where the researcher
will consolidate the findings from conducting interviews, a few investigations, chosen

22 | P a g e
from diary article, distributed thesis and water reports from the web, concerning water
and sanitationproblems. The review utilized the methods for qualitative research
methodology.

3.6 Data collection Instrument/s

The tools used by researchers to actually collect data in the research process. The
common data collection instruments in research include interviews, questionnaires,
documentary analysis and observation.

As a researcher I can access numerous qualitative data collection methods that I feel
are relevant. Qualitative data collection methods serve the primary purpose of collecting
textual data for research and analysis(TN, 2019, p.11). The collected research data is
used to examine knowledge around a specific issue or a program, and experience of
people.

In order to collect the data, I will use the interview instrument. An interview is generally
a qualitative research technique which involves asking open-ended questions to
converse with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject. Interviews are
conducted with a sample from a population and the key characteristic they exhibit is
their conversational tone.

The reason I choose interviews it’s because, Interviews are designed to collect a richer
source of information from a small number of people about:

 Attributes
 Behaviour
 Preferences
 Feelings
 Attitudes
 Opinions
 Knowledge

23 | P a g e
Interviews are best for effective for qualitative research, since they assist the
researcher with clarifying, better comprehend, and investigate research subjects'
viewpoints, conduct, encounters, phenomenon,etc.Inquiries questions are normally
open-endedquestions so that in-depth data will be gathered.

3.7 RESEARCH SITE

Ward 12 of Cofimvaba in IntsikaYethu Local Municipality as the exact place that have
been affected by the issue of not receiving the services of water during the COVID-19
pandemic.

IntsikaYethu Local Municipality is an administrative area in the Chris Hani district of the
Eastern Cape in South Africa. The Municipality is one of the six (6) municipalities in this
district. The headquarters of IntsikaYethu Local Municipality are in Cofimvaba.

Cofimvaba is a town in Chris Hani local municipality in the Eastern Cape province of
South Africa. It is a village of about 79 km east of Queenstown on the route to
Butterworth, in Thembuland.

The suitability of this site is the fact that it is exposed to many people including the
visitors and tourists from many different parts of the country. One of the main features
is the provincial road R61 that passes by the Cofimvaba town and its rural areas which
is the mostly used route as it connects three provinces that are: Eastern Cape, Kwazulu
Natal and the Western Cape Province, with the length of 1065km.

Secondly, the population of Cofimvaba is vast and increasing very fast for not having
access to basic services like water, there are recreational areas like the Mabelentombi
Mountains that have been spotted near R61 in ward 12 location as they were
recognised after they played a wonderful role in the history of South Africa.

Furthermore, there are schools, clinics, and farms that are currently operating around
this area. But the issue is the fact that all those institutions are operating under bad

24 | P a g e
conditions where water is the main problem as they all serve communities of
Cofimvaba. For example, crop farmers had to buy water from other areas because there
are no nearby dams that may be used to store water for irrigation, even those dams
that are available, water disappears during no rainy seasons.

I have chosen this site over others because I am one of citizens residing in Cofimvaba, I
know all the issues and struggles that other citizens in this community tend to come
across with, water being the main problem among them all that have not been received
any attention from our municipality. COVID-19 pandemic made me realise that this
issue is really an on-going pandemic for citizens of ward 12 as they experienced the
same issue from long time ago, but still today they are not getting access to water
services.

Yes. All the participants are available for the study that I tend to conduct on this site.

3.8 Population of the study

The name Cofimvaba was named after the nearby stream which, after rains, froths
turbulently and resembles milk. The name is also said to be derived from cofa, ‘press’,
mvaba, ‘milk-bag’ (of goat-skin), done to break lumps of sour milk. Another explanation
is that the sound of the water gurgling over the rocks is reminiscent of the splashing of
milk in the bag when shaken.
The village of Cofimvaba was probably established in 1877 when the magisterial seat
for Thembuland, (which had originally been located at St Marks), was transferred to a
more accessible location. Chris Hani was born in Cofimvaba.
The population of Cofimvaba is 8,789 as per calculations done in 2011 with the total
density of 410/km2 (1,100/sq mi). it is also 79km east of Queenstown on the route to
Butterworth. The area is dominated by black people mainly Xhosa speaking people are
the ones that own this land.

3.9 Sampling/sample
In this study, I will use 5 elements which are the community members of ward 12 in
Cofimvaba pertaining to the issue of service deliveries of IntsikaYethu Local

25 | P a g e
municipality. The reason behind that is the fact that they are the ones that experiences
the issue of not accessing water services. Other sixth element will be, the Chief of
location that has been affected by the matter, since he is the one that looks up for
people as its community.

Thirdly, the ward council will be on the list of elements as the affected ward belongs to
her so it will be paramount to include her on the study(K, 2020). The Municipal
manager and the office of water and sanitation of IntsikaYethu local municipality will be
included as it is paramount to hear their side of the story regarding the issues faced by
the Municipality in order to deliver such services to people. So, the total number of
elements that are expected to take part in this sample is 9 elements.

Data Collection
The next part of the paper will explain the process of primary and secondary data
collection.
According to Statistic How To, “Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher
from
first-hand sources, using methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments. It is
collected with
the research project in mind, directly from primary sources” (2020). This research will
use
data collection tools such as first-hand primary observation. The researcher will observe
the
day to day activities in the study area and the water collection techniques
used. The
researcher will also collect data on the number of households that don’t have access to
clean
water and the number of households that do. Questionnaires, first-hand
observations and
interviews were chosen under primary data collection as it promises easy
access to the
individuals living in the study area.
The questionnaires will be used to gather information with the use of open and closed
ended
questions. These set of questions will be presented to the heads of each households for
them
to answer. The interviews will be carried out by randomly choosing individuals or
groups to
answer the questions.

26 | P a g e
Secondary data refers to data that was already available. It is data that has
already been
collected and evaluated by somebody else. In order to use secondary data, Various
sources
need to be looked into so that the data can cross checked and analyzed. This method
means
that there are less, or no issues found while using the data, in contrast to the primary
data. To
be put simply, the data is accurate and without fault. This study will use the qualitative
data
from the literature review as a source of collecting secondary data. It will include
articles,
dissertations and journals about the topic on hand and integrate them with the local
findings.
Data Collection
The next part of the paper will explain the process of primary and secondary data
collection.
According to Statistic How To, “Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher
from
first-hand sources, using methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments. It is
collected with
the research project in mind, directly from primary sources” (2020). This research will
use
data collection tools such as first-hand primary observation. The researcher will observe
the
day to day activities in the study area and the water collection techniques
used. The
researcher will also collect data on the number of households that don’t have access to
clean
water and the number of households that do. Questionnaires, first-hand
observations and
interviews were chosen under primary data collection as it promises easy
access to the
individuals living in the study area.
The questionnaires will be used to gather information with the use of open and closed
ended
questions. These set of questions will be presented to the heads of each households for
them
to answer. The interviews will be carried out by randomly choosing individuals or
groups to
answer the questions.
Secondary data refers to data that was already available. It is data that has
already been

27 | P a g e
collected and evaluated by somebody else. In order to use secondary data, Various
sources
need to be looked into so that the data can cross checked and analyzed. This method
means
that there are less, or no issues found while using the data, in contrast to the primary
data. To
be put simply, the data is accurate and without fault. This study will use the qualitative
data
from the literature review as a source of collecting secondary data. It will include
articles,
dissertations and journals about the topic on hand and integrate them with the local
findings.
Data Collection
The next part of the paper will explain the process of primary and secondary data
collection.
According to Statistic How To, “Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher
from
first-hand sources, using methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments. It is
collected with
the research project in mind, directly from primary sources” (2020). This research will
use
data collection tools such as first-hand primary observation. The researcher will observe
the
day to day activities in the study area and the water collection techniques
used. The
researcher will also collect data on the number of households that don’t have access to
clean
water and the number of households that do. Questionnaires, first-hand
observations and
interviews were chosen under primary data collection as it promises easy
access to the
individuals living in the study area.
The questionnaires will be used to gather information with the use of open and closed
ended
questions. These set of questions will be presented to the heads of each households for
them
to answer. The interviews will be carried out by randomly choosing individuals or
groups to
answer the questions.
Secondary data refers to data that was already available. It is data that has
already been
collected and evaluated by somebody else. In order to use secondary data, Various
sources

28 | P a g e
need to be looked into so that the data can cross checked and analyzed. This method
means
that there are less, or no issues found while using the data, in contrast to the primary
data. To
be put simply, the data is accurate and without fault. This study will use the qualitative
data
from the literature review as a source of collecting secondary data. It will include
articles,
dissertations and journals about the topic on hand and integrate them with the local
findings.
Data Collection
The next part of the paper will explain the process of primary and secondary data
collection.
According to Statistic How To, “Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher
from
first-hand sources, using methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments. It is
collected with
the research project in mind, directly from primary sources” (2020). This research will
use
data collection tools such as first-hand primary observation. The researcher will observe
the
day to day activities in the study area and the water collection techniques
used. The
researcher will also collect data on the number of households that don’t have access to
clean
water and the number of households that do. Questionnaires, first-hand
observations and
interviews were chosen under primary data collection as it promises easy
access to the
individuals living in the study area.
The questionnaires will be used to gather information with the use of open and closed
ended
questions. These set of questions will be presented to the heads of each households for
them
to answer. The interviews will be carried out by randomly choosing individuals or
groups to
answer the questions.
Secondary data refers to data that was already available. It is data that has
already been
collected and evaluated by somebody else. In order to use secondary data, Various
sources
need to be looked into so that the data can cross checked and analyzed. This method
means

29 | P a g e
that there are less, or no issues found while using the data, in contrast to the primary
data. To
be put simply, the data is accurate and without fault. This study will use the qualitative
data
from the literature review as a source of collecting secondary data. It will include
articles,
dissertations and journals about the topic on hand and integrate them with the local
findings.

3.10 Data Collection procedures

The next part of the paper will explain the process of primary and secondary data
collection. Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher from first-hand sources,
using methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments. It is collected with the research
project in mind, directly from primary sources. This research will use data collection
tools such as first-hand primary observation. The researcher will observe the day to day
activities in the study area, and the water collection techniques used.

The researcher will also collect data on the number of households that don’t have
access to clean water and the number of households that do. Questionnaires, first-hand
observations and interviews were chosen under primary data collection as it promises
easy access to the individuals living in the study area. The questionnaires will be used
to gather information with the use of open and closed ended questions. These set
ofquestions will be presented to the heads of each households for them to answer. The
interviews will be carried out by randomly choosing individuals or groups toanswer the
questions.

Secondary data refers to data that was already available. It is data that has already
been collected and evaluated by somebody else. In order to use secondary data,
Various sources need to be looked into so that the data can cross checked and
analysed. This method means that there is less, or no issues found while using the
data, in contrast to the primary data(K, 2020, pp.22-27). To be put simply, the data is
accurate and without fault.

30 | P a g e
This study will use the qualitative data from the literature review as a source of
collecting secondary data. It will include articles, dissertations and journals about the
topic on hand and integrate them with the local findings.

3.11 Ethical Clearance/Considerations

To ensure feasibility and safety of the selected research topic, there is a set
of ethical guidelines and university regulations to be precisely considered by the
students to get ethical clearance from the university before starting his/her research
work. Ethical consideration is one of the important steps in drafting a good dissertation.

Permission to conduct research

Permission is when you ask for access to a certain population to conduct a research
from someone who owns that population. For example, if you want to perform research
in a school district, you would need to ask for permission from the superintendent.

Permissions and approvals are used to communicate and verify the cooperation
between an organization and the researcher. It is important for researchers to
understand that obtaining the necessary permissions to conduct a study can be a time-
consuming process.

Permissions and approvals are used to communicate and verify the cooperation

between the chosen organization and the researcher(K, 2020, pp.22-27). It
is important for researchers to understand that obtaining the
necessary permissions to conduct a study can be a time-consuming process.Also, it is
important to recognize that organizations are not required to grant you access to their
members or their data. Furthermore, at times organizational changes may occur, and
prior permissions may be rescinded if a new administrator or leader determines that the
organization will no longer cooperate with you on your study.

In order to acquire the permission from the targeted organization, requesting

permission in person or writing a permission request letter to the appropriate party will
be a very important consideration. It is the responsibility of the researcher to determine

31 | P a g e
from whom to seek permission. If the individual providing permission lists permissible
procedures on the permission letter, as the researcher I should make sure that I have
been granted permission to conduct all of the procedures outlined on the Institutional
Review Board (IRB) application.

 I should request that permission letters be provided on approved letterhead and

include the signature(s) of the appropriate official(s).
 Permission documentation that is not provided on letterhead with signature(s)
(i.e., emailed permission) may have to be confirmed by the IRB. Confirmation is
accomplished by email or a phone call to the party listed on the permission
documentation.
To ensure confidentiality and non identification, will make sure that every information
that is provided by the interviewed individual will remain anonymous. No information
will come out with details of the interviewee and questions that are going to be asked
will be based on the topic of the research. To ensure confidentiality of information that
is given by the participants, following guidelines will be involved:

 Encrypt sensitive files. ...

 Manage data access. ...
 Physically secure devices and paper documents. ...
 Securely dispose of data, devices, and paper records. ...
 Manage data acquisition. ...
 Manage data utilization. ...
 Manage devices.

One way to avoid physically harming participants is to take an extensive history and
provide highly detailed information about the experiment. The history might help me as
a researcher to select individuals who may have pre-existing conditions and remove
them from the study. Presenting highly detailed information about the experiment prior
to conducting it will help an individual decide whether he or she wants to join. If I
decide to run an experiment with physical exertion or risk to the human body, it would

32 | P a g e
be wise to include additional information so that people aware of their conditions can
opt out of the experiment.

Another way to avoid psychological harm is by having a researcher debrief the

participants to ensure they do not suffer from continued psychological harm. Debriefing
means a researcher provides prompt opportunity for participants to obtain information
about the nature, results and conclusion of the study, as well as taking reasonable
steps to correct misconceptions. This allows participants who might be suffering after
the experiment a chance to return back to normal or at least get directed to a person
who can help them. The following procedures should be considered:

 Obtaining informed consent from participants.

 Protecting the anonymity and confidentiality of participants.
 Avoiding deceptive practices when designing your research.
 Providing participants with the right to withdraw from your research at any time.

3.11 DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical

techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. An
essential component of ensuring data integrity is the accurate and appropriate analysis
of research participants

The necessity to prepare for data analysis is to create higher quality data for analysis
and other data management related tasks by eradicating errors and normalizing raw
data before it is processed. It is critical, but takes a lot of time and might require
specific skills.

The motive behind Data Analysis in research is to present accurate and reliable data. As
far as possible, avoid statistical errors, and find a way to deal with everyday challenges

33 | P a g e
like outliers, missing data, data altering, data mining, or developing graphical
representation.

Data analysis will also help me to understand problems that I came across with while
gathering the data, and to explore data in meaningful ways. Data in itself is merely
facts and figures. Data analysis organises, interprets, structures and presents the data
into useful information that provides context for the data.

Data collection is an important step in the research process. The instrument that I
havechosen to collect the data depended on the type of data that I intend to use on
collecting (qualitative) and the way I plan to collect it.

Data instruments refer to the important tools thatCollect complete information with
greater understanding. It is more personal, allowing me as a researcher to have higher
response rates. It allows more control over the order and flow of questions.

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