1

00
00

2
 3
:513~pOlt 53A?rhox3xA,rlO A':l0'{3:L11£3 '5)39rl3c\t ~ 5)3SU'(D 5(1) A':l0S10X DA A':l0001£rl A39
5(1)1£<;> 5130~1.O01£ 5?xu(1)'{u9 3rl M01~10rl 11<;>OD1£ '(V01-VS) 5130~100U 10 119 ()~
<!JA3 'lDX (;)A!lUUIl0J-I;)d) 51"u03Y3~1lt3 lDAp (t 1-Z n 10 <!JA3 '5Dpsu'{D 53x~SMO
13X? UO(1)'{~q 3S~X 5(1)1£<;> lDX g( gA 9UlSUO:J) ~"umorw ~ ~"umomD" DlO1}1. 'J;>10{l)I :8
5(1) lDX UO(1),{~9 lDAp (~1) U 11.<;> 13~nOU1.001£rl lDX U010X~19 Dlrl 13A~X u9sny "J;>l"(rtXO 0(lq (l)X3. :y (II)
o "5130<!J'{u9 MOA~X A39 Aoo<;>c1n (t 1-Z n mo D138~YD lDAJ3 A3q ~ lDAJ3 v138 "n13e!,t"(D mAJ3 A3V :8
-~yv 5ml\OA,?'{ 3rlrlOO~1.AD1£D DA DrlU<;>A 13X? A3q '(1)A~1£DOD1£ lDX 3rlD9P 5(1)1C(? "J;>n3Al0 3nJ;>U De 119 mnoXo9urt rt0I :y (0 I)
'5(1)rlO, "13':l3SU'{D A39 rlorl ~0(1),{~9 U u<;> PS(1)1.011CDl9 DA D'{OX':l3 rlOO)~3 30':l00 "n13e!,t"(D mA]3 A3V :8
-o1£rl DS '530ltri9" o~q (1)XEL DA,3'{? AD '5UO)1£3 '~l'{rlXO 0':lq 5(1)1.A<;> (1)X? 11<;> 130 "Unly.lA,\.}...rtO <:>lU~ rt01 :y (6)
-<!J1.011£Dl9 DS P1.Cb3X011£3 3rl 50101£<;> :Drl?S <;>X10131£rl3 lDAp 5u1. ~Orl3S~'{D1£3 U 'J;>lO{l)1 :8
lDX UO(1)'{1,t9 )3'{31.01£D (~n H .(t 1-Z n 5u <;>1£D ~xu300cbDl9 ~X1A,0'{OWrlA,D01£ '01ai).D 13~~a9 De 119 (l)~1nnUX1011 :y (8)
lDAp (~n U u<;> 3rlrlOA<!J1.011£Dl9 'D1.DrlA,P9DOD1£ (1)A~1CDOD1£ D1. 5Dl.A<!JoUWODll
:(V01-V8) mDrlA,)3qDoD1£
"m<!J1.03A3 (~X3MO 01. 1X<;> lDX)
m MOAXpq 5(1)1£<;> 'Drlu,{9<;>01£ DA?ADX 5)0(1)X 3rl':l00AD1.DX 511 '5Dpsu'{D A<!JX
<;>'{1£D AOl.O lDAp 'D1.D1Wrl 'I,tX1'{,uD AU1.:I 'OA<;>OX D1.<!J1.03A3 30 lDX 5~A(1)cb 5I,tX11.l.tA.
-USMO D)A,0'{010DrlUO Dlrl 30 5D)oDrluo 5?A3X lD1.A':l00(1)3S 5130~1.O01£ 10 5?1.rlD
-03A3 5U1. ~X11.0100 AUl.O '5?X11.DcbD1.DX lDAp '01£(1)0<;>01£ <;>X1A3 p 01.0 1DAp 5rlO1.
rlO1£ 0WODll '5130<!J'{Uq 5P9rl3c\t U 5)3su'{D MOA~X DA mA, lD1.A':l0101£Orl10UOX A3<;l
53'{0, '5300<!J'{A, 0':l9 SUO lDX 5310rl<;>OD1£ ~XUXD1.MO lDAp (~l-Zn 5130~1.O01£ 10
D00<!J'{A, ~X1'{AAD AUl.O 5130~1.O01£ 5?X11(1)'{uq 5?'{'{01£ 11<;> 30UO~WOD1£ u!lsny 0
"J;J1"(n:xo 0i).<;' (l)X3.
"~'3op OMl gAU4 I (~I) '1J1.'1Jri~a '9'X.l1.03"{31.11£3 1'1J'X. '9'X.ll.'1J1.0'1J1.'1J)I I"£"£
"J;>n3A1o 3nJ;>U De 119 mnoXo9:urt rt01
lt0389]£(\ ~'X.l1.03"{31.11£3 H £0£
"Sg!AOW g4l 0l 0'3 II!M gM gs!wold I (vI)
"Un<:>AA.rtO l!:l:lU~ rt01
"gZ!'30lodu I (£I)
"ADXUScb
"Ola(lD 13~~a9 De 119 (l)~11nnUX1011
-)3'{D1.DxA.3 ~ ADXUsI,t101£01£001. 5?1.rlD <;>1CD 5310~X D031<;>A,OD 11<;> S<;>AOA,3A, 01. ~OD1£
"MOllOWOl U!U1II!M l! no}; 19q I (zI)
'3ADX? rlO1£ 5130)OXDl9 511. lDX u9sny ° Drl?S 01. ~X1XOD 301AA?0001£ 5<!J1£ 3rl
"U9sny rl01 A(1)301,t0UWOD1£ A(1)1. Drl':l3A1£ 01. 5?cbDO 13A)A, DA rlOA?rl -':l09 DS Dl3X?MO U1.:I "D1.Drl~A(1)cbx3 5(1) rl0WO 5rlO1. ':l0XDlA(1)A10X11£3 rlO1. ~o
-13XOO1£ ~X1AU '{'{3 Dl.O DWrlA,)3qDOD1£ DA,O'{~AD D1. 3rl A':l0X101.011.AD rlO1£ I,tX1'{A, -rl3'{1£ AU1. <;>1£D lD1.I\OOO~WWX lDX lD1.A01~1.3~3 5130~1.O01£ 10 '5D)0(1)3S 5U1. 51,t1.
-A,D AU1. <;>1£D D1.DrlA,P9DOD1£ (1)0~101£Orl10UOX DA 131£?01£ De '5rloA,9'{ 5PADcbo01£ -rlD 010)D'{1£ 01.:I <("A(1)3~POlt AlfJ"100(1)y;(. VJ0(1)38 500<;> ° lDX rlO ~3 "A(1)30~1.001£
Dti "5130':l3X1A3A, 53101£~X 13A~X DA 30UO)3X11£3 lDX ~cboorl 5rlO1. ~XUDrlrlDOA, Ul.O A(1)1. 5D)oDrluo 5u1. U1.?'{3rl Ul.O U01AA?OOO1£ ~X11.XD'{'{DA3 Dlrl 130<!Jq DA P013X
53:LU1.<;>10rlO MOXO~1£rl 11<;> 5UO)1£3 30UOI,tWOD1£ u9sny ° 'A(1)30~1.001£ (1)A~1£DO -11£3 rlO1£ DrlUA,0':l0lrlUq <;>X11.UO(1)3S <;>X10D9 DAp> A':l0'{31.01£D ~'{'{D '5uo~oX 5~x
-D1£ A(1)1. 5Dpsu'{D 53xI,tSMo 511 DlA, rlO1. ~OUOI,tWOD1£ AU1. 3rl D'{U'{'{~ODll -100(1)'{A, OA3rl<;>AlDcb DA? Url<;>XD lDAp A39 513~~01£ 5?X100(1)'{A, 10 '(U03S<;>1£[lOO1£
iU03Xo9ltn (YOn 01. lDX urilfJAMno (Y6) 01. 'vriuXJmo lDA)3 (V8) 01. ~'{'{D lDX U~P9 'X'1£) D)A,O'{OWrlA,D01£ U 131~1.3~3 rlO1£ DA3rl<;>AlDcb D'{W 3rl D1.3811.AD 11<;>
'llO(1)y~q mrl ~'{1CD lDA)3 (VU) 01101.3. "(Sql;)A ;)A911UIl0J-I;)d) mvri~o P"1203Y3~1lt3 3rlrl09~'{DWX DA <;>X11ADrlUO lDA)3 '(L91 :oooz)nOp!l11UIlllW AU1. 3rl DA(1)cbrl':l:I
lD1.1\01~rlOI\O rlO1£ DWrl~O DA?rl10X3xA,rlO MOX?1031£ 'A(1)30~1.001£ A<!JX11(1)'{U9 A(1)l p"5Do0<!J'{A, 5u1. 53:Lo~oX 10 1019)10 MOA~X rlO1£ 5130)OXDlq lDAp 5?1.rlD lDX "1£'{X
l,t1.rlD <;>1£D 130?cbDlq A39 5rlO1. ~cboorl U 11<;>ODll '513~~01£ ~'('{D 5130<!J'{Uq lDAp A39 '53)'{3,uDOD1£ lDX 5?A,D1.Dlq 3rlrlo0<!J9 DA '5130~'{XDOD1£ lDX 5130~1.(1)03 3rlrlOA~X DA
(V01-V8) D1. 'u9 sn y 1\01. ~W)I "5U1. Dl3S~'{D AU1. 5001£ 5(1) lD1.3A)Dcbo1£D 8 ° DlA, D00<!J'{A, U1. 3rl':l0101£OrllOUOX 531U1.<;>A10X 5?X100(1)'{A, 511 53W 30 11<;> 5<;>AoA,3A,
lDX UO(1),{~9 url10':l3eU'{D1£3 Dlrl 13A~X V ° ~q131£3 5<!J910XD 'Drlu,{9901£ 0101.?1. 01. 91£D 5UO)1£3 3XUl.O':l3A1£rl3 U01AA?OOO1£ U l,t1.rlV :5J3Xn~1lt3 lDAp DA 513~~01£
DA?ADX 13XO~1£rl A39 '( In 01.0 'D1.3S)1.AV '5130<!J'{u9 5P9rl3c\t ~ 5psu'{D A':l0'{3:L 10 5?1.rlD rlOA?rl13XOO1£ lD1.A':l00U'{1£ DA l31£?01£ rlO1£ 53x~SMo 511. lDX 5<!JSDx
-01£D A39 A':101.AD1£D 53)01£0 5110 5130~1.O01£ 10 11.<;> 3rlrlOA)D031£rlrlO '53A,0'{~OD1£ D00<!J'{A, U1. 3rl 3rl':l0'{3:L11£3 rlO1£ A(1)3~~01£ A(1)1. U913 Dl.O 131~11.O3 rlO1£ 5D)0(1)3S
lDA)3 (801-88) D1.0 lD1.I\OA)9 rlO1£ 51301,t1.AD1£D 10 11<;> rlOA?rl093V "OAOW19 DA? 5Dlrl UO(1)cbO<;>rlDlq Ul.O 30uA,l,tqO A01. Uc\t01£~ U ~1.rlV "(98Z '60Z :OOOZ nOp!l11W
30 MOO~1£ DA A':l0001£rl rlO1£ 5130~1.AD1£D 511 3rl UO?XO 30 3rl':l0l.OD1.ADcb 511 DA -mw ''(9) orlo<;>x 1\01. 131~'{'{D A(1))01£O A(1)1. UOUA<!Jcbx3 U 5130~ocbx3 5?X100(1)'{A,
3rlrlOO~SD1£OOO1£ AD ~ODSDX lD1.3A)Dcb 5D)3su'{D 53x~SMo MOX? A3q '(VU) U 53A?rl0100 MOXO~1£rl D1.01WW "(513~~01£ 3rlrlOO?'{3:L11£3 DA) mDrlA,~o1£ 3rinoA
16 3:t:DILDIVdU B)lVINUNIO)lIUtI IV)I 3:ItISVdU 3:tI)lI3:3:UVJ VIJOVOlVWJVdU NHl3: HJUJV3:ItI 06
4
5

.c
'Jt
160 EILArQfH LTHN ITPAfMATOAOfIA
a~[laLa yta 'tl]V aVCUtLU~l] 'tl]C; nQaWaLOAOYlac;, XElQalpnwv'tac; 'tl]V, JtaQa60­
~wC;, ana 'tl] lplAOOOlpla 01' AlYO nEQLOOO'tEQO ano [!la bEl<.anla, ElpOOOV, OLa
1970 Ol YAWOOlXfC; JtQu~ElC; alpoQouoav ~Exu8aQa 't11 OUVLa~l] (Sadock 1972,
1974, 1978) XaL, £X'tOLE, EVEQYU xm 't11V xOlvwvLOyAwoooAoyLa [!E E[!CpaOl] OLl]
blaJtOAl'tLO[!lX~ aVLlAl]"Vll XaL xaLo.'ta~l] 'twv YAWOOLXWV nQo.~Ewv Jtou E[lJtvEELm
aJto l8aYEvElC; aVLlArl'\j!ElC; xm JtaQaboxEc;.
H nQOOEnlO11 1:OU Austin OLO YAWOOlXO <palVO[!EVO blxaUooE EV ~QH 'tl]v cVtmjJl]
'tOU UOLEQOU Wittgenstein Yla 'tl] yAwooa WC; XQrlOl] aAAo. XaL XaLEOLl]OE JtL8avo­
'tEQl] naQ6. no'tE 'tl] OUVO[llAla [!E XAo.bOUC; 'tWV XOlVWVlXWV EJtLO'tl][!WV onwc; l]
av8QwnoAoyla XaL l] XOlVWVloAoYLa, <')Lvov'tac; 'to EvaUo[la Yla 'tl]v JtaQaywy~
Ol][laVLlXO'IJ oYX01J EJIW'tl][lOVlXOU £QYou [!E blEnLO'tl][!OVlXO xaQax'tlJQa. H aJtAO­
'tl]'ta [!E 'tl]v oJtola blaLUnWOE 'tlC; lb£EC; 'tOU 0 Austin ExaVE EnlOl]C; JtQOOLLlJ 'tl]
lplAooolpLa 'tl]C; xa8l][!EQlvlJC; y),wooac; 01' Eva EUQU'tEQO XOLVO xal ouvfOaAE ol][!a­
VLlxU 01:l] bl<i6oal] 'tl]C; YA(J)OOOAc/yim; aJJ..ci xat 'to baVElO[!O 'twv EWOtWV 'tl]C; ~1]';
(>nQax'tlx,lJC;), 'tOU JcOyOV XaL 'tTlt; emrEAeOl1~ O'tlC; XOlVWVlX,£C; Emottl[!EC; XaL 'tl]
lplAOOOlplU (Bourdieu 1977, Butler 1990, 1997, Foucault 1972, 1999 [l978]).~9
o Searle bOUAE'lJOv'tac; EnL 'tQW; b£xaE'tL£C; 'tlC; yAwOmx,EC; nQu;ElC; [!E lpOQ­
[laALO'tlxo JtQooaVaLOALO[lO EnlOl]C; oWEoaAE nEQLOoo'tEQO ana OnOlOVblJnO'tE
UAAOV Ot11V xa'tavol]ol] 'tOU 'tunou tWV xavovwv nou [lJtOQOUV va blEJtOUV
JtQay[!a'tOAOYlXU lpaLVO[!Eva. H anO'tUXLa tWV ouv8l]x,wv nou nQO'tElVE, bla'tU­
nWVOvnl.c; Ll; [!E 'tl] [!OQlprl avayxaLwv xat lxavwv Ouv8l]xWV JtUQO[lOLWV [!E
tl]V aAl]8ElaxlJ JtQOOEYYlOl] 'tl]; XAaOlXtl; 'tUJtLxtlC; Ol][laOlOAOYla;, EbEl~E taU­
tOXQova 'tl]V aJtoxaWwuxtl Mva[!l] 'tl]; oWlJ8na; JtOU OUVEno.ynaL l] xavo­
VlXr7 e:morr7/l11 (normal science) 'tou Kuhn (1970) aAAu XaL 'ta oQla tou lpoQ­
[laALO[lOu. MELo. LOV Searle, XaL [!E AlyE; E~aLQ£onc;, 11 nQaWaLOAoYla bEV ~'tav
JtO'tE l] lbla. Mo.ALOLa, 8EwQw 'tl] bOUAElo. 'tOU Searle £vav ana 'tOU; XUQlO'tE­
QOU; AOYOUC; nou l] nQawmOAOYLa ogE8l]XE 01' fva nQWLOlpUVEC; [lE80bOAOyl­
1<.0 abLf~obo JtOU, alpOu nQwta aAAa;E 'tllV Lbla, [lELl~OaAE XaL 'to LbLO 'to yAWO­
OOAOyLXO 'tonLO ta 'tEAEU'tala ElXOOln£V'tE XQOVlU.
H JtQaWaLOAoyLa aV'tl[!E'tWJtl] [!E 'to ablE;o60 'tWV 'tumxwv xavovwv LOU
Searle aQE811xE 01' Eva otauQobQO[!l XaL ExavE tl] [!EYUAl] OLQOlplt, JtalQvov'ta;
[lla ano Ll; bUO aVa[lEVO[!EVE; xaLEu8uvon;: tl] YVWOUXlJ xaLEu8wOll 'tl]; yvw­
O'tlXrl; yga[![laLlXrl; It 'tl]v XOlVOlVlXlJ xatEu8uvOlJ 'tllC; E8voYQalplXlJ; XOlVWVLO­
yAlOOooAoyLa;. nQOOf;'tE O'tl xm OL buo au'tEC; xu'tEu8uvOEl; EL'tE a1Jlo-JtQo'tu­
811xav EL'tE El;EALx811xav, aOXE'tlOC; 'tON bl]AWOEWV LOUC;, OE UutOtEArl yAWOOOAO­
YlXo. JtaQabElY[!aLa. nQOOlpaLa, [lo.ALO'tC1, [!OlU~n va Exn EQ8n 11 OLlYllrl YlU [!lU
nQoonu8Ela OUYXALOll;' H aAAaYrl nOQELa; 'tl]; ngawmOJ.oyLa; XaL 11 m8avlJ
OUYXALOl] 8a E;Eta01:EL avaAUtLXo. 01:0 KElpUAaLO 8 JtagO'tl ta OU[!nEQuO[laLU nou
alpoQouv au'to 'to XElpUAaLO bLaLQixouv xm to unoAOlno au1:Ou tOU olaALou.
6
KE<I>AAAIO 4
YnONOHMATA
'H
fIATI TA EYKOAQL ENNOOYMENA nAPAAEInONTAI
(KAI TA EYKOAQL nAPAAEIIlOMENA ENNOOYNTAI)
4.1 IIgof.,Eyo!!Eva
LE amo LO X£lpUAaLO 8a El;nuoOU[!E 'to [ll]XUVLO[lO Jtou [lac; Enl'tQEnn vu I'V­
VOOU[l£ Jt£QLOoc)"[£Qa ana ooa AE[l£ Ql]to., Jtw; n£Qvo.[!£ anO 'tll Ql]'trl (El<.m:qJQu­
O[!fVl]) O'tllV unoQQll't1] (uJtOVOOU[!£Vl]) 0ll[!aoLa. To SE[la au'to OUVbEEtUt li,Lton
[!£ 'tll 8£WQLa tWV VJrov0'f//larwv (imp!icatures) 'tOU H. P. Grice (1975) Xlll OQl­
Oxnat OLO £nLxEvtQo 'twv Ev6LalpEQoVLwV 'tll; nQay[!a'toAoyLu;. To t~QYo "tou
Grice, oJtw; XaL 'tou Austin Oto onolO AEl'touQyd OU[!JtAllQw[!aLLxu, rYYQllqJF.­
'tal OtO nAaLmo 'tl]; lpLAOOOlpLa; 'tl]; xa811[!EQLVrl; yAwooa; (ordinary language
philosophy) nou avaJtTlJx811X£ o'tl]v O;lpOQbll XaL Ol an:o'\j!nc; 'tOU ElXClV [!I'Y I1All
£JtLQQOrl rlbl] uno 'tll [lOQlprl blaAE;Ewv rl nOAuYQalpll[lEvou XEL[!£VOU nQLv t'x­
6080uv £morl[lW;. Bamxo; Otoxo; tou Grice! rl'tav va bEL;El o-n UJI:(1QXOUV
YEVlX£C; aQX£C; nov bl£nouv 'tl] OUVO[!lALa (tll XQrlol] 't1]; yAwooa; Otl]v rJtLXOL­
VWVLa) Ol onOL£; [la; EnLLQEnouv va £VVOlJOOU[!£ n£QLOOO'tEQa ana OOIl I)VtWC:;
AE[l£, va unOVOrlOOU[!£ ([l£tabWoow£) Ol][!UOL£; nou bEV xw6LxonmolJVtm on;
EXlpQUOW; nou XQl]Ol[lonOlou[l£. nQo'tdVEl LOUC; 'tEXVLXOUC; OQOU; wrovow (im­
plicate) XaL VJrovol1/lQ (implicature) Yla amo LO EmnAEov EnbtE60 Ol]lillOLClC;.
Ta unovotl[!aLa, onw; 8a 60UIi£, dVaL ouvaywYE; nou nQoxumouv yEVLxli AOyW
OwoliLALaxwv aQXwv.
4.2 ~lJVO!!Lf.,La XaL lJJtovo~!!a'ta
IlgoXElIl£VOU va xa'tavorloou[l£ 'tl] 8£wQLa tau Grice nQEJtEl va xavouli£ liLa
6amx~ bLaxQLOl], tll bluxQLOll avullEOa O£ amo nou UyErat XaL OE aut6 nou
vJrovoetrat. IluQatl]Qlto't£ 'ta naQu6ELYIlata (1)-(3):
7
8
9
10
11
12