Economics

Quantity Theory of Money

MV = PY
P = MV/Y

M = Quantity of MOney
V = Income velocity of money
P = Average price level of final goods and services
Y = Real National Income (or aggregate outut)

Countries with high number of digital payments -

IN short run GDP and veocity will remain constant. there is Dirrect relation
between, money suppy and price of goods.
Supply Curve - Determined by Factors of Supply

SOciology

Scientific Hypothesis - Statementa based on sufficeint theoritical and emphirical

data
Null Hypothesis - (H0) Acceptace of the alternative hypothesis.
Alternates Hypothesis - (Denoted by H1)
Research Hypotheisis - Researchers'proposition about some social fact without,
reference to its prticualr attributes.
Statistical Hypothesis - Is a staement about statistacal population that once seeks
to support or refute

Sources of Hypothesis -
1. Cultural Value of Society -
2. Past Research
3. Folk Wisdom
4. Personal Experiences
5. intuition

Inductive method (Bottom Up Approach) and deductive Method (Top down appraoch)

Methods of Data Collection -

Primary Method - Self Collectedd information from primary sources. Observation
Technique -- Two types - Prticipant(Reseachers itself becomes the part of study)
and non participant (Researchers stays in distance from the subject, and carefully
observe)
Secondary Method - Published work

Constitution :
Right to Equality - [Article 14 - 18]
Article 14 is the broadest and article 18 ambit is the most narrow.
Gives the complete shade to the ideas of the constitution.

ARTICLE 14
State shall not deny to any person, equality before the law, and equal protection
of the laws within the terriotry of India.
EVOLUTION OF DOCTRINE OF RESONABLE CLASIFICATION

TWO CONCEPTS:
Equality Before the law -
Equal Protection of the laws -
Are both of these concepts same?
No, at start there was no distinction made.
Difference defined in the case of - State of UP v. Deoman AIR 1960 SC 1125. (Refer
DD BASU 1391)

EBL -
Negative Concept
Origin - Common Law
Not Absolute in nature (Article 361, 105,33, Section 164 IPC with Section 197 of
CRPC)
General in nature
Phylosophcia Law

EPOL -
Positive Concept
Origin - USA
Gave the origin of EVOLUTION OF DOCTRINE OF RESONABLE CLASIFICATION
Specific in Nature
Statutorty law
Like should be treated alike and not unlike shuld be treated alike .

JURISPRUDENCE -
Modern Natural Law theeory -
Leviathan Work of Jean Jaques is foundational work to modern natural law theory
Interpretation of stautes - justice markaern ne kaju
Maxwell rules of interpretation.

Thinker 1
Thomas Hobbes - Origin of eviathan
Every thinker is a juris of its own kind.

BACKGROUND -
Wrote this book when there was a civil war in Great Britain - (Monarchy Vs
Parlimentarians)
Prevalnce in the system on "Kind Can do no wrong"
Hobbes supported Absolute Monarch

Ideas of Hobbes:

The state of nature is chaos.

Self Preservation is the highest natural law for hobbes. (Presently - Right to Life
is the highest natural law(Most interpreted is this article right now in
constituion))

21/03/2023

Erickosn 8 stages of socialization

TYPE - INDENTITY CRISIS TO BE RESOLVED - VIRTUE

1. Infancive - Learn about trust vs mistrust - Development of Hope
2. Early Childhood (Age 2-3) - Autonomy vs shame and doubt , Vietur of will
3. PLay Stage - (4 -5 years) - Initiave vs guilt - Virtue - purpose
4. School Stage - 6-11 - Industry vs Inferiority - Virtue - Incompetence
5. Adolencence - 12-18 yrs- Identity vs role confusion - Virtue - Fidelity
6. Yound Adulthood - 19-35 yrs - Intimach vs isolation - Virtue - Love
7. Middle Adulthood - 36-50 yrs - Genrativity vs stagnation - Virtue - Care
8. Old Age - 51 + yrs Integrity vs despair - Virture - Wisdom.

Critisim - Restricts the feeling in age group. some feeling can be felt by someone
else in another age group.

Jean Piaget - Biological Adaptation - Interaction with the outside world.

4 stages -
1. Sensory Stage (1-2 yrs) - Learing thorough Sensory Motors.
2. Preoperation - 2-7 yrs - Learn thorough touching and visuals - Recognition of
symbols
3. Concrete Opertional - 7-11 yrs - CHild learns to master the cognitive skills -
Can understand the change in weight, speed, and other congnitive skills -
Comprends the abstract skills.
4. Formal Operational - 11-15 yrs - Child comprehends the highly abstract and
logical things.

GENDER SOCIALIZATION

Social Learning Theory - Given by Albert Bandura - Learning of the different

dreams. - Makes genders learn their specific traits acc. to gender.
Congnitve Develpment theory - Lawrence Kohlberg -Acc. to him Children View of
approprite gender roles change, as they grow older, reflecting their changing
congnitive development.
Gender Schema Thoery - Sandra Bem - Ac. to her, in culture in distingtion between
men and women are emphasised, children earn to use, as a way to process information
about the world.
Pycoanlitical Theory - Nancy Chodraw - Women is the main charcter whing makes the
chlidren who teaches them the gender roles.