Imiejen Althea Pineda  

                                                                              General Biology 
Grade 12 - Integrity                                                           Jeanelle M. Avila

Title: Development of Bio-artificial Esophageal Tissue Engineering Utilization for

Circumferential Lesion Transplantation: A Narrative Review

Summary: This study stated that the esophagus is the gastrointestinal tract's primary organ that
transfers bolus into the stomach with peristaltic motion. As an exponentially growing
science, tissue engineering has become a leading technique for the development of tissue
replacement to repair damaged esophageal segments. Scaffold plays a significant role in the
process of tissue engineering, as it acts as a template for the regeneration of growing tissue. A
variety of scaffolds have been studied to replace the esophagus. Due to the many tissue quality
challenges, the results are still inadequate and need to be improved. The success of esophageal
tissue regeneration will finally depend on the scaffold's capability to mimic natural tissue
properties and provide a qualified environment for regeneration. Transferring bolus into the
stomach is the dominant role of the esophagus in the digestive system. Like the other
gastrointestinal tract components, the esophagus wall consists of four layers, namely the
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and adventitia layers. The mucosa layer covers the inner
wall of the esophagus. The mucosa layer cells in the proximal region are squamous epithelial
cells, and in the distal region where the esophagus attaches to the stomach, they are columnar
epithelial cells. Accordingly, it can be said that the esophagus is one of the primary organs of the
gastrointestinal tract, and its lesions cause a significant disturbance in the nutrition and digestive
system. To create an adequately engineered tissue with the natural human esophagus’
properties, in addition to choosing the right scaffolding method, it is also necessary to use proper
polymer structures and materials that have appropriate characteristics, such as mechanical
strength, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and elasticity. This review aims to discuss the
advancements in tissue-engineered esophageal fabrications. Furthermore, this study evaluates
various techniques utilized to advance proper tissue replacement, and the challenges they face in
clinical practice.

Reflection: Since the focus of this paper is about transplantation, I found it to be interesting. I
also learned some new information regarding the topics covered in this study. According to the
study, the esophagus serves as the digestive tract's main organ for transferring boluses into the
stomach through peristaltic action. The outcomes still need to be improved because of the
numerous issues with tissue quality. The mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and adventitia
layers make up the esophageal wall, which has four layers like the other parts of the
gastrointestinal system. The inner wall of the esophagus is covered by the mucosa layer. To
create a designed tissue that stimulates and supports regeneration in the human body, it is also
necessary to choose the proper biological elements and components, such as growth factors,
cytokines, differentiated cells, or stem cells.

Reference:https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aph&AN=159052455&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Authors: Haghdel, Mobin1, Imanieh, Mohammad Hadi2, Hosseinpour, Hamidreza3, Ghasemi,

Younes4, Alizadeh, Ali Akbar1
Imiejen Althea Pineda                                                                                 General Biology 
Grade 12 - Integrity                                                           Jeanelle M. Avila

Title: Does Nitrogen Fertilization Affect the Secondary Structures of Gliadin Proteins in
Hypoallergenic Wheat?

Summary: According to the study, nitrogen is a macronutrient that is essential for plant growth
and development. It affects the quality and yield of kernels because it is involved in the
manufacture of starch and storage proteins (gliadins and glutenin). However, using N-fertilizers
raises the amount of gluten in wheat, which may make it more likely for those who are gluten
sensitive to experience allergy symptoms. The study looked at whether and how the secondary
structures of gliadin proteins changed when N-fertilizers were not used during the production of
wasko.gl wheat (a modified genotype missing -gliadins). In order for them to achieve this, they
used the FT-Raman method to analyze flour and gliadin protein extracts taken from the kernels
of two winter wheat lines: wasko.gl+ (with a full set of gliadin proteins) and wasko.gl (without -
gliadin fraction), which were grown at two different N-fertilization levels—0 and 120 kg Nha1.
Based on the findings, they demonstrated that nitrogen fertilization does not significantly affect
the stability of the secondary structures of gliadin proteins for the wheat variety wasko.gl with
reduced allergenic characteristics. Additionally, the findings in this study provide hope for the
use of the wasko.gl wheat line in the production of wheat products devoted to people suffering
from diseases related to gluten intolerance by suggesting a potential increase in the stability of
glutenin structures as a result of N-fertilization. The genotype, growing condition, as well as
their interaction, play a significant role in determining the grain quality of wheat. Nitrogen
fertilization is one of the agronomic practices to achieve high protein and gluten content. The
nitrogen supply of wheat plants throughout the growing season is very important for plant
development, especially for all leaves, and consequently affects the protein and gluten
content. This is due to the fact that N accumulated in the vegetative organs before anthesis is
redistributed into the grain accounts for more than 75% of the total N in final dry wheat
grain, although N absorbed and directly transported to the grain after anthesis accounts for less
than 25%. In the presented studies they analyzed the protein and gluten content and gluten index
in winter wheat lines under control with no Nitrogen and high nitrogen applied.

Reflection: This article had me captivated and curious about whether nitrogen fertilization
affects the secondary structures of gliadin proteins in hypoallergenic wheat. Nitrogen, according
to their research, is a macronutrient that is required for plant growth and development. It has an
impact on kernel quality and yield since it is involved in the production of starch and storage
proteins. However, employing N-fertilizers increases the quantity of gluten in wheat, which may
make people who are gluten sensitive more likely to have allergy symptoms.

Reference:https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aph&AN=159032821&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Authors: Stawoska, Iwona1, Waga, Jacek2, Wesełucha-Birczyńska, Aleksandra3, Dziurka,

Michał4, Podolska, Grażyna5, Aleksandrowicz, Edyta5, Skoczowski, Andrzej1,4