CHE(O) 507 SCIENTIFIC WRITING (REVIEW) ON BOOK,ENTITLED

CHROMATOGRAPHY
AUTHORED BY RAJBIR SINGH
SUBMITTED
TO
THE GUJARAT UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
CHEMISTRY
BY
PRATIK ANUBHAI BUHA
Roll no.:48 Hpp,Exam no.:_____

Under the supervision of

Dr.Nikita Mishra
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES
GUJARAT UNIVERSITY

March2023

Page 1 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
 DECLARATON

I, hereby, declare that the Scientific writing (Review) report for paper No. CHE (O)

507, entitled Crometography submitted for the in partial fulfilment of the requirement for degree

of Master of Science.

Date: Name: Pratik Anubhai Buha

Place: Ahmedabad Roll no: 48 Hpp

Exam No._ _____-

Page 2 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Pratik Anubhai Buha of M.Sc. Semester IV Organic Chemistry

(Roll No. 48Hpp , Exam No.:___) has submitted Scientific writing (Review)507 entitled

CHROMATOGRAPHY at Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University,

Ahmedabad in partial fulfilment of the M.Sc. Degree in chemistry.

Supervised by: Forwarded by:

Dr. Nikita Mishra Dr. Pranav Shrivastav

Teaching Associate Professor and Head
Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry
School of Sciences, School of Sciences,
Gujarat University, Gujarat University,
Ahmedabad-380009 Ahmedabad- 380009
Gujarat, India Gujarat, India

Page 3 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to give my acknowledgements to Rajbir Singh(Author)

&Mittal Publication to provide such a Beautiful Book on CHROMATOGRAPHY.
I am also grateful to Dr. Pranav Shrivastav (Professor and Head, Department of
Chemistry,School of Sciences,Gu) & Dr. Nikita Mishra (Teaching Associate,Department of
Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gu) for providing great support at all level of work during
curriculum. I would like to thank all teaching & non- teaching staff of chemistry department for
me co-operative environment.

Sincerely,
PRATIK ANUBHAI BUHA

Page 4 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
 INDEX

the Author & Preface. 7

Subjective Content of The Boom:

a) Unit-1. 9

b) Unit-2. Adsorption Chromatography. 9

c) Unit-3. Paper & Thin-layer Chromatography. 10

d) Unit-4. Countercurrent Chromatography. 10

e) Unit-5. Liquid-liquid Partition Chromatography. 11

f) Unit-6. Column & Affinity Chromatography. 11

g) Unit-7. Gel Chromatography. 12

h) Unit-8. Ion Exchange Chromatography &

Electrophoretic Techniques 12

i) Unit-9. High Performance Liquid Chromatography &

Gas. 13

CHEPTER 4. Merits & Demerits of Book. 14

Che-1. About Book

 Physical Appearance of The Book

The physical appearance of a book is an important aspect that can influence a reader's decision
to pick it up and read it. In the case of "Chromatography" by Rajbir Singh, the book has a sturdy
hardcover binding with a clean and simple design. The cover features a colorful graphic of a
chromatogram, which gives a visual representation of the topic of the book. The font used for

Page 5 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
the title and author's name is bold and easy to read, making it stand out on a shelf. The book's
size and weight are also comfortable to hold and read, making it a great addition to any
scientific literature collection.

 Book Size
A5 size

 Book Details
Published and printed by Naurang rai for Mittal Publication,
A-110, Mohan Garden, New Delhi-11059, India.
Phones : 5648028
E-Mail :mittalp@ndf.net.in
Visit us at : www.mittalpublication.com

 First Edition 2002

ISBN 81-7099-823-9

 Editorial office :
H-13, Bali Nagar,
New Delhi – 110015
Phones: 5163610,5431361
 Showroom:
4594/9, Daryaganj,
New Delhi – 110002
Phone: 3250398

 Book of Cost :

Rs. 595/-

Page 6 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
Page 7 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
 Che-2.About the Author & Preface
 About Author
Rajbir Singh got his M.Sc. in physic from Meerut University, Meerut and B.Ed. from Rajasthan,
Jaipur. He has long experience in teaching science and research. He has to his credit number of
book and articles published in reputed journals. He is a present teaching Physics to Post-
graduate student at Central School for Tibetans in Mussoorie in Uttaranchal. He is presently
working on a gigantic project focusing on modern organic/inorganic Chemistry series.

 Preface
In this book a sincere efforts has been made to include the various types of chromatographic
techniques. The present book address itself-sufficient. Every concept has been demonstrated
by simple diagrams using simple mathematics and elegant style. All explanation have well
attended reasons and are supplemented by appropriate data to bring home the point.
In many techniques more difficult concepts which may not of immediate need the student but
would definitely add to his/her knowledge have also been provided.

Page 8 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
 Che-3. Subjective Content of The Boom

 Unit-1.Chromatography
Unit 1 of "Chromatography: Principles and Applications" by Rajbir Singh provides an
introduction to the basic concepts of chromatography. The chapter begins by explaining the
origins of chromatography and its evolution over time. It then delves into the fundamental
principles of chromatography, including the various modes of separation and the importance of
stationary and mobile phases.
The chapter also discusses the various types of chromatography, Adsorption chromatography,
Partition chromatography, and Pepar chromatography, and their applications in different fields,
from environmental analysis to pharmaceuticals. The author also covers the importance of
selecting the proper column and detector for specific applications, and the role of sample
preparation in chromatography.
Overall, Unit 1 provides a comprehensive overview of chromatography and its applications,
making it an essential read for anyone interested in the field, from students to seasoned
professionals. The chapter lays the foundation for understanding the more advanced concepts
that are covered in the later Unit of the book.

 Unit-2. Adsorption Chromatography

This unit covered by Adsorption Chromatography. Adsorption chromatography is a technique
used for separating and analyzing components of a mixture based on their interactions with a
solid stationary phase. The stationary phase, typically silica or alumina, has a high surface area
and contains specific functional groups that interact with the molecules of the mixture. During
the process, the mixture is loaded onto the stationary phase, and components with stronger
interactions will bind more tightly and elute later, while those with weaker interactions will
elute first. This technique is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and environmental
industries for purification and analysis of complex mixtures. However, it requires careful
optimization of parameters, such as the choice of stationary phase and solvent system, to
achieve optimal separation.
Page 9 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
 Unit-3. Paper & Thin-layer Chromatography
Paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are two widely used analytical
techniques for separating and analyzing mixtures of compounds. Both methods are based on
the principle of partitioning, where the mixture is separated based on the differing affinities of
its components to a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Paper chromatography involves the
use of filter paper as the stationary phase, and a solvent as the mobile phase. The sample is
spotted onto the paper, and the paper is then placed into the solvent. As the solvent moves up
the paper, it carries the components of the mixture with it, and the different components
become separated based on their partition coefficients. TLC involves the use of a thin layer of
silica gel or alumina coated on a glass or plastic plate as the stationary phase, and a solvent as
the mobile phase. The sample is spotted onto the plate, and the plate is then placed into the
solvent. As the solvent moves up the plate, the components of the mixture become separated
based on their partition coefficients, and can be visualized using various detection methods.
Both techniques are widely used in chemistry, biochemistry, and forensic science for analyzing
complex mixtures, identifying unknown compounds, and quantifying the amounts of different
components in a mixture.

 Unit-4. Countercurrent Chromatography

This unit covered by Countercurrent Chromatography. Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC) is
a liquid-liquid chromatography technique that separates chemical compounds based on their
partition coefficients. This chapter introduces CCC and its applications in the separation and
purification of natural products, synthetic compounds, and proteins. The principles of CCC and
the various types of CCC equipment are discussed. The chapter also covers the various solvent
systems and stationary phases used in CCC, as well as the different CCC modes, including
hydrodynamic CCC and centrifugal CCC. Additionally, the chapter highlights the advantages and
disadvantages of CCC compared to other chromatographic techniques.
Overall, the unit provides a comprehensive overview of CCC and its potential as a versatile and
powerful chromatographic tool.

Page 10 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
 Unit-5. Liquid-liquid Partition Chromatography
This unit covered by liquid-liquid Partition Chromatography. Liquid-liquid partition
chromatography (LLPC) is a technique used in chemical analysis and separation of compounds.
This chapter covers the principles, methodology, and applications of LLPC. The technique
involves the separation of a mixture of two immiscible liquids by a stationary phase. The
stationary phase can be solid or liquid and the mobile phase is usually a solvent. LLPC has
several advantages over other chromatographic techniques, including its ability to separate
compounds with similar properties and its high selectivity. Applications of LLPC include the
separation and purification of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and environmental samples.
The unit provides detailed information on the theory and practical aspects of LLPC and its
various applications.

 Unit-6. Column & Affinity Chromatography

This chapter covered by Column Chromatography & Affinity Chromatography. Column
chromatography is a separation technique that is used to purify and separate individual
components from a mixture. The process is based on the differential interaction of the
mixture's components with a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase is
usually a solid matrix, while the mobile phase is a liquid solvent. The sample is loaded onto the
top of the column, and as the solvent flows through, the components with the strongest affinity
for the stationary phase will move more slowly and will elute from the column last.
Affinity chromatography is a specialized form of column chromatography used to separate and
purify specific biomolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, from a complex mixture. The
technique involves using a stationary phase that contains a ligand that has a high affinity for the
target molecule. The sample is loaded onto the column, and the target molecule selectively
binds to the ligand while other components pass through. The target molecule is then eluted
from the column by altering the conditions of the mobile phase. Affinity chromatography is
widely used in the biotechnology industry for the isolation and purification of proteins and
other biomolecules.

Page 11 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
 Unit-7. Gel Chromatography

This chapter covered by Gel Chromatography. Gel chromatography, also known as size
exclusion chromatography, is a widely used method in biochemistry and molecular biology to
separate and purify molecules based on their size. This technique utilizes a column filled with
porous beads that are able to selectively separate molecules based on their molecular weight
and size. As a sample is loaded onto the column, larger molecules are excluded from the pores
and elute out of the column first, while smaller molecules penetrate the pores and elute later.
Gel chromatography is a powerful and versatile tool used for a variety of applications such as
protein purification, nucleic acid separation, and determination of molecular weight.

 Unit-8.Ion Exchange Chromatography & Electrophoretic Techniques

This chapter covered by Ion Exchange chromatography and Electrophoretic Techniques. Ion
exchange chromatography is a technique used to separate charged molecules based on their
interactions with charged stationary phases. In this method, the sample is loaded onto a
column containing a resin with charged functional groups that attract and bind oppositely
charged molecules. By selectively eluting the bound molecules with a salt gradient, they can be
separated based on their charge and size. Electrophoretic techniques, on the other hand,
separate molecules based on their charge and size by subjecting them to an electric field. This
method includes gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. Gel
electrophoresis separates molecules based on their size by migrating through a porous gel,
while capillary electrophoresis separates molecules in a narrow capillary based on their size and
charge. Isoelectric focusing separates molecules based on their isoelectric point, the pH at
which they have no net charge.

Page 12 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
Both ion exchange chromatography and electrophoretic techniques are widely used in various
fields, including biochemistry, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology, for the separation and
purification of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.

 Unit-9. High Performance Liquid Chromatography & Gas Chromatography

This chapter covered by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas (GC) are both analytical techniques
used to separate, identify, and quantify the components in a mixture.
HPLC is a liquid chromatography technique that uses a high-pressure pump to force the sample
through a stationary phase, where the components are separated based on their chemical and
physical properties. The stationary phase is typically a column packed with a material that
interacts with the analytes of interest, while the mobile phase is a liquid that carries the sample
through the column. HPLC is particularly useful for the separation of compound such as drugs
and their metabolites, peptides, vitamins, polyphenols and steroid.
Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique used to separate and analyze the components of a
mixture based on their different distribution between a stationary phase (typically a high boiling
point liquid) and a mobile phase (a carrier gas). The mixture is injected into the instrument and
carried by the carrier gas through a long, thin column that contains the stationary phase. As the
mixture passes through the column, different components interact differently with the
stationary phase, causing them to travel at different rates and separate from each other. The
separated components are then detected and quantified by a detector at the end of the
column. GC is a two types of chromatography. 1. Gas Solid Chromatography, 2.Gas Liquid
Chromatography. GC is a powerful and versatile analytical technique that has many applications
in fields ranging from environmental science to forensic analysis.

Page 13 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences
 Che-4. Merits & Demerits of Book

 Merits of book
This book Is very useful for the graduate and post graduate students .This book covered all
Chromatography’s techniques and his basic information. This book is a comprehensive guide to
chromatography and provides a clear explanation of the principles, instrumentation, and
applications of various types of chromatography. Every concept has been demonstrated by
simple diagrams using simple mathematics and elegant style. The order of the techniques
included in this book is conventional.

 Demerits of book
This book provides short information about the some chromatography. The heading size of
particular topic is not properly set it must be in bold and large in size so reader can easily
recognize.

Page 14 of 14
Department of Chemistry,School of Sciences