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Leen Smadi

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÷
it

Word meaning

. < 7 6 -/ % ;  9: 8 7 6 5 " ! 4 3 2 1 0 -/  -. , + * ) (' & % $ # " !
 > 8 =/:
Make not thy hand tied to thy neck, nor stretch it forth to its utmost reach.
: @
.  A @ ? -/
Don’t be stingy or wasteful.

DE 9C -G HI 6: -G F KL O NC L !MGG KL JC -G HI 6: -G F DE BC

I   of  ntr lin u l a   Jd

  w   nt r  

 3X 2 1 W  VS U T: S 2: ) R -M Q 7: NP % ; !

II. testing ) .

  And to human   We have fastened to him his bird of deeds upon his neck
every .

 h

out o n Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

l n lish / Shakespeare poems .

 
-

,
  p r phr s a

 
3 1. Overview - 1.1 Definition 

  -Words meaning is further complicated when words enter into stable / ' 8  76 collocational / 23 2 " 9! 
 patterns :7 .
   &% in which words sail away from primary senses in the direction of the secondary

 
senses.

For example, the English verb PAY

Relates to money in its primary sense; hence it openly collocates with

debts / dues / bills / cash / etc.

 
However it also occurs idiosyncratically with some words to produce lexical collocations in which
the primary sense is seriously undermined in favor of a unitary collocational meaning.
Thus, the verb pay can produce stable collocations where it doesn’t relate to money such as

 pay attention, pay respect , pay a visit, etc.

LEFT
-In in this way idiosyncratic words company (though essentially transparent at the reception level)
 presents itself as an essential feature of vocabulary at the production level , thus adding to the
 burden carried by translators.

3 1. Overview - 1.1 Definition 

-Moreover,o
word meaning is usually lost completely when embracing idiomatic meaning in the
wealth of idiomatic expressions in English and Arabic, among other languages.

-Therefore, it’s so difficult to guess what an idiomatic expression means based on the dictionary
meaning of its constituent parts.
Example:
It would be ridiculous to interpret expressions such as literally because there’s a complete

divorce between literal meaning on the hand and idiomatic (conveyed) meaning on the other.

-To rain cats and dogs = ( it’s raining a lot )

-To pull one’s socks up = ( to make an effort to improve)
-Over the Moon = ( extremely pleased and happy )
-A piece of cake = ( A simple task ; that easy to do )
-At odds ( different opinion/ to disagree/ in conflict) (to be at odds = 9 8 
 7 6  5  0  / 
$ 4 2
3  )
 
-One should also be aware of the fact that most idiomatic expressions can tolerate literal
interpretation in certain contexts.
By way of illustration, compare the literal meaning of “a piece of cake” in
 “I want a  piece of cake because I’m hungry”
and what it’s idiomatic meaning in
“I’m so happy because the test was a piece of cake “

4 1. Overview - 1.1 Definition 

-Finally a key distinctionBs, should be drawn between sentence meaning and speaker meaning
apart from idiomatic meaning .
 

 
-It is true that they converge in several cases where the speaker means exactly what he says
i.e. the literal meaning reflects the intended meaning.

-However, in many cases sentence meaning may not reflect speaker meaning
 I.e the diverge rather than converge

n : t si

  N
By way of illustration , The production of “its raining”
may in the most neutralized context function
as a statement presenting a piece of information and nothing else
(I.e. sentence and speaker meeting are identical) ;
. .
FEM
yet in most cases
it was variously involve the speaker communicatingg
-

the illocution (language function) of  :

complaining / warning / advising / expressing / excitement / etc.

-This being the case one should always search for speaker meaning which may or may not agree
with the literal meaning.
  e
  The exercises

I  

Exercise 1 :
Translate the following English sentences into Arabic :
Example :
**Samer’s grandmother passed away last month
1. Ali often goes to bed early.
2. Sara went shopping last night.
3. My sister works as an officer in the army.
4. Maha is twenty years old.
5. Shops stay open until midnight and Amman.
6. Finally, the police have managed to capture the killer.
7. Translation is an interesting subject.
8. A large number of tourists come to see the Roman ruins in Jordan every year.
9. Laila failed her driving test two days ago.
0. Ahmed will graduate in the fall.

Answers :

^ a `:/ V 9 _ -/ W ^ ) ]: \' [ Z A Y , 5**

 V/ ; j:/ V/ J 6 ) (i V/ h + -/  ,d 2 + -) ^ + 1 g Bf & ( ):)  6: - e: / V/ J 6 )  ,d 2 + - ^ + 1 ' + c &.b
 A. a `:/  +. A + -//. p m 6: -/  +. A - r , 7 O + -  m\ ]: Z 6 Bq /  p. m 6: -/ on 7: )  m\ ]: Z l , 7 5.k
x A w/ W . 8 j a: ^ O v//^ O 3 A 3 u % t $ 5.s
 ): 1: kz V t $ -/ D )  9: ) {  + 6 5 / ) o: 1: kz  9: ) V t 1 .y
Q t: 1 W % A + -/ } ? O 2 ) 0 O p  p. , O h ) V [ O: `/ 0 3 6 5 .|
% 5 3: -/ 0 + 1 € 6 3 -/ D )  T. V _ -/ Z 2 J • V/ A v !M .~
† A … u/„  O ƒ ‚  , a , ) . t [ V O -/ .Ç
 & o: , 2 ]  A. N ): ! V -/ m Š:"/ \' B _: ` Q mˆ"/ 0 -/ ‰  A: 7 -/ D )  V\ A 6 ; ˆ/' 1/ ' Y ,/ O 5.‡
Œ ) , & % 6 l \ˆ A: 3 -/ m 6: O v/ W 0 + A - Z + _ Y.‹
} & V =/ W ' t p/ é  V c O A ].bz

Explain and/or paraphrase the following English sentences

(use a good English English dictionary where necessary )
and then give their Arabic translation, paying special attention idiomatic expressions …
Example :
**I didn’t know that Sue moonlights = ??
1. Zayd managed to produce an alibi  >7 = <  / ; - during the trail yesterday.
2. If things go on like that, the whole business will go to the dogs.
3. John saw red  it when I told him about the meeting.
4. I turned to Peter for help, but he gave the cold shoulder .
5. Jane takes after  her mother.
6. The match was called off on account  of rain.
Answers :
** = I didn’t know that Sue has another job at night 
   A. + A -  h. A ë ! W  ê: &/ % t $ 5 , ] QM Ž V 1/ D ;/ K -
1. Zayd managed to produce a proof that he was a different place when the act happens during the
trail yesterday
” )/  t. ; @: ) Z l ! V v “ Q J: ) W Q ;:  NX/ % A -ˆ ’' 3 5 D ) ' & ‘ D J • li l
up   I f I ll BA d m
6

2. If things go on like that, the whole business will  be ruined

 ,n ]"/ 0 -/ — t: 1"/ — ! – 5 Ž , ] ñ  9: - p: 0 + 1 m , )"/ Z 3 j /q/
3. John was
naomi
extremely angry when I told him about the meeting
‚  t: O ["/ D 1  5X V 6 v/  ):' 2 1  6: ê e Q , [ ˜ _: O ]/
4. I turned to Peter for help but he ignored me
 ): t: O B/ 'F 6 & K -  2X J - ! \' 1 7: t + - V O A j 0 -P ™ > w
5. Jen looks like her mother 
 9: 5' - !/ Œ #  6X _ 5

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Exercise 3 :
Translate the following English utterances * 1 3( $ 2  into Arabic
making sure that you transfer both the denotation and connotation of these expression
(For many of these expressions colloquial utterances in English, you may have to use colloquial Arabic expressions in order to capture both denotation and connotation)

Example :
**Boys are boys

1. Business is business.
2. Enough is enough
3. Let bygones be bygones .
4. War is war.
5. A girl is a girl
6. Life is life
7. A father is a father
8. A war is a war 

Answers :
( ' + j ^ a l:  NXM , - ) ' - ! ' - , -/ **
in .b ,

-
.k

fHfHF5boiA dENiw fTi@Gfgssio3Cji w  

 
.s
.y
.|
I

.~

oHfoB1sGo f1 j8l@I8lfr f  
.Ç
.‡

Exercise 4 :
Provide natural Arabic collocations for the English collocations featuring the adjective Heavy
below:

1. Heavy rain
2. Heavy fog
3. Heavy smoker 
4. Heavy sleep
5. Heavy industry
6. Heavy meal
7. Heavy seas
8. Heavy bread
9. Heavy traffic
0. Heavy politician

Answers :
 V\ & R e m 8: )M .b
} A œ ; › 6: a .k
 
˜ V h ) D v' ) .s
.
:@ H † A t 1 ™ 6: ] / † A t 1  ,d N .y
 +. A 3 Š  1. 2: ù .|
. t ]ˆ  6. [ ! .~
 ž. U B: m @: j .Ç
Ÿ  t l R 6 v .‡
EG -95%1  d p: ‘ˆ/ .‹
4 2 † @ ) ^ ] A: ] .bz

7 1. 1. Overview - 1.2 Equivalence 

Equivalence is a bilingual synonymy or sameness based on lexical universals and cultural overlaps

-Equivalence is a key concept in the process of translating.

-In fact, we cannot think of translating without taking equivalence into consideration.

-It should be noted that

the notion of equivalence relates to even the ordinary senses of the verb(to translate.

T
-That is why we are often asked to translate our feelings
 

 into words And our words into actions, etc.

-So, the result of any act of translating revolves, in one way or another, around equivalence.
 
-seeks to capture theo
  - Types of equivalence :
1) Formal / ?> = <;! :! / 9 5 8 "! 7 6( 5 4 "! :

f$
 
Form of the SL expression
Form here relates to the image employed in the SL expression

2) Functional / A 1 @- "! 7 6( 5 4 "! :

-seeks to capture the Function of the SL expression independently of the image utilizedC BA @
   ' ?% by
translating it into TL expression that performs the same function. X
3) Ideational DC- B 4 "! 7 6( 5 4 "! :

 
-aims to convey the communicative sense of the SL expression independently of function and form xx
-That is to stay, the translator seeks to relay the meaning of the SL expression regardless of functional
and form equivalence

+ ######
 

7+8 1. 1. Overview - 1.2 Equivalence 

Types of equivalence
1) Formal * 0/ 
 . -,!  +! *  ) $ ( " !  ' &% $ # " ! :  

-seeks to capture the Form of the SL expression

Form here relates to the image employed in the SL expression

-As can be illustrated by the underlined English idiomatic expression and their underlined formal Arabic equivalence below:
a. The treaty has remained deadletter since then.
C E" *% L *K J I B ( 4E 1 , ( 6E* ? HA G7 F . *% C = ( 8 A ED 
. " C = B ]3 -"" G 7 . \ [ . O3 !Ddead letter Z X Y 9 . * $ X Q P *% + I F . *7 8 A = ( ' 2 7 I G N O3 ' . *% + A = F W *% + I F . *% DV ) = U7 T ' *% $ # S" R 2 1D " ) Q P *% " > N O3 ' . *% N ' M 2
b. Ali’s decision to leave his job for a new one was ill -though- out of the frying pan into the fire.
.C( % "! &  "K J> + # "! I , H 6( + "( F G( F - 7 .f = Q - e3 dc 8 bD3 P *%D [ ' T = aD `3 ' 8 $ X _ ,%3 E ^ Q 2 N *
*About A + B*
Although the Arabic expression 7 'f = B 7 #f3 - and ,7 I *% + *j Hi ( . *% ^ B h #7 ( *7 \ g7 \ aren’t natural idiomatic expression
in Arabic ;they can be used theoretically 7 23 k & to demonstrate ,7 M a% what is meant by formal equivalence

2) Functional * 4 3 
 2 1 " !  ' &% $ # " ! :  

-seeks to capture the Function of the SL expression independently of the image utilizedC BA @
   ' ?% by
translating it into TL expression that performs the same function.
1  )  +  A /  %$ @  : ? 
3  >  %$=1  43  <  %$ ; /  &  %$ 1  :
.. TL 9Q  V  %$ .  O  5  %$ 1  : 6  &  L  D$  V 
3  FU @  F 1  >  %$ .  )  +  A /  %$ T  G  &  F S SL RQ  P  D$ .  O  % N  M .  -  5  ?  5  % * 4 3  2 1 " ! 6  &  L  D$ K  7 IJ  H /  G  F E  , "  >  D$ C :B 
-This can be illustrated below by the underlined Arabic functions equivalents of the English expressions above:
SL : The treaty has remained deadletter since then. .

 
TL : . C E" *% L *K J I B NC: &  9 M !*E ' ? HA G7 F . *% C = ( 8 A E .L
.  O  5  %3  +  : \  [  Y & 3  F ]K  %$ 1  )  +  A /  %$ 6  &  L  -  5  % \  5  G  4 S RQ  P  D$ .  O  5  %$ 1  : \  I "  +  [  L  >  %$ U /  P  G  D$ 1  )  +  A /  %$ 6  &  L  D$ HQ  Z  >  Y$ T  I 1  5  ?  X  %$ 6  &  L  D I3  Q  +  G  >  F E  % E  , "  >  D$ 3  &  W
 

… " _ R S 6   5  0 "  [  ^" TL 3  &  >  O  % 1  : 1  &  L  F $K  W CB  : RQ  P  D$ .  O  5  %$ SL 1  : " c  +  D$ 9 "  b  %$" a  V  3  &  0 "  [  0 `Q  W3  L  D$ C /  ?  : " _ R S 6  5  0 "  [  ^ " /  W S 9Q  V  %$
.. .

SL: Ali’s decision to leave his job for a new one was ill-though- out of the frying pan into the fire.
.(A 2A P *% 3 p *% on7 m B3 *%) C( % "( 3 Q( P ,* "! I , 3 = ; ' l . *7 \ g7 \ - 7 .f = Q - e3 dc 8 bD3 P *%D  [ ' T = aD `3 ' 8 $ X _ ,%3 E ^ Q 2 N * .O

*About Type 1 Formal + Type 2 Functional of Equivalence*

3) Ideational 7 6 1 5 # " !  ' &% $ # " ! :  

 

8+9 1. Overview - 1.2 Equivalence 

perfect
.

Types of equivalence
The top
a translation:

Optimal Translation = formal + functional

*About Type 1 Formal + Type 2 Functional of Equivalence*

-Sometimes, functional and formal equivalence may coincide ]47 9 ! to provide what can be called
Optimal Translatability
-The following English proverbs and their Arabic translation illustrate this:
  1) SL : Birds of a feather flock together 2) SL : Out of sight, out of mind.
TL :  .r  ( ! 7 M *7 Q qV +  X _ ," = Y *% gj  TL :  s7 W *% ^ _ A = F 8 ^ = F *% ^ _ A = F 8 

3) Ideational 7 6 1 5 # " !  ' &% $ # " ! :  

-aims to convey the communicative sense of the SL expression independently of function and form
-That is to stay, the translator seeks to relay the meaning of the SL expression regardless of
functional and form equivalence
. / = I F . *%  / . X Q X *  / T = a" *% DV ) Q P *7 8 A = ( ' *% ^ _ %A = F 8 + I F . *% ) ( I * ]A M 2 " M # u," 9 ' *%D% $ X = @ ' *% t E7 Q ' *% " GD 3 = d1% b" I *% $ #D

-The following two Arabic translations of the English examples involving dead-letter and out of the frying pan reflect this
type of equivalence:
a. The treaty has remained deadletter since then.
.C E" *% L *K J I B  / X F T B 3 = < HA G7 F . *% C = ( 8 A ED :L .C E" *% L *K J I B HA G7 F . *% v = W Y ! N ' 2 N *D
DV ," 9 ' *% xA @ ' ?% ) 8 / . X Q X * / T = a" *7 81D ) Q P *7 8 1 xh ' X 2 N * N O3 ' . *% g% 7 I G w -i &D... [ Z- "! Y "X W % , JV U( $ # "! T 1 ' = 2 R 4 S R ":: $ *7 ' *7 \ / X . ; *% / . O3 ! g" Q ' #
.]A M *%  / R X *% + *j  [ X ( & N 6 ,A 9 . *%  / R X *7 = #  / X . ; *%  [ I _ 3 W F ! uJ *% + I F . *% N M # $ # s7 = @ *%

b. Ali’s decision to leave his job for a new one was ill -though- out of the frying pan into the fire.
.L- .L &  "K Q/ . I , C- ,]! \C( . V + 6 - 7 .f = Q - e3 dc 8 bD3 P *%D [ ' T = aD `3 ' 8 $ X _ ,%3 E ^ Q 2 N *

  9

Exercise 5 :
Translate the following English sentences into Arabic proverbs into corresponding formal 
equivalence in Arabic B
(Colloquial Arabic versions are possible here)

Example :
**A drowning man clutches at a straw
1. All that glitters is not gold.
2. Necessity is the mother of invention.
3. The end justifies the means.
4. A man is known by the company he keeps.
5. There is an exception to every rule.
6. Strikes while the iron is hot.
7. There is no smoke without a fire

Answers :
. _.  3 j † + $ O & † & V * -/**
g Bq „  t + &  ): % ; ” A - .b
.
.‚ 
 V/ O v"/ dM  [. ¡:/ .k
A (formal S' j  N
X " K A 5 ,/ =/ W  V\ 6 $ -/ ^ J @ N ‚  , 2 ƒ)  +. A ] , -/ m V 6 5  &. *: -/ .s
  ] li s . +X A + v D ) Ž V $ & % [ V -/ .y
.q ,/ u \' 1 l: % J - .|
.^ ) p :  , B ! ' &' ¡/ rˆ .~
 m N: Q !' j  2. vˆ W ): .Ç N

Exercise 6 :
Translate the following English sentences into corresponding Arabic functional equivalents 
which also feature a good degree of formal equivalence (Optimal translation is allowed)
(Colloquial ^ ,( $ "! Arabic versions are possible here)

Example :
 
**Like father like son.
1. A cleanliness is next to godliness
2. A fault confessed is half redressed.
  &
3. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. as
4. Actions speak louder than words. .

5. Beggars must not be choosers.

.

6. Silence gives consent 

7. Circumstances alter cases  
chadnge .

Answers :
K + ë  ): S j:M  jX u: D )**
.
.Q ¤: £/ D )  Y. ¢: 2 -/ .b
 
. +
. A ê Y g Nf - j: Ž V/ O 1"/ .k
. V
\ ž _ - 1:  V\ _ 1 " ! ' A - j: m , h ? 1 .s
.— , 3 -/ D ) r' ù/ % $ h -/ / — ,/ l"/ D ) {  + j/ — $: Y"/ .y
I ow .˜ V _ O j ! ˆ @ :  u .|
A formal
. a:  V -/  ).¥ 1 ™ , J 7 -/ .~
  ws   .— 3 : ) d 3: ) % J - .Ç
t

prompt
H g ET H ,
 

is   t

  H

Exercise 7 :
Translate the following English proverbs into corresponding Arabic functional equivalents
which Do not feature any formal equivalence at all (Optimal translation is not allowed)
(Colloquial Arabic versions are possible here)

Example :
**The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak. '
1. A burnt child dreads the fire
2. One man’s meat is another man’s poison.
3. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched
4. A live dog is better than a dead lion.
5. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder
6. After a storm comes calm.
7. Even Homer sometimes nods
 
Answers :
 V\ A ? l ' A - !/  V\ A ? j Œ $ -/ **

Œ 5 V ) X 5/q V ž ¡/ D ) D ) – `/ ¦ ' + & " ! .

' U ,/ Y  ,d l ' 2 1  ,d l g U ?: ) / ( V A * - % _ Y 4 p §: / ( V A * - K ] ( V A v " .

^ 6 2 - 1: ^ + ? 2 j ^ 6 ? -/ ^ ž & ” j # .

% U ‘/ V A œ ; D ) V A v K U/ˆ % A + l $

— R/ e  )XM Œ $ j  Vˆ 3 -/ / ‰  ! Vme
.

 -/ — t: [ — t: w/ / ‰  ! V -/  “\ V ) Œ $ -/ %  

.

. h ù $: -/ % 6 l  ):  !n' B / é  V h -/ "/ † A ê -/ ' $ j ): & .

 
E.  ,\ 6 ; ˆ ,/ [ % J - ' .

if

 
11+12

Exercise 8 :
Translate the following English sentences into Functional Arabic equivalents and then into Ideational equivalents
(Colloquial Arabic expressions are possible here)

Example :
*1*Ali added insult to injury instead of solving the problem.
*2*Hanan has wide experience in teaching.

1. Zayd turned a deaf ear to his father suggestion. $4

2. My brother stuck in his guns despite all my endeavors.
3. Layla was at her sixes and sevens when I met her yesterday.
4. My friend will move heaven and earth in order to get the new job.
5. I want you to tell me the story from A to Z.
6. The council’s meeting was a dog-eat-dog 
7. We should be patient with Ramsy because he’s still wet behind ears.
8. Mary knows how to seize the opportunities.

I
-

*  d , dad .G G Ed , t.IQ

www.jjw.H .Itjoa..ow.0E--JH.ow.b.-HHIdw

 
fi At W  
.

f tp .a o l.u i y o is i w jiw lC .- w iIId d W o 6  

Vis
t s -1
.

ww w.of Iah-- sio8 Co b iW.w

4 1 4,14 14
  d -

  tu s aids
 

a -   d s  Wim.am

TU 88 e.de i.a .9Iaoxw aB st8 sw.@ je..IdIisT

 9 1   t  of @ .

-4.66 's    A
.
be

Hd I   *
.
-4.66%5 @ I

12 1. Overview - 1.3 Context

W hy
-Context plays the key role in the process of translating because it’s that the signpost that guides the
translator in choosing one type of equivalence rather than another.

Contexts  
 
.

-In fact translation of equivalence is a correlative of context although one may discuss it
from a theoretical perspective in isolation of context (Section 1.2 above).

-One can speak of two types of context :

macro –  VS micro-context  in the translation activity

  t)  'd ' o f   context

'
I  

fmacro   level
  '

 din a n t h I context
 g nt ,
tr ns tor
Homonomy polysemy
w.ya.hsasmi.gg .ysgchdogical

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1. Overview - 1.3 Context

 

  macro7micvo.TW
Macro   level   micro   context

a
Text   di{ce   uth translator linguistic physical .

Religious
11   xt
*81
 

Jugal
In
:

is th e most important element

b  e  r nsl tor

he has
  a
dynamic role .

  i, a access to the other three factors .

 oiffe
  H is translation is
by other factors .

  udien e Author

Arabtswbestevns
I 
.

 yg gg/-shorfstyleretketed to his writing

  s o I
  Lifestyle
  culture  
elic te

 
background   woman+ love

 
beliefs

education   rwish

age
 
i ry
Hometown
  .
 
Suffering +
occupation
 

ideology

12+13 1. Overview - 1.3 Context context  

m ac  f
 
Text
macro level ntext
micro
 

Text   ic e   auth translator linguistic physical .

 
-These contextual factors may be diagrammatically
diagram represented in on equilateral triangle with the L
Translator
first three occupying the three angles and the fourth
located in the center..
translator
Audience Author
th e most important element
is b  e micro feud content .

he has
  a
dynamic role .

6
  a a access the other three factors .

  H is translation is
contained
by other factors .

What isa

-The reason for placing the translator in the center of the triangle is to show the dynamic role he plays by
having direct access .. From equidistance To the three contextual factors at the angles.
-This dynamic role of the translator would be blurred if a square rather than a triangle were chosen to
show the interaction among the contextual factors.

C
-In this way, the type of equivalence opted for by the translator depends on the weight that he assigns to
each of the three contextual factors.

  
Informed by the authoritativeness of the SL texts ,
For example
A legal or religious text usually calls for formal rather functional or ideational equivalence.

-However if the translator deems more relevant to his translation then the test itself, he may do
,

away with a hard-going formal features in favor of a straightforward communicative message,

I.e he’ll adopt a communicative translation ( which is audience-oriented )
rather than
a semantic translation (which is text-oriented in this case) (for more details,
osee Newmark
u r 1988).

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