ma csa) Laplace transform X Footer tronioems are eatgemely usetul m the Study oF many Froblems ot practical importante involving Signals and LTI Systems « Allarge class 04 Signals canbe represented as a linear Combi =nation of ¢omplex exponentials and tomplex eaponentials are aigen Functions of Ltt Systems , * [In Fourier transform, we dent with purely imaginary om plese exponentials, 2 , S= iw 4 However, the eigen function property applies to any complex number, $, nor fuse purely imaginary Signals - X This leads 40 the development of Laplace ‘transtorm where. 5 iy an Orbitrary Complex Aum ber» x Laplace Aransdorm can be applied 40 the analysis Of unstable Systems { Signals with — infinde. energy ) and play a tole. in the analysis 04 Syseem Stability . The Laplace transform oe Definition», >» L Stef Fisye Je euy de for cavsal signals, where S= Orjw : : © is exponenrial damping factor w is fie quency -— 2 In Fourier transform, the Signal most’ be Such that the teansTorm integral converges - ~ This limilation can be Avoided p Particularly fov right-handdd sighals, by including a damping Factor ia the integral. Cnample- fig= t for tZ0 a 4 His = [ ewe 2 | eaample Sup: e@ tr tz0 Pr se a Faje fe ete é 2 _ (sat ee eae L : a = Sat eit) Eee eteeeatt ~ ta) Sy 1 : anY Properties of Laplace transfom 4% Linearity — property L [furs fou 7 - x Fes) +f Gls7 Example if fur= tosat, Find the LE fey] 9 at v2 Let 9u)= e : where. J = -| Diejp= cosat+ J Sinat 2 St ¥ aus Sete de 4) 1 A = €iay Gay = sede Seq ja aw) = Mag * 4oaar £ Us) = we C407] 2 Suqr Similarly, L [Sinat J = Im Laut = Vea, gr 4 Laplace transform of derivative . dic deacons SE ae Ea TE LC far) = Fesy then, &d > duen oo LC adtyg J = Pease f aggre b B e fudv =z u.Vv] _ Sve du. o 5 aast 5 die 26a ak tae vz Fly , We dw) Je day a f diy Pe (@" ‘ew) - Paseo ae eles $46) 2" ae a Jive = § te ede — Fe) 6 = SF - Fiz [LEtwJ- sry 4 | Similarly, LC diy] = bla J- ty di [tio]. S*Fis) — sftoy~ £ "op Fiaye € Sin at Find Fin 7 Example, i oe £t (q) = Sinat 4 at lsat " Flu) = Alosat 44 Sat _ are Sinat $4) 2 Qalosat — a*fiap oy di“yp Take the Loplae transform of both sides LU fay] = 2aLCeosae J - ar Lt fur] =2a.$ —a*L CF] qt : LUtia} = st Fey — stor - 4") S Fg) + atFisy = 20% shat Pores (s%a2) H¥ Solution of the initial valve Problem: ae y a E20 "yg ya y= 2Yly= 3 2B Glod=] Calevlate Yes) #947 Take the Laplae transform on both sides, Levin] = LCveJ+ 209d = © [S? re - sYey— 910) ea (SY787 aw J+ BY= 0 (574 45 +8) Yis) = 36 413 Yes) = 3S# 13 Sep hs 42 vin 2 A * BR C3) (SD) cy\v" ee es [st3) (se) The. invese of Laplee Transform is then, yas 2 C8) - at Le. 8 Pre | Yle) = erg set Laplae deansform of integration eae L( fide] = Zé L (fw J : Figg & ok ; i ce Ler gup= J fiordy => 9’ -$K) Wh Jo)=0 Taking Laplae Aranstorn both sides, Lita) = Lay g Gls) Il) = Fis) Alo = FIsg i ea Theewe DIL]. SFurdu i 9 Pe Fis shitting theorem CS ee LC fer] = Fcs-a@) + Mt [pettus [eter ray de\e — tea) J f e Sig de = Fls-a) Inverse. fiom “this the orem, UC ea] a ofa) Me Sewond shit theorem LU 4-2 uce-a)) - @ Fis , axO Pook 2 LU Fteaguteg ts f twa) ace-a ode 3 Let, t=(t-a) 2 ex lexd : ee ae 4 Jb = is {fey ate) ae oa -as Bed -$t =e f fe de 3 see Fes) ena ge For RO circuit below,. tind #4) 7 i) SN w ez r vi [= juwPp & Rinne Y fice. y, «ay By Aaking Laplace 4eanstorm both Stes, t RT) 4 Kr _ = Maly WN (ee Ve ls Tes) Kh — We dake voltage Signal as & rectangular pulse, vite} ae vite) = WC cea wey] Vi we Y. aS —bs a = Sy ~ wl By lomdining Tisy and Yess, Ttsy= Ve [e7 a) R 54 Me = ve 65 _bs fw]. % [iT — cred] oY, ant 5 ee Ae Ye (uege wee | Rw%e 4 Je) = Wace ee XK (onvolotion of causal Functions JR) ys aay he? Louw) - LC xothe] Yes = L Dee «hee | 2 Yoo = Ge atejahte) dt b 3 Yio = i [ (aeumhieettods | di 2 D Yin = fa) wey J Fiu-yhurrdt [de ge o Lee t-t=P D -s(rary -) 4 Yus) = fae) ate) [Le we hte) de { dz pes} Co)2 = a Yup =f atey mere al cede ar] ie ~D nee ° His) Yt 2 it (Ws Hi fae ueye de -2 3} Yoo= Hes) f xT) oe @ Yey= Wisp xs) yrey= xte)# het) Summary Yea = es). HOS) Convolution in time domain bewmes multiplication in S-domain Jae Yes xis) where Ys) ts ovtpot , XG) Is (pot, and Hus) onan ranster funceion Crample!- For a se —— se ries LRC citcuit shown below, Calculate, IC) Lan 0 — vats)a (63) We tan Show that a 1 wae fitode 4 Ring 4 LY > dt Assume Alo) =O Taking Laplace transjorm both Sides, Vilsy= 4 7 RTs +Ufs Ti - ivy] Vials) = (4 +R vis | Ls) _cs ds S Vi (8) (ustses +%) Tt is convenient +0 Ong phi cally represent the s in Aeme of a Complex plane termed s-plane. Jw fomple x Frequency O- Zeros xa Poles > The vertical axe represents the imaginary part of S$. That is Sinv soi dal Frequency ws —> We may Obtain the frequency transform from Laplace trapstorm, by setting G20 Fourier transform : X(w) = X05) lL 20s “ ed) > Tn Spline, oo toreesponds to the imaginary axis. We thos say that Pre Foorter Aranstorm iS Siven by the La plaie transfor evaluate. along the imaginary axrs > The ju axis divides the g-plane in halt the fegion of the S-plane. to the left ot the Jw axis dermed the. left half ot the plane . > While the region 4o the right oF the jw-ams ss termed the right half of the s-plane . S The move tommonly eacpuntered form ot the Laplace drantform in, engineering is A ratio ot two polynomials , XU) = Cty ©) © G) ----- 5 (S- Ce) (Sa G-dy Gay ----- Ed) DP a,C4G_.. Ge are termed the Zeros ot x¢s), Vemea ‘the Poles of xvs) . in the s-plane with 0 Sprbol : . > didr dg _ dx are ~> We denote the locations of Zeros ana pole locations wih the x symbo Example; Hts) = S284 B , find the poles and zeros . Sy bs 413 The zeros me Calcvlated by setting the top line of His) to Zero: St41sta= O S=-\th Clomplex zeros)¥r The poles are Sormed by setting “he denominator to zero: S*euS$13 = 0 $2 -2t3) ( lomplex poles) Exonele . Le the Laplace Aranster fyaction of a System ig His) = See Then, Frequency response / Fourier transfer function 1s 1 BUY) = > Jw+| enanpé'~ Fina the pols and zeros vf the dollowing “Iranster -funct Me ey ea), T+ has poles at S={ 2 Ss 3, Zeros at S=-2. Exntle A System has Sollowing transter Hiy= 2 ! ee) Find. the hey ? hes Lf nes? Fonction fon,es heal (Aa LZ, F 3 { 4 i: huys ze bk te uty © Stability y and Sufficient conditioning that a system 1s Stable i¢ > K necessar lefp ofthe S-plane . that all the Poles lie inthe 5 A pok inthe lest halt of the s-plane toresponds to an exponerhally decaying impulse Tes ponse - Ms) ¥u) bee Wes) = Bra hue oo Uw saeaeeeeeeees ner $9 splane = or ——+- > A pole tn the right halt of dhe S-plane. corresponds to an eaponentially increasing impolle respowe . xt) His eq hey - et ue)ah Wey ge Enavaple Consider Q Transter function. which hay a pair vf tompler Conjugate Poles at ! His) = &ne-r) (ia tovsinf) [2 (ea-0)J a a fe =——_— + (S-Ga-Js) (8-Sariwa) (s-c4-fun) (s-s eu) Evalvale the constant A and. 1 Hu). Aen = ¥ 2jwe S-Oq -j fees . ¢ Sa. jwa) (se ala) peste . r The Impulse response , (Sativa — a-Sua) t be 2 LC Hoy) ye, & a he . a i oe | Wa = 2 dat hes Xg & Sinaee a ee SinLwat ) { ai eS ace response. hed, OF @ Send Order cyssem with a Pair ot compler tonjugate. poles. — The real Part of pole Ja lontrols the decay yale of the Impolle response, and. Imaginary Pare Wa Controls the Frequency of oscillation . <> Thus, the nature of the impolse response - 1s Steog ingly related. to the PSition of he poles , hit Pls OG 4 jun b= Ta jug ae Praca t OP wy ts oa-iwp Wp >> lug Tf the veal pat of the ple was kept fonrant and the magi nar g Fart of s ig increased from wa to we, the envelope, of the, impolse. response he) Says tontant while Frequency OF oscillation ihtreareset ey On the other hand, 1 the imaginary Park of Pele wa ts held constant, the veal Part Ga increased from o7 +o Tx, the Fraquenc: ot wei oscillation remains Constant while, -the vahe. o+ decay increases. he) Notte also i the Poles lies on the real axis (ie waze ) then here IS no oscillation ase associeied with the impulse res Ponse nN i" ae, i Ht Further, if the pols lies on the img 9inary dxrs Ue, Sao), then there tf fo decay dr Growth associaked will, the impolse reeponce. a pore oscillation .TF o Sysem hy @ pDle which hac a positive, real part (ea>0) | applying impolse. to the tnpor of Such @ System will Produce an outpot which §rows eaponentially . Such SYS#@m Cf unttable system . We)