HOOKWORM

 Can be classified into two:

o Necator – Necator americanus (America)
o Ancylostoma – Ancylostoma duodenale, A. caninum, A. braziliense
 3 primary differences between the two organisms:
o Geographic distribution
o Adult hookworms have minor morphologic differences
o Egg and larva stages are indistinguishable
 Human Hookworm
o Adult hookworms are found in the intestines of a man (definitive host of
A. duodenale & N. americanus)

 Non-Human Hookworm
o Inhibit in the intestine of lower animals like dogs & cats.
o Man may be infected with larval stage, but not adult.
(A. caninum, A. brazilense)

Necator americanus Ancylostoma duodenale

Common Name: New world hookworm Old world hookworm
Disease it causes: Uncinariasis
Ancylostomiasis
Necatoriasis
Geographical Worldwide, but Worldwide, but predominant
distribution: predominantly in tropical in temperate regions
countries
Habitat (adult): Duodenum, Jejunum Jejunum & proximal ileum
Life Span (adult): 15 years (usually 3-5
1-6 years
years)
Route of infection:  Percutaneous  Percutaneous
 Oral  Oral
(through fecal-oral (through fecal-oral
route) route)
Eggs produced per day 6,000-10,000 25,000-30,000
Blood loss per day
(Cause of iron-defiency 0.03 mL 0.15 mL
anemia)
Shape (adult) Cephalic part bent
Cephalic part bent ventrally
dorsally assuming S-
assuming C-shape
shape
Egg Elongate with transparent
Same as in N. americanus but
shell, in 2-8 cell stage
more rounded
development
Filariform larvae With conspicuous
Less conspicuous striations of
striations of the sheath,
the sheath, narrow angle
tail-end forms a wide
between tail and sheath.
angle with the sheath.

 GEOGRAPHIIC DISTRIBUTION
o Nearly ¼ of the world population is infected with hookworm.
o Frequency of hookworm is high in warm areas where the inhabitants
practice poor sanitation.
o Mixed infections with any combo of hookworm, Trichuris & Ascaris
(Unholy Three) is possible because all organisms require the same soil
conditions.
o Necator is primarily found in North and South America.
 Also exist in China, India, Africa
o Ancylostoma is a parasite of the Old World
 Found in Europe, China, Africa, South America, Caribbean
 NOMENCLATURE
o Necator americanus
 New World Hookworm
o Ancylostoma duodenale
 Old World Hookworm
  MORPHOLOGY
o Egg stage
Necator americanus (egg) Ancylostoma duondenale (egg)

Size 64 – 76 um x 36 – 40 um 60 x 40 um
Shape Elongate oval in shape Ovoid shape
Eggshell Thin & transparent (mas visible ang shell) Thin, transparent, & hyaline
Embryoni developing yolk cells in 8-cell stage Yolk cells in early cleavage, 2-8
c cleavage development/ morula stage cell stage of development/
morula stage
NOTE: May also contain embryo because it is May also contain larval form
possible for the egg to embryonate in the inside (1st larval stage)
intestine.

 Rhabditiform Larvae
Necator americanus (egg) Ancylostoma duondenale
(egg)
Size 0.25 – 0.3 mm long and up to 17 60 x 40 um
um in diameter
Shape Elongate oval in shape Ovoid shape
Eggshell Thin & transparent (mas visible Thin, transparent, & hyaline
ang shell)
Embryonic developing yolk cells in 8-cell Yolk cells in early cleavage, 2-
cleavage stage development/ morula stage 8 cell stage of development/
morula stage

NOTE: May also contain embryo because May also contain larval form
it is possible for the egg to inside (1st larval stage)
embryonate in the intestine.