NEMATODES: ROUNDWORMS

◼ Round, unsegmented, elongated, bilaterally symmetrical

◼ Complete digestive tract (mouth to anus)
◼ Sexes are separate
Female: larger and with straight tails
Male: Shorter, smaller and with curved tails
Habitat

○ Intestinal
◼ Small intestine: Ascaris lumbricoides, Capillaria philippinensis,
Strongyloides stercoralis, Hookworms (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma
duodenale) (CASH)
◼ Large Intestine: Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis

○ Extraintestinal
◼ Blood
◼ Tissue

With lung migration (can cause pneumonitis): Ascaris, Strongyloides and

Hookworm (ASH)

Unholy three: Hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris (HAT)

Mode of Transmission and Infective Stage

◼ Ingestion of embryonated egg (with fully developed larva): Ascaris,
Trichiuris, Enterobius (TAE)
◼ Ingestion of larva: Capillaria
◼ Skin penetration of filariform larva: Strongyloides (unsheated) and
hookworms (sheated)
Rhabditiform larva Filariform larva

Feeding stage, with open mouth, shorter Non-feeding stage, with closed mouth, longer
NON-INFECTIVE STAGE INFECTIVE STAGE
 ◼ Stages: Egg, Larva, Adult
SPECIES
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularis
Capillaria philippinensis
Hookworms
Strongyloides stercoralis
Species
Trichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularis
Hookworms
CHARACTERISTIC EGG/ OVA
Outer mamillary coat/mammillation,
fertilized/unfertilized eggs
Barrel-shaped eggs, football, with
protruded polar plugs, japanese lantern
ova
D-shaped, flat on one side, with larva
Peanut-shaped, with flattened polar
plugs
Oval with thin transparent shell
containing 2 to 8 germ cells
Resembles hookworm ova,
but contains larva, Chinese lantern ova
Characteristic Adult
Slender head, fleshy tail resembling a
whip
With cuticular alar expansion and well-
defined esophageal bulb
With buccal teeth
1 pair: Ancylostoma braziliense
2 pairs: Ancylostoma duodenale
3 pairs: Ancylostoma caninum
• Semilunar cutting plates: Necator
americanus
NEMATODES
SPECIES Ascaris Trichuris Enterobius
lumbricoides trichiura vermicularis
EFFECT Pathogen Pathogen Pathogen
DISEASE Ascariasis Trichuriasis Enterobiasis,
Pneumonitis, Ulcerative colitis Intense pruritis ani
Loeffler's Rectal prolapse (Severe anal itching)
syndrome, when adult female
Intestinal migrates out of anus
blockage at night to deposit
eggs

COMMON NAME Giant Intestinal Human Pinworm,

Whipworm Seatworm,
Roundworm Society Worm

INFECTIVE STAGE Embryonated Egg Embryonated egg Embryonated Egg

MODE OF Ingestion (soil Ingestion (STH) Not STH
TRANSMISSION transmitted Contact Transmitted,
helminth) STH Ingestion or
Inhalation
HABITAT Small intestines Large intestines Large intestine
(unattached) (attahced) (unattached)
SPECIMEN Stool Stool Scotch tape
preparation
OVA Unfertilized Barrel, football, D-shaped (Oval, 1
Oval Japanese lantern side is flattened)
2 Layers: Smoot, yellow Double layered,
(1) Mamillary coat, brown with 2 colorless
(2) glycogen laver prominent hyaline
polar plugs
Unembryonated
Lecithin granules
Inner amorphous
mass of
protoplasm
Fertilized
Round

3 Layers:
(1) Albuminoid
mamillary coat
(outer)
 (2) Thick
chorionic
glycogen (middle)
(3) Lipoidal
Vitelline
membrane (inner)
Single germ cell
(developing
embryo)

NOTES Largest Intestinal Highly

nematode communicable
Most common Retroinfection,
intestinal autoinfection
helminth
infection Transmits D.fragilis

Non-human nematodes (zoonotic)

◼ Non-human ascaris – VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS
○Toxocara canis - ascaris of dogs, acquired thru ingestion of embryonated
eggs
○ Toxocara cati - ascaris of cats, acquired thru ingestion of embryonated eggs

◼ Non-human hookwroms – CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS/ CREEPING

ERUPTION
○ Ancylostoma caninum - dog hookworm, acquired thru skin penetration of
filariform larva
○ Ancylostoma braziliense - cat hookworm, acquired thru skin penetration
of filariform larva
NEMATODES: HOOWORMS and Stringyloides stercoralis
◼ Stages: adult worm, rhabditiform larva, filariform larva
◼ Hookworms of humans
○ Ancylostoma duodenale – Old world hookworm
○ Necator americanus – New World hookworm

◼ Strongyloides stercoralis
○ undergoes 3 different cycles (direct/ parasitic, indirect/free-living and autoinfection)
○ capable of parthenogenesis

Nematodes
Species Necator Ancylosotoma Strongyloides
americanus duodenale stercoralis
Common name New world Old world Threadworm
hookworm hookworm
American
murderer
INFECTIVE STAGE Filariform larva
MODE OF Skin penetration, typically the foot
TRANSMISSION
HABITAT Small intestine
PATHOGENESIS Uncinariasis (necator)/ Strongyloidiasis
ancylostomiasis (ancylostoma) Cochin china
diarrhea (heavy
Ground itch or dew itch or coolie itch infection)

Iron deficiency anemia (microcytic,

hypochromic anemia)
Wakana’s disease, Mazza mora
OVA Ovoid, with thin hyaline transparent Similar to
shell hookworm but
smaller
“Chinese lantern
ova”
Rhabditiform larva Long buccal activity Short buccal
Thin sheath cavity
Small genital primordium No sheath
Large intestine
primordium
Filariform larva Short esophagus Long esophagus
Pointed tail Notched tail
Nematodes: others
Species Capillaria Trichinella spiralis
philippinensis
Common name Pudoc worm/ mystery Trichina worm, pork
worm muscle roundworm
Mode of transmission Ingestion of infected raw Ingesting undercooked
fish contaminated meat:
pork, deer, bear, walrus
Infective stage Filariform larvae (L3) Encysted larva
Habitat Fish gut Adult: small intestines
Human small intestine Larva: skeletal muscles
(deltoids,
gastrocnemius, biceps,
gluteus)
Pathogenesis Capillariasis/ mystery Trichinosis
disease Trichinellosis
(borborygmi / gurgling
stomach)

Nematodes: others
Species Dranunculus Parastrongylus
medinensis cantonensis
(previously Angiostrongylus
cantonensis)
Common name Guinea worm / serpent Rat lung worm
worm /dragon worm

Mode of transmission Ingestion of infected Ingestion of mollusk

copepods
Infective stage Larvae (L3) Larva (L3)
Habitat Subcutaneous tissues Rat lungs
Pathogenesis Dracunculiasis, allergic Eosinophilic
reaction, skin ulcer meningoencephalitis
Notes Recovery of larva after Female worms have
placing a drop of water uterus with barber’s
to open blisters pole appearance
 Nematodes: filarial parasites
Species Brugia Wuchereria Loa loa Mansonella Onchocerca
malayi bancrofti ozzardi volvulus
Common Malayan Bancroft’s eyeworm New world filaria Blinding filaria,
name filatia filaria river blindness

Habitat Upper Lower Subcutaneous Body cavities Subcutaeneous

(adult) lymphatics lymphatics tissues tissues
Mircofilaria Sheathed Sheathed Sheathed Unsheathed Unsheathed

Habitat Microfilariae: blood and lymphatics

Infective Filariform larva (L3)

stage
Disease Chyluria Inflammation Asymptomatic, Subcutaneous
Microfilermia at bite site, lymphadenopathy fibrous
Lymphatic filiariasis calabar nodules
Elephantiasis swellings at Blindess if eye is
Calabar swelling any body site affected River
Tropical pulmonary blindness
eosinophilia Hemoflagellates

Dx stage Micorifilariae in blood

Periodicity Nocturnal nocturnal Diurnal none none
subperiodic
vectors Aedes, Aedes, Chrysops fly Simulium Simulium
anopheles anopheles, blackfly blackfly
Mansonia culex Or culicoides
mosquitos mosquito are midge
are vectors, vectors, Spx: skin snips
intermediate intermediate
host host

◼ Dirofilarial immitis- a zoonotic filariasis

dog heart worm, dog filaria, may produce “COIN LESIONS”
(peripheral lung nodules) in human hosts detected thru x-ray

[HARDWORK + PRAYER = SUCCESS]