PARASITOLOGY MSI

TYPES OF PARASITE
A. ACCORDING TO HABITAT

1. ENDOPARASITE - living inside the body of a host

Examples: Mansonella azzardi

Babesia microti

Taenia solium

2. ECTOPARASITE - living outside the body of a host

Examples: Pediculus humanus wapitis

Pediculus humanus corporis

Pthirus pubis

3. ERRATIC PARASITE - found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

Other types:

1. OBLIGATE - those that cannot live without a host

2. FACULTATIVE - those that can survive even without a host/free-living

3. ACCIDENTAL/INCIDENTAL - those that occurs in a host that it does not originally live

4. PERMANENT - those that remains in the body for its entire life

5. TEMPORARY - those that lives in the host for a short period of time

6. INTERMITTENT - those that visits the host during feeding time

7. PERIODIC - parasites whose larval and adult stages are passed in two di erent hosts

8. TRANSITORY - parasite whose larval stage is passed in a host while adult stage is free-living

9. COPOZOIC - free-living organism that passes the alimentary tract without infecting the host

10. ENTEROZOIC - those that lives in the GIT

11. HEMATOZOIC

12. CYTOZOIC

13. COELOZOIC

HOSTS
1. DEFINITIVE - harbors the __________________ stage of the parasite

2. INTERMEDIATE - harbors the ___________________ stage of the parasite

3. PARATENIC - harbors the parasite in an arrested stage of development

4. RESERVOIR - harbors the parasite other than de nitive, intermediate and paramedic host

5. TRANSFER - transfers the parasite from one site to another

fi
ff
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

VECTORS
1. BIOLOGIC - transmits the parasite only after the later has completed its development

2. MECHANICAL/PHORETIC - only transports the parasite

SOURCES OF EXPOSURE TO INFECTION

1. SOIL - TRANSMITTED GROUP

2. FOOD/ANIMAL - TRANSMITTED GROUP

3. CONTACT - TRANSMITTED GROUP

4. AUTOINFECTION/RETROINFECTION

5. SNAIL - TRANSMITTED GROUP

EPIDEMIOLOGY
1. SPORADIC - occasional occurrence of a disease a ecting only few individuals

2. ENDEMIC - constant occurrence of a disease in a particular area

3. EPIDEMIC - regional outbreak of a disease a ecting many individuals

4. PANDEMIC - worldwide epidemic

NEMATODES/ROUNDWORMS
• Bodies are unsegmented, elongated, cylindrical and covered by a thick hyaline protective covering called
__________________________

• Provided with a complete set of digestive and reproductive system

• Sexes are separate

• Equipped with sensory organs or chemoreceptors

• Have a simple life cycle starting from the egg stage followed by the larval and adult stages. Male adults’
tail-end is usually ______________ while female adults’ tail-end is __________________.

WAYS OF ACQUIRING A ROUNDWORM INFECTION:

A. Ingestion of fully embryonate egg

B. Ingestion of encysted larvae

• Trichinella spiralis

C. Larval skin penetration

D. Skin inoculation
ff
ff
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

E. Ingestion of infective larvae

• Capillaria philippinensis

• Dracunculus medinensis

• Angiostrongylus cantonensis

CLASSIFICATION OF ROUNDWORMS
A. ACCORDING TO HABITAT
1. Intestinal

• Small intestine

• Large intestine

2. Extraintestinal

• Wuchereria bancrofti

• Brugia malayi

• Loa loa

• Onchocerca volvolus

• Dracunculus medinensis

• Mansonella ozzardi

• Mansonella ozzardi

3. Intestinal and Extraintestinal

• Trichinella spiralis

Larva

Adult

4. Zoonotic

• Diro laria immitis

• Angiostrongylus cantonensis

• Ancylostoma caninum

• Ancylostoma braziliense

• Toxocara cati

• Toxocara canis

B. ACCORDING TO LIFE STAGES

1. Oviparous - female roundworms capable of producing eggs without fully developed larva in its shell

2. Ovoviparous / Oviviparous - female roundworms capable of producing eggs with fully developed larva
in its shell

3. Viviparous / Larviparous - female roundworms that do not produce eggs but instead deliver fully
developed larva

fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

C. ACCORDING TO PRESENCE OF CAUDAL CHEMORECEPTORS

1. Phasmidea / Secernentia

2. Aphasmidea / Adenophorea

Species Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Enterobius vermicularis

Laboratory • Direct Fecal Smear

• Direct Fecal Smear
• Graham’s Technique

Diagnosis • Concentration Technique

• Concentration
• Kato Thick Smear
Technique
• Swellengrebel method
• Kato Katz • Kato Thick Smear

• Kato Katz

Species Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Enterobius vermicularis

Largest intestinal Trichocephalus trichiurus Oxyuris vermicularis

nematode
Common Name Whipworm

Eelworm Robust worm

Seatworm

Dressmaker Social worm

Worm of civilization
Habitat

Presence/absence Phasmid Aphasmid Phasmid

of caudal
chemoreceptor
Infective stage

Morphology of Fertilized egg

Ova

45-70um X 35-50um
50-54um X 23um
50-60um X 20-30um

Regularly ovoid with thick Barrel / Football / Lemon- Ovoid with one side attened
shell, cytoplasm contains shaped surrounded by / lopsided with double
organized nely granular yellow brown thin shell layered thick-walled
germ cells
with protruded polar colorless shell containing a
Shell consists of three prominences
coiled occasionally motile C-
layers: outer albuminous shaped embryo
maxillary coat, middle
glycogen layer and inner
lipoid vitelline membrane
fi
fl
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

Species Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Enterobius vermicularis

Morphology of
Adult Color: Pink/white
Color: White

Provided with cuticular alar

Color: Pinkish gray
expansion _____________ on
Slender anterior and eshy the anterior end and a
posterior morphology
prominent esophageal bulb

Female: 22-35cm;

Female: 35-50mm; bluntly

resembles pencil lead in Female: 3-8mm X 0.4mm
rounded posterior end

thickness
with a pointed tail
resembling a pinhead

Male: 30-45mm; coiled

posterior end
Male: 2-5mm X 0.1mm with
Male: 10-31cm; curved
a curved tail
posterior end with 2
spicules
The esophagus of
Trichuris is embedded in
glandular cells called
____________________
Classi cation of
Adult female
based on life
stages
Mode of
Transmission
Muscle Cells are numerous and Cells are small, numerous 2-5 closely packed attened
Arrangement project well into the body and closely packed in a muscle cells
cavity narrow zone
Pathology 1. Leo er’s syndrome
1. May resemble
2. Protein malnutrition in ulcerative colitis and
heavy infection
in ammatory bowel
3. Obstruction of the disease

small intestine, bile 2. Dysentery syndrome

ducts and trachea
fl
ffl
fi
fl
fl
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

A. ____________________ - rst stage larva; considered feeding but non-infective; characterized by open
mouth, shorter and more robust than lariform larva

B. ____________________ - second stage larva; considered non-feeding but infective; characterized by

closed mouth, longer and more slender than rhabditiform larva

Species Hookworms / Blood-Sucking Strongyloides stercoralis

Nematodes
Common Name Ancylostoma duodenale

Necator americanus

Ancylostoma caninum

Ancylostoma braziliense

Habitat

Presence/absence of
caudal chemoreceptor
Infective stage

Diagnostic stage

Morphology of Ova

Similar to hookworms but is smaller

and with larva

All hookworm eggs are alike.

Ovoid with thin hyaline transparent

shell containing 2-3 blastomeres
resembling ________________
fi
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

Species Hookworms Strongyloides stercoralis

Morphology of Adult Female posterior end is pointed

Free living male and female measure
Male posterior end is expanded due 1mm X 0.6mm

to copulatory bursa

Parasitic female measure 2.2mm X

Dental pattern:
0.4mm; colorless, transparent with
1. A. brasiliense
slender tapering anterior end and a
2. A. duodenale
short conical pointed tail

3. A. caninum

4. N. americanus Has a short buccal cavity with 4

indistinct lips
Classi cation of Adult
female based on life
stages
Mode of Transmission

Pathology 1. Entry of lariform larva

1.
2. Severe epigastric pain

• Mazamora

• Wakana disease

• Miner’s disease

2. Abdominal pain and diarrhea

3. Microcytic hypochromic type of

anemia

Nonhuman Hookworms:

• Produces serpiginous tunnels

during perforation; Also known as

Laboratory Diagnosis • Finding egg in feces thru DFS and • Baermann Funnel Concentration
concentration technique
Test

• Culture for species identi cation • Filter paper / Slant culture

• Beale’s string test

Rhabiditiform larva Hookworms Threadworm

Length of Buccal cavity Longer Shorter

Genital Primordium -
precursor structure of the
reproductive system
Motion
fi
fi
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Hookworm Threadworm

Filariform larva

Presence of sheath
Length of esophagus
Shape of esophagus
Esophagus: Intestine ratio

Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus

Body Curvature Head continues in the same direction Head is curved opposite to the
as the curvature of the body - C- curvature of the body which is like a
shaped hook at the anterior end
Parts of Copulatory Bursa

Dorsal Rays
A. Tips
B. Cleft

Copulatory spicules

 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Dental Pattern

Species Capillaria philippinensis Trichinella spiralis

Common Name

Habitat

Classi cation according to

presence or absence of caudal
chemoreceptor
Infective Stage

Intermediate host Hypselotris bipartita

Final host

Mode of Transmission Consumption of raw shes Ingestion of inadequately cooked

containing infective larva pork
Pathology
fi
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

Species Capillaria philippinensis Trichinella spiralis

Morphology Ova
Larva

• With spear-like burrowing

anterior tip

Female adult has a club-shaped

uterus

Male adult has a conical papillae

to hold the female

A. Typical eggs

B. Atypical eggs

Laboratory Diagnosis • Direct fecal smear

• Muscle biopsy

• Concentration technique
• Bentonite Flocculation test

• Bachman Intradermal test

• Beck’s test

• Biochemical test

• Serologic test

• Animal inoculation

Species Dracunculus medinensis Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Common Name

Habitat

Classi cation according to

presence or absence of caudal
chemoreceptor
Infective stage
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

Species Dracunculus medinensis Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Intermediate host Copepods Achatina fulica

Final host Man Rattus rattus

Rattus norvegious

Mode of Transmission Ingestion of infective larvae from Consumption of land snails usually
infected copepods eaten raw
Pathology 1. Nodular brosis due to
encapsulation and
calci cation of worm

2. Arthritis
Morphology

Adult female’s uterus is coiled into its

digestive tract assuming a
__________________________________

Adult male’s caudal bursa is kidney-

shaped
Laboratory Diagnosis • Observe for emergence of • CSF examination

worms on open blisters. Adults • CT scan

may be extracted by winding • Serologic test

them onto a stick

• Place a drop of water to

induce the release of larva
fi
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Species Diro laria immitis Anisakis Gnathostoma
spinigerem
Common Name Herring worm

Habitat Lungs Wall of throat, stomach Stomach walls of

and intestines members of feline family
Classi cation according
to presence or absence
of caudal
chemoreceptor
Infective stage

Intermediate host Mollusk Marine creatures 1st: Cyclops

2nd: Crabs, cray sh

Final host Man

Mode of Transmission Vector-borne Consumption of infected shes containing 3rd stage

larva
Pathology

Morphology Micro laria is unsheathed Larval ascaricoid Ova

and no terminal nuclei nematode (smaller than • Mucus plug at one ned

Ascaris)
Adult

• Bulbous head

• Ring of hooklets and

leaf-like spines in the
anterior half
Laboratory Diagnosis • Blood smear • Biopsy
• Biopsy

• Serologic test • ELISA

• Skin test
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
FILARIAL WORMS

Mode of Transmission:

Classi cation of Adult Female According to Life Stages:

Species Wuchereria Brugia Loa loa Onchocerca Dipetalonema Mansonella Mansonella

bancrofti malayi volvulus perstans ozzardi streptocerca

Common
Name

Habitat

Arthropod Culex
Mansonia Chrysops Simulium Cullicoides Cullicoides Cullicoides y
Vector Aedes bonnae
dimidiata / damnosum
austeni (Gnat
albopictus
Mansonia Deer / Red Black y y)
Anopheles uniform
/ Mango /
avirostris
Tabanid y
Mansonia

Periodicity

MORPHOLOGY OF MICROFILARIA

Species Presence / Absence of Distinguishing Feature

Micro laria

Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

Loa loa

Onchocerca volvulus Nuclei do not extend to the tip of the tail

Dipetalonema Persians Nuclei extend to the tip of the tail

Mansonella ozzardi Nuclei do not extend to the tip of the tail

Mansonella streptocerca Nuclei extend to the tip of the tail

fl
fl
fi
fl
fi
fl
fl
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Species Morphology of Adult Pathogenesis

Wuchereria bancrofti Threadlike appearance 1. Bancroftian Filariasis

• Expatriate syndrome

Brugia malayi Threadlike appearance 1. Malayan Filariasis

• Episodic lymphangitis

• Irreversible lymphedema

Loa loa Migratory worm

1. Transient Swelling
Cylindrical threadlike
appearance

Onchocerca volvulus Wirelike appearance 1. Blinding Filariasis

2. Robles Disease

3. Onchocercoma

Dipetalonema Persians Larger than adults of Loa

loa

Mansonella ozzardi Same with D. perstans

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

1. Examination of peripheral blood smear

2. Knott’s Concentration Technique

3. Filtration using Nucleopore lter

• 5um pore size polycarbonate membrane

4. Serologic Testing

5. ELISA

6. Imaging Techniques

• Ultrasound

• Lymphangiography - radio opaque dye is used

• Lymphoscintigraphy - radio-labeled albumin is used

7. DEC Provocation Test: Mazzoti Test

fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
TREMATODES

PULMONARY, HEPATIC, INTESTINAL AND PANCREATIC FLUKES

General Characteristics:

1. Adult worms are hermaphroditic

2. Adult worms are with leaf/lancet-like non-segmented body with straight tail

3. Adult worms produces ______________________

4. Heteroxenous, requiring at least 2 intermediate and 1 de nitive host

5. Lacks body cavity and circulatory system

6. Excretory system is governed by ame cells / excretory tubule

7. Ventral suckers / Acetabulum ______________________; oral sucker ___________________________

8. Mode of transmission: _________________________

9. Adult trematodes are not usually recovered in clinical samples. Ova is the usual diagnosis stage.

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

1. Ova

2. Larval Stages

• Miracidium

• Sporocyst

• Redia

• Cercaria

3. Adult stage

Species Common Name 1st Intermediate Host Second Intermediate

Host
Paragonimus Brotia asperata (old)

westermani Antemalania asperata (new)

Fasciola hepatica Lymnea philippinensis

Fasciola gigantica Similar to Fasciola hepatica

Clonorchis sinensis Parafossarulus spp

Melanoides spp

Thiara spp
Opistorchis felines Bulimus tentacular

Bithynia spp
Fasciolopsis buski - Segmentina spp

Biggest uke Hippeutis spp

Echinostoma ilocanum Gyraulus convexiusculus Kuhol

Susong pampang
fl
fl
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Species Common Name 1st Intermediate Host Second Intermediate
Host
Heterophyes Pironella conica Tilapia

heterophyes - deadliest Mugil

trematode Salmo

Metagonimus Semisulcospira spp

yokogawai
Eurythrema Macrochlamys indica Technomyrmex
pancreaticum deterquens

MORPHOLOGY OF OVA AND ADULT

Species Ova Adult

• Ovoidal with yellow-brown thick • Co ee bean / watermelon-shaped

shell with attened but prominent • Plump, ovoid uke

operculum, opposite the • Oral and ventral suckers are of the

operculum is a thickened same size
abopercular knob
• Contains undeveloped miracidium

Paragonimus westermani
• Large ovoidal yellow-brown egg • Provided with cephalic conical
which contains developed projection
miracidium

Fasciola hepatica
• May resemble an ______________
• Spatulate: attenuated anteriorly
____________________________
and rounded posteriorly

• Pitcher / ask-shaped with • Aspinous tegument

moderately thick light yellow
brown shell and distinct wide
convex operculum and an
abopercular knob

Clonorchis sinensis
ff
fl
fl
fl

 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Species Ova Adult

Opistorchis felineus • Egg closely resembles Clonorchis • Resembles Clonorchis sinensis

felines but is elongately ovoidal
with tapering ends
Fasciolopsis buski • Egg closely resembles Fasciola • No cephalic cone /shoulders

hepatica
• Spinous tegument

• Ellipsoidal, yellow clear thin shell • Ventral and oral sucker are close
with inconspicuous operculum to each other
• Yolk body and operculum • Spinous tegument

Echinostoma ilocanum
Heterophyes heterophyes • Similar with Clonorchis
• Teardrop-shaped

• Vase / ask-shaped, thick-shelled • Integument has minute spines

light brown eggs with extended • Has 3rd sucker:

opercular shoulder but no ______________________________

abopercular knob • Size of ventral sucker is 1/2 of the

size of oral sucker
• Thin-shelled light yellow eggs

Metagonimus yokogawai

Species Intestinal ceca Uterus Testes Ovary Vitellaria

Paragonimus
westermani

Fasciola hepatica

Clonorchis sinensis Not branched Coiled Granular

Opistorchis felineus Not branched Coiled

fl

 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Species Intestinal ceca Uterus Testes Ovary Vitellaria

Fasciolopsis buski Not branched

Echinostoma Not branched

ilocanum
Heterophyes Not branched Globular
heterophyes
Metagonimus Not branched
yokogawai

Eurythrema Not branched -

pancreaticum

Species Pathology

Paragonimus westermani 1. Paragonimiasis

2. Jacksonian epilepsy

Fasciola hepatica • Final host:

• Accidental host:

1. Liver rot among cattle

2. ____________: su ocation which may develop due to lodgment of

worms in the pharynx following consumption of raw sheep / goat’s
liver

3. Cholelithiasis

4. Cholecystitis

5. Hepatomegaly
Clonorchis sinensis
1. Hepatomegaly

2. Eosinophilia
Opistorchis felineus • Final host:

• Accidental host:

• Infection is symptomless

• Opistorchis viverrini
Fasciolopsis buski • Final Host:

Echinostoma ilocanum • Reservoir host:

1. Lesions of intestinal wall

Heterophyes heterophyes

Eurythrema pancreaticum
ff
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
BLOOD FLUKES

1. Adult worms are non-hermaphorditic

2. Adult worms are not leaf-like: the broader body of male are curved ventral to form a gynecophoric canal in
which the slender narrow female lies with fork tail

3. Produces _____________________

4. Requires only 1 intermediate host and 1 de nitive host

5. Infective stage:

6. Mode of Transmission:

Species Schistosoma Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma hematobium

japonicum
Common Name

Habitat

Intermediate host Snail Snail Snail

Morphology of Ova

• 70-105 X 50-80um
• 45-70 X 140-180um

Adult skin

Number of testes in
adult male
Uterus in adult Long Short Long
female
Location of ovary

Number of eggs 50 - 100 1-4 20 - 30

produced
Specimen for
Diagnosis
Pathology
1. Katayama’s
disease

2. Yangtze Valley
River Fever

3. Hankaw Fever
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

A. Upon mercurial penetration, it can cause:

B. Katayama Fever / Snail Fever

C. In ammatory granuloma forms with epithelial cell, giant cell, plasma cell, eosinophil and broblasts

D. Most serious complication of Schistosomiasis: _____________________________

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

1. Stool examination

2. COPT / Circumoval Precipitin Test

3. Faust Maloney Egg Hatching technique

4. Serologic Tests

• Complement xation with adult worm

• Complement xation with mercurial antigen

• Cercarial agglutination

• Falcon Assay Screening test in Kinetic ELISA

CESTODES
General Characteristics:
1. Adult worms are at, ribbon-like, chalk-white

2. Adult worms are hermaphroditic / monoecious

3. Absorb nutrients by _____________________

4. Habitat:

5. Strobila -

• Craspedote -

• Acraspedote -

A. Scolex -

B. Neck - region of growth / budding zone consisting of germinative cells where the segments originate

C. Segments

i. Immature - smallest; sexually undeveloped

ii. Mature - full set of male/female reproductive organs

iii. Gravid - largest; contains the egg- lled uterus

6. Infected patients usually have voracious appetite

7. Average life span: 20 years

Pseudophyllidea Cyclophyllidea

Scolex is _______________________________ with 2 Scolex is __________________ with 4 cup-like sucker.

false sucking grooves called ___________________ Some has rostellum

A. Globular scolex with rostellum

• Taenia solium

• Hymenolepis nana

• Dipylidium caninum

• Echinococcus granulosus

B. Globular scolex without rostellum

• Taenia saginata

• Hymenolepis diminuta
fl
fi
fi
fl
fi
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Pseudophyllidea Cyclophyllidea
Uterine pore

Proglottids

Species Common Name Intermediate Host Final Host

Diphyllobothrium latum

Spirometra mansion

Taenia solium

Taenia saginata

Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis diminuta Rat eas, our beetles,

cockroach, meal moth
Dipylidium caninum Dog ea, cat ea, human
ea, dog louse
Flea Tapeworm

Cucumber Tapeworm

Creeping seeds
Tapeworm
Echinococcus Hydatid worm Sheeps, goat, cats,
granulosus horses, camels
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Species Morphology of Ova

• 55-76um X 41-56um - contains undeveloped miracidium

• Yellow-brown thick-shelled ova with conical and inconspicuous operculum

Diphyllobothrium latum
Taenia solium • 30-45um contains unembryonated egg

• Eggs are indistinguishable

• Yellow-brown, thick wall with radial striations and contains 6-hooked

oncosphere

Taenia saginata
• 30-47um, embryonated

• Spherical oncosphere with 6 hooklets (hexacanth embryo)

• Two membranes

Hymenolepis nana
• 60-80um, embryonated

• Round-shaped; contains hexacanth embryo

• With polar thickening but no polar laments

• Provided with intralaminal layer giving a _____________________________

Hymenolepis diminuta

fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Species Morphology of Ova
• 35-60um, embryonated

• Contains hexacanth embryo

Dipylidium caninum
Echinococcus granulosus

Species Length Number of Segments

Diphyllobothrium latum 3,000 - 10,000

Taenia saginata 1,000 - 2,000

Taenia sodium 800 - 1,000

Dipylidium caninum 60 - 75

Hymenolepis diminuta 800 - 1,000

Hymenolepis nana

Echinococcus granulosus

Species Gravid Segments Mature Segments

Diphyllobothrium latum
• Segments are broader than they
are long

 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Species Gravid Segments Mature Segments

Taenia saginata • 2 ovaries and 100 - 200 testes

Taenia solium • 2 ovaries and 300 - 400 testes

• Carries a vaginal sphincter and

genital pores are irregularly
alternate

Hymenolepis nana and • 3 testes

Hymenolepis diminuta

 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Species Gravid Segments Mature Segments

Dipylidium caninum

Echinococcus granulosus

Species Pathology

Diphyllobothrium latum 1. Ingestion of Plerocercoid larva can cause an intestinal infection

2. Ingestion of Procercoid larva can cause a tissue infection

Spirometra manson 1. Ingestion of Procercoid larva can cause

• In eyes,

• In vital organs,

 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Species Pathology

Taenia solium and Taenia saginata 1. Ingestion of Cysticercus cellulose and Cysticercus Boris can lead
to Intestinal infection

2. Ingestion of Taenia solium eggs can lead to tissue infection

I. Neurocysticercosis Computed Axial Tomography Pattern

• Viable larva with no in ammation - ________________________

_______________________________ after administration of contrast
dye

• Dead larva _________________ after injection of contrast dye

• Dead scolex
Echinococcus granulosus • Infective stage to Dogs:

DEADLIEST TAPEWORM • Infective stage to Man:

1. Hydatid disease

Species Diagnosis Treatment

Diphyllobothrium latum Stool examination

Treatment of Choice for
Muscle biopsy
Sparganosis:
Radiologic techniques
Taenia solium and Taenia Stool examination
Removal of Taenia:
saginata Perianal swab

Hymenolepis nana and Stool examination

Hymenolepis diminuta

Echinococcus granulosus Radiologic technique

Skin test:

TREATMENT THAT FAILS TO REMOVE THE HEAD AND NECK IS CONSIDERED VALUELESS!
fl

 PARASITOLOGY MSI
PROTOZOA

AMOEBAE
General Characteristics:
• All amoeba are protozoans characterized by the presence of HYALINE FOOT - like extrusions from the
ectoplasm called _________________________

• All amoebae are intestinal dwellers (colon) EXCEPT ___________________________

• All amoebae are commensal organism EXCEPT _____________________ which is pathologic, pathogenic,
tissue invader

• All amoebae undergo encystation EXCEPT _____________________________

Four Stages in the Life Cycle:

Di erence Between a Cyst and a Trophozoite

Trophozoite Cyst

A. INTESTINAL AMEBAE 

1. Intestinal Amoebiasis - Entamoeba histolytica 

• PATHOLOGY: __________________________

• Characteristic ulcer: ___________________________

2. Extraintestinal Amoebiasis 

• Hepatic amebiasis 

• Pulmonary Amebiasis

• Cerebral Amebiasis

• Amebic pericarditis 

• Cutaneous Amebiasis 

• Genital Amebiasis 

B. Virulent factors of Entamoeba histolytica:

• Gal.Gal NAc lectin:

• Amebapores: 

• Cysteine proteinase:

ff
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

C. Laboratory diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica:

1. Direct Fecal Smear 

• Unstained:

• Stained: 

2. Liver aspiration biopsy 

3. Culture 

• Rice and egg saline method 

• Luckel’s Egg Medium 

• Balamuth monophasic 

• Boeck Orbhlav’s diphasic 

• Robinsons inoki

• Chick Embryo Culture

• TY1-S-33 Culture Media 

D. Serological Test 

• SREAP:

E. Concentration Method 

• FECT (Formalin Ether Concnetration  Technique) 

• MIFCT (Merthiolate Iodine Formalin  Concentration Method) 

F. Radiographic non-invasive techniques:

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TROPHOZOITE

Entamoeba  
Entamoeba coli
histolytica

Movement 

Shape of  

pseudopodia
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Release of  

pseudopodia

Nucleus 

Cytoplasm 
Inclusions 

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST

Entamoeba  
Entamoeba  

histolytica coli

Number of  nuclei

Chromatoidal  bars

B. COMMENSAL AMEBAE: Etamoeba, Endolimax,  Iodamoeba 

1. Entamoeba dispar

• Morphologically similar to ________________________

2. Entamoba hartamanni

• Similar to E. histolytica

3. Entamoeba polecki 

• parasite of pigs and monkeys

• Rarely infect humans

• can be distinguished from E.histolytica by  cyst

4. Entamoeba gingivalis 

5. Endolimax nana 

• TROPHOZOITE: ____________________________

• CYST: _________________________

 PARASITOLOGY MSI

6. Iodamoeba butschlii 

• _________________________________

• TROPHOZOITE: mononuclear; large  vescicular nucleus with a large endosome  surrounded by

______________________________

• CYST: _______________________________

C. FREE-LIVING PATHOGENIC AMEBAE:  Acanthamoeba, Naegleria fowleri 

1. Naegleria fowleri 

• Causative agent _________________________________

• Cultivated in NON-NUTRIENT MEDIUM  SEEDED WITH LIVING Escherichia coli 

• TROPHOZOITE: can assume endolimax  form or amebo agellate 

o Flagellated ____________________________

o Amoeboid ____________________________

• CYST: single nucleus, rounded  chromatoidal bars 

• Mode of Transmission:

2. Acanthamoeba 

• Causative agent __________________________________

• Also an ocular surface pathogen causing _________________________

• Cultivated in _______________________________

• TROPHOZOITE: with spiny- laments for  locomotion

• CYST: double-walled

• Mode of Transmission:

CILIATES 

1. Balantidium coli 

• PATHOLOGY:______________________________ - rounded-base and wide neck  ulcer

• Reservoir host: Pigs 

• Causes ciliary dysentery with tenesmus

• Tissue invader because of the lytic enzyme  in the cilia called _________________________

• TROPHOZOITE: 

o ovoidal, bean shape; prominent  cytosome; indented excretory pore o 2 nuclei:  

Macronuclei: _____________________________________

Micronuclei: _____________________________________

o MOTILITY: ____________________________

• CYST: ovoid, rounded, well-de ned cystic  wall (cilia enclosed in cystic wall), consists of  2
nuclei

• Mode of Transmission:

fi
fi
fl
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

FLAGELLATES

Giardia lamblia Chilomastix mesnili Trichomonas vaginalis

Cyst

• Ovoid, agella • Uninucleate with

retracted to axoneme distinct anterior
(median body); deeply protuberance
stained curved bril

Torphozoite

• Pear-shaped; bilateral • 4 agella: 3 anterior

symmetry
and 1 agellar
• 4 pairs of agella
cytostome

• 2 ventral sucking discs • Curved cytosomal bril • Pear-shaped, 4 anterior

(for attachment)
agella with short
• Axostyle is present with undulating membrane

parabasal body
• Prominent siderophile
• 2 nuclei with centrally granules in cytoplasm
located karyosome
Motility

Mode of Transmission

Pathology 1. Giardiasis
1. Intestinal disorders 1. Male - non-speci c
2. Malabsorption of fat/ prostatitis, UTI

starch 2. Female - nonspeci c

vaginitis, itchiness
burning sensation,
vulvovaginitis,
in ammation of the
cervix
Laboratory Diagnosis 1. Stool exam
1. Stool exam 1. Microscopy: stain
2. Duodenal apirate
with Giemsa or
3. Beale string test
Wright

4. Immunochromotagro • Male -

phy • Female -

2. Culture

• Teinberg-Wittington CM

• Trypticase Liver Serum

Medium
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

COCCIDIANS 

1. Isospora belli 

• PATHOLOGY: often asymptomatic; if  asymptomatic causes diarrhea  

• Sexual multiplication takes place in the  intestinal mucosa 

2. Cryptosporidium 

• Cryptosporidium parvum 

• Cyrptosporidum hominis

3. Cyclospora 

• Cyclospora cayetanensis - originally called a cyanobacterium-like  body (CLB) 

4. Toxoplasma gondii 

• PATHOLOGY: 

• MOT:

• Natural Final Host:

• Intermediate Host:

• All stages are infective EXCEPT __________________________

• Man: 2 types of trophozoite 

1. Bradyzoite:

2. Tachyzoite:

-Diagnosis:  

1. Serologic test 

2. Biopsy (stained with Giemsa or HE stain) 

3. IgG or IgM studies 

4. SABIN-FIELDMAN DYE TEST 

- PRINCIPLE: ______________________

OTHER INTESTINAL PROTOZOANS: 

1. Blastocystis hominis: no exact taxonomic  classi ciation 

• ovoid or spherical, vacuole-like structure

• NOTE: commonly mistaken as protozoan  cyst 

2. Dientamoeba fragilis 

• No  peripheral chromatin 

• Ameoba agellate 

• Can be stransported by pinworm to man 

PLASMODIUM 

✔ Mode of transmission 

o Vectors of Malaria in the  Philippines: 

-Principal vector:

-Secondary vector: Anopheles mangyanus, litoralis, maculates 

o Final host and vector:

o Intermediate host:

✔ 2 stages in the life cycle of malaria

o Schizogony:

o Sporogony:

fl
fi
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
A. Plasmodium falciparum 

1. Cerebral Malaria: red cells , organisms and  pigment block brain vessels 

2. Blackwater fever: sudden massive intravascular  hemolysis with resultant hemoglobinuria 

B. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale

1. Relapse/Reinvasion: HYPNOZOITES/CRYPOTZOITES remained in the liver

Point of Plasmodium Plasmodium Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale

Di erence falciparum malariae

Type of
malaria

Length of
Sexual cycle
in mosquito

Length of
Asexual
cycle in
humans

Size of
Infected RBC

Type of RBC
infected

Growing Usually not present

trophozoite

No. of
merozoites in
schizont

Ring form

Single / Multiple Single Single

Single

Number of Single / Double Single Single Single

Chromatin
dot
ff
ff
 PARASITOLOGY MSI
Point of Plasmodium Plasmodium Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale
Di erence falciparum malariae

Gametocytes

Asexual
stage found
in peripheral
blood

Malarial
stipplings

DIAGNOSIS: 

1. Thick (Quantitative) & Thin (Qualitative)  blood smears 

o Stained with Giemsa or Wright 

2. Bu y coat 

o Quantitative bu y coat examination 

o Capillary tube 40um stained with Acridine orange

3. Optical assay 

o Principle: ________________________

4. Serologic tests 

o ELISA, IHAT, IFAT (Indirect Fluorescent antibody test), PCR 

5. Rapid-diagnostic test (RDT) 

o Principle: _______________________

o Detects histidine-Rich Protein

o Detects p-LDH 

FACTORS INCOMPATIBLE TO MALARIAL  SURVIVAL: 

1. G6PD De ciency 

o Heinz-body (denatured hemoglobin) 

2. Du y negative blood type

o Blacks (anti-u), Cromer (-) 

3. Hemoglobinopathies like sickle-cell  anemia 

4. Sickle cell-trait

ff
ff
ff
fi
ff
 PARASITOLOGY MSI

BABESIA 

1. Babesia microti 

• Babesiosis: _____________________________________ 

• May be mistake as: Plasmodium falciparum

• Natural nal host: _________________

• Accidental IH: ____________________

• Infective stage: ___________________

Di erence Between Plasmodium falciparum and Babesia microti

B. microti P. falciparum
Gametocyte

Pigment
Gold hamster
Vector

MORPHOLOGICAL FORMS 

1. Amastigote

• Intracellular multiplication

2. Promastigote

• Kinetoplast is anterior to the nucleus

3. Epimastigote

• Kinetoplast near nucleus

• With undulating membrane

4. Trypomastigote

• Kinetoplast is posterior to nucleus

ff
fi
PARASITOLOGY MSI