CHARACTERISTICS: Ascaris Trichuris Enterobius Capillaria

lumbricoides trichiura vermicularis philippinensis

Description Most common STH, More prone Nelia Salazar,
intestinal to dessication PGH, Zoonotic
nematodes, STH disease
Common Name Pink worm, Giant Whipworm Society worm, Pudoc worm,
Round Worm, Seat worm, mystery disease
Lumbricus teres Pinworm
Cells Polymyarian – cells Holomyarian- Meromyarian-
are numerous w/c cells are closely cells are few per
project wall into the packed in narrow dorsal or ventral
body cavity zone half
Habitat Small Intestine Large Intestine Large Intestine Small Intestinee
Disease Ascariasis, Ascaris Trichuriasis,, Oxyuriasis, Capillariasis and
Pneumonitis Tricephaliasis, Enterobiasis, intestinal
(Loeffler’s Whipworm Familial disease capillariasis
Syndrome), infection
Roundworm
Infection
Structure Terminal mouth: A: Esophagus – Esophagus – *Female:
Trilabiate string of beads Flasked-shaped, Atypical-
*A.suum – for pigs P: Intestine & Cephalic alae, no Parthenogen
single set of cuticular Typical:
reproductive expansion Oviviparous
organs
Male 2 spicules 1 lanceloate 1 spicule, no 1 spicle, non-
spicule w/ spiny pineal sheath spiny spicule
pineal sheath Die after sheaths
copulation
*L1:No cuticular
expansion
Female Paired reproductive Bluntly rounded 11,105 eggs per 2 equal parts:
organ, 200,000 eggs at posterior end day anterior-
daily, Oviparous Vulva opens at esophagus &
anterior end esophageal
Single uterus and glands
ovary, 3000- Posterior –
10,000 eggs daily intestine &
reproductive w/
prominent vulva
Ova Corticated – Lemon/Barrel/ D-shaped (loop- Peanut-shaped or
albuminous coating, Football-shaped, sides) Guitar-shaped
compact yok Japanese lantern
granules, vitelline
membrane
Unfertilized – Thin
shell, lecithing
granules, only found
in absence of males
Decorticated-
Absence of
albuminous coating
 Layers of Ova 1. Albuminous Vitellaine Triple Bipolar mucus
Covering membrane and albuminous plugs: Not
2. Hyaline Shell triple shell coating prominent
3.Vitelline lipoidal (chorionic , *mechanical Striated
Membrane albuminous, bile- protection
stained) Lipoidal
Bipolar mucus membrane
plugs: prominent *chemical
Non-striated protection
Modifications Pepsin Inhibtor 3 – Pore-forming
protect parasite protein TT47 –
from being digested for helping the
in the small intestine parasite embed
Phosphorylcholine – its entire whip-
suppress like structure to
lymphocyte the intestinal wall
proliferation
-use adaptive
immunity/ “specific
immunity”
Infective Stage Embryonated Egg Embryonated Egg Embryonated egg Filariform larvae
(L3)
Diagnostic Stage Fertilize/unfertilized Unembryonated Ova/eggs Ova/eggs
eggs, adult worm egg
Mode of Ingestion (can also Ingestion Ingestion or Ingestion of fish
Transmission be airborne) Inhalation with L3
Final Host Man Man Humans Humans and
other vertebraes
Intermediate Host Brackish/
Freshwater fish
(Bagsang, bagsit,
birot, ipon)
Pathology Intestinal Rectal Prolapse Peri-anal itching Borborygmi/
Obstruction, Ascaris and Iron and Pruritus ani Borborygmus and
pneumonitis Deficiency ( Malabsorption
(Loeffler’s Decrease MCH
syndrome), Larval and MCV)
Migration
Treatment Albendazole Mebendazole Mebendazole & Mebendazole
(Mebendazole & (Albendazole) Albendazole (Albendazole)
Pyrantel Pamoate) (pyrantel
pamoate)
Diagnosis Stool Exam: Stool exams & Cellulose tape Stool exam &
1. DFS Concentration swab/ Graham’s Duodenal
2. Kato-Thick Techniques scotch adhesive Aspiration
3. Kato-Katz tape swab
Concentration Tech.
1. FECT
2. MIFCT
3. Brine Floatation
4. Zinc Sulfate
Floatation Tech.
 X-Ray (for checking
of extraintestinal
migration
Complete blood ct.
(to check for
eosinophilia)

CHARACTERISTICS Trichinella spiralis myokinase),

Common Name Porkworm, Muscle Serological test
worm, Trichina (Increase IgE: ELISA,
Worm, Garbage Worm IFAT, Bentonite
Habitat Small Intestine flocculation test),
Disease Trichinosis, Beck’s xenodiagnosis
Trichinellosis, (uses albino rats) ,
Trichiniasis, Bachman intradermal
Trichinellasis test
Structure Anterior: Spear-like Infective Stage Encysted Larva
burrowing anterior Definitive Stage Encysted Larva
tip Mode of Ingestion
Digestive tract: Transmission
Similar w/ adult Final Host Man, Rat, Dogs, Pigs,
Reproductive: Bears, Foxes,
Immature but sex can Walruses or any
be identified carnivore or omnivore
Male Single testis, No Intermediate Host Man, Rat, Dogs, Pigs,
spicule, Bears, Foxes,
Cloaca(evertible), Walruses or any
Conical papillae (clasp carnivore or omnivore
the female during Accidental Host Man
copulation) Treatment Mebendazole &
Female 1 club-shaped uterus, Albendazole
1 ovary, vulva (opens (Thiabendazole – have
at anterior 5th), side effects)
Larviparous/
Viviparous
Phases of Infection 1. Invasion phase
2. Larval migration
3. Encystment
Diagnosis Muscle biopsy
(definitive diagnostic
test) , Biochem test
(Increase creatinine,
phosphokinase, LDH,
 CHARACTERISTICS` Hookworms
Description STH, Meromyarian
Common Name
Habitat Small Intestine
Structure Copulatory bursa (bursa
copulathrix) – umbrella-like or
bulb-shaped
Disease Ancylostomiasis, Uncinariasis,
Necatoriasis, Hookworm disease,
IDA, Creeping erruption
Female
Male
L1: Rhabditiform Size: Larger
Posterior: More attenuated
Buccal Cavity: Open mouth,
Longer buccal capsule
Genital Primordium: Less
prominent
L3: Filariform Buccal Capsule: Longer
*Ova of hookworm and Sheath: Sheathed
strongyloides are similar Esophagus: Short
Posterior end: Pointed
Mode of Transmission Skin penetration
Infective Stage L3
Diagnostic Stage Ova (2-3 germ cell: Morula Ball)
Final Host Man
Phases of Infection 1. Cutaneous Phase : Ground itch/
dew coolics
2. Pulmonary Phase
3. Intestinal Phase
Pathology Wakanana dieases (pneumonitis),
Allergies(Creeping eruption), IDA
( MCH: Hypochromic , MCV:
Microcytic = Anemia,
Thalessemia, IDA, Sideroblastic
Anemia )
Phases of Infection 1. Cutaneous Phase: Ground Itch/
Dew Coolics : Macculopapular
lesions & localized erythema
2. Pulmonary Phase: Bronchitis
or Pneumonitis
3. Intestinal phase: Abdominal
pain, steatorrhea, diarrhea w/
blood and mucous
Diagnosis Stool exam, CT & Harada Mori
Treatment Albendazole (Mebendazole &
Pyrantel Pamoate)
Strongyloides stercoralis
STH, Smallest nematode, Heart-
lung migration, Parthenogenetic
Threadworm
Small Intestine
Free-living: Short & Stout
Parasitic: Long & Slender
2 spicules, no caudal alae
Size: Smaller
Posterior: Less attenuated
Buccal cavity: Open mouth,
Shorter buccal capsule
Genital Primordium: Prominent
& conspicous
Buccal Capsule: Shorter
Sheath: Unsheathed
Esophagus: Long
Posterior End: Bifid/ Forked/
Notched
Skin Penetration
L3
L1
Human
1. Invasion
2. Migration
3. Penetration
Cochin-china disease, Vietnam
diarrhea, Honey-comb ulcer, villi
atrophy, malabsorption
Swamp/ Swimmer’s disease
Chronic: Borborygmi, Urticaria,
Pruritis, Larva currens rashes
Baermann Technique, Beale’s
String Test
Ivermectin (Albendazole)
CHARACTERISTICS N. americanus A. duodenale A. caninum A. brazilienze
Common Name American Old worm Dog hookworm Cat Hookworm
hookworm/murderer, hookworm
New world hookworm
Dental Pattern A pair of semi-lunar 2 pairs of ventral 3 pairs of A pair of big
cutting plate teeth ventral teeth teeth
Body Curvature C-shaped S-shaped
Male bursa Tridigitate/ Tripartite Bipartite/bidigitate
Spicule Plain, Bristle-like Fused, Barbed
Adults Size Larger Smaller
Life Span 5-7 years 4-20 years
CHARACTERISTICS Brugia malayi Loa loa Onchocerca Wuchureria
volvulus bancrofti
Common Name Malayan filarial Eyeworm / Blinding worm / Bancroftian
worms African Eyeworm Gale Filarienne / filarial worm
Craw-craw
Habitat Lympathic tissue Subcutaneous Tissue Lymphatic Tissue
Specimen Blood Tissue Blood
Covering Sheathed- high Sheathed – not Unsheathed Sheathed – low
affinity to Giemsa stained w/ Giemsa affinity to Giemsa
Nuclei Irregular, Up to the tip of the Absence of Regular and no
overlapping w/ 2 tail terminal nuclei terminal nuclei
terminal nuclei
Periodicity Subperiodic Diornal Non-periodic Nocturnal
nocturnal
Appearance Kinky appearance Smoothly-curved
Mean length 220 um 290um
Cephalic space: 2:1 1:1
Breadth
Vector Mansonia bonneae, Chrysops spp. Simulium spp. Aedes poecilus,
(Intermediate M. uniformis & (Tabanid/Mangu (Simulium Anopheles
host) Anopheles spp. Fly) damnosum/Black flavirostris, Culex
fly) spp. (breed on
axils)
Final host Man Man Man Man
Mode of Skin penetration Skin penetration Skin penetration Insect bite/ Skin
Transmission thru vectors thru vectors thru vectors penetration
Infective Stage L3: Filiform ( to L3: Filiform ( to L3: Filiform ( to L3:Filiform ( to
man ) man ) man ) man )
Microfilariae ( to Microfilariae ( to Microfilariae ( to Microfilariae ( to
vector) vector) vector) vector)
Diagnostic Stage Microfilariae Microfilariae Microfilariae Microfilariae
Pathology Filariasis, Upper River Blindness Roble’s Disease Filariasis, Lower
lymphatics affected, lymphatics
Elephanthiasis affected,
Elephanthiasis
Diagnosis Demonstration of Demonstration of Demonstration of Demonstration of
diagnostic stage diagnostic stage diagnostic stage diagnostic stage
Treatment Diethylcarbamazine
 CHARACTERISTICS Mansonella pestans Mansonella ozzardi
Vector Culicoides austeni Culicoides furens
Habitat Body Cavity Subcutaneous tissue
Pathology Non-pathogenic
Covering Unsheathed
Periodicity Non-periodic
Lymphatic Pathology: Early Manifestations- Fever, lymphadenitis, swelling, redness of the arms & legs,
vomiting & headache
Chronic Phase: Elephantiasis, Hydrocoele, Chylocoele
Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia: Due to microfilaria, Increase IgE & IgG, hypereosinophilia, nocturnal
coughing, bethlessness, wheezing
Diagnosis:
1. Microscopy
a. Wet smears- demonstration of motility
b. Thick blood smear (Giemsa Stain) – most practical diagnostic procedure
2. Knotts Concentration Method – for low intensity infection
a. Filtration method – Swinney Filter
3. Diethylcarbamazine provocative test (3 mg per Kg DEC single dose) – stimulates microfilariae to come
out of peripheral blood
4. RDT / Immunochromatography – detect circulating filarial antigen
5. Molecular Methods – PCR
6. Ultrasonography – demonstration of microfilariae lymphocytic

CHARACTERISTICS Angiostrongylus Dracunculus Anisakis

cantonensis medinensis
Description Largest nematode
Common Name Rat-lung worm, Medina Worm, Dragon Herring’’s worm, Cod
Parastronglyus Worm, Fiery serpent of Worm
cantonensis , Israelites, Guinea Wor
Haemostrongylus ratti
Habitat Lungs of Definitive Host Subcutaneous tissue Marine mammals
Disease Angiostrongyliasis Dracunculiasis Gastrointestinal pain,
Guinea worm disease Allergies
Male Caudal bursa: Kidney-
shaped and single-lobed
Female Uterine tubules:
Barber’s pole pattern ,
15,000 eggs per day
Final Host Rattus rattus var. Man Marine Mammals
Rattus. Rattus
norvegicus
Intermediate Host Achatinafulica, Cyclops or Copepods Cyclops
Hemiplectasagittifera, *Paratenic Host: Fish
Helicostylamacrostoma, and squids
Vaginilusplebius,
Veronicellaaltae (
Mollusks and snails)
Accidental Host Human Humans
Diagnostic Stage Adult Worm ( Barber’s Adult Worm Larvae
pole appearance )
 Infective Stage L3 Larva(Ingestion, Skin L3 Larva L3 Larva
Penetration,
Transplacental)
IS to IH: L1 Larvae
Mode of Transmission Ingestion ( Raw Infected Ingestion of Copepods Ingestion ( Raw seafood
Snails ) with L3 containing Larva:
Sashimi, Kinilaw,
Galunggong, Bagoong,
Palos )
Pathology Acute severe Blister formation, Eosinophilic
intermittent occipital or Urticaria, Vomitting, granulomatous infection,
bitemporal headache, Diarrhea, Asthma irritation and
Eosniophilic attacks perforation of small
meningoencephalitis intestines, Tingling
throat syndrome
Treatment No drug is proven Mebendazole ( Removal Albendazole, Surgery or
effective (Mebendazole, of worms using a stick ) Removal of Larva
Albendazole &
Thiobendazole)
Diagnosis Travel history, CSF Cutaneous lesion & Gastroscopic exam &
analysis, CT Scan, Tissue worms, x-ray Biopsy
biopsy
CHARACTERISTICS Toxocara canis Toxocara cati
Common Name Dog ascarid Cat ascarid
Disease Visceral Larval Migrans : Granulomatous
Reaction
Intermediate Host Man
Definitive Host Dog Cat
Infective Stage Ova/Eggs
Mode of Transmission Ingestion
Habitat Tissue, Organs
Lab Diagnosis Tissue Biopsy

NEMATODES / ROUNDWORMS  Teeth – for attachment, penetration and

abrasion
 Roundworms – intestinal helminth
 Body wall – Outer: Hyaline, non-cellular
 Free living in soil, marine and freshwater cuticle
habitat - Middle: subcuticular epithelium
 Metazoan – multicellular , same with cestodes - Inner : Layer of muscle cells
and trematodes  Pseudocoel – Body cavity
 Dioecious – separate sexes - Complete digestive tract with both
- Females = larger , straight/ pointed oral and anal openings
tail - Alimentary tract: simple tube
- Male = smaller , curved tail, spicules extending from mouth to anus
for copulation - No circulatory system (glucose,
 Non-segmented elongated (mm to meter) hemoglobin)
 Tapered ends  Chemoreceptors – Nerve endings that acts as
 Cylindrical, bilaterally, symmetrical sensory organs
 - Anterior end/ Cephalic – Amphids Brugia malayi
- Posterior end/ Caudal – Phasmids Wuchereria bacrofti
o Ascaris lumbricoides Filarial Worms (Subcutaneous Tissue)
o Strongyloides stercoralis Onchocerca volvulus
o Hookworms Loa loa
o Enterobius vermicularis o Larval Migrants
o Filarial worms Dracunculus medinensis
- Aphasmids – lack caudal sensory Angiostrongylus cantonensis
organ Ancylostoma caninum
o Trichinella spiralis Ancylostomo braziliense
o Trichuris trichiura Visceral L.M
o Capillaria philippinensis Toxocara cati
 Morphology Life cycle Toxocara canis
o Egg Stage – vary in size and shape Cutaneous L.M (creeping eruption)
o Larval Stage (L1:Rhabditiform, L2,L3: Ancylostoma caninum
Filariform) – Located inside the fertilized Ancylosyoma braziliense
eggs; emerge and continue to mature o Lung Migration : ASH
o Adult Stage – Develop from the maturing  Mode of Transmission
larvae o Ingestion:
- Sexes separate Embryonated Egg: T(t)AE
- Equipped with a digestive and Larvae: CAT(s)
reproductive system o Skin Pore: 5 hookworms + S.s
 Adult Female o Vector: Filarial Worms
o Oviparous – unsegmented stage o Transmammary: S.s
 Ascaris lumbricoides o Autoinfection: SEC
o Larviparous/ Viviparous – larva o Inhalation: A (ova ), E
 Trichinella spiralis o STH : HAT
 Capillaria philippinensis (1st gen)
o Oviviparous/ Ovoviviparous – segmented
stage
 Capillaria philippinensis
o Parthenogenetic – para that do not need
male ; self – fertilization
 Strongyloides stercoralis
 Habitat
o Small Intestine:
Capillaria philippinensis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworm
Trichinella spiralis (adult)
o Large Intestine:
Trichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularis
o Tissue nematodes:
Trichinella spiralis (larva)
Brugia malayi
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti
Filarial Worms (Lymphatic Tissue)