The production of speech sounds

1. Articulators above the larynx:

+ Nasal tract/ nasal cavity
+ oral tract/ oral cavity
+ pharynx (họng)
+ Larynx (thanh quản)
1. Nose - Nasal
2. Alveolar ridge (lợi) - alveolar
3. Palate ( vòm miệng) - palatal
4. Velum/ soft palate (Vòm mềm) - velar
5. Tongue - Lingual
6. Teeth - Dental
7. Lips - Labial
8. Lip to teeth - Labiodental
2. Vowel: voicing
- Manner of Articulation: Vowel are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the
air flow as it passes from the larynx to the lips
- Place of Articulation:
+ Tongue position:
* Tongue height: close - mid - open vowels
* Tongue shapes: front- central- back vowels
+ Lip shapes and positions: rounded- spread - neutral vowels
3. Consonant:
- Manner of Articulation: Consonants are sounds in which it is difficult or
impossible for the air to pas through the mouth
- Place of Articulation: Articualtors: eg: nasal, dental, bilabial, alveolar
consonants

PROBLEM: In some cases, it's difficult to classify vowel and consonant /h/; /w/;
/j/

4. English short vowels

/I, e,

5. Articulations
Tongue height:
+ a change by moving the tongue up and down, or moving the lower jaw up or down
(close-open)
+ Vertical distance between the upper surface of the tongue and the palate
Tongue shape: the part of the tongue which is raised highest (front and back)

6. Cardinal vowels ~ a standard reference system for English vowels and a range of
vowels human can make
Purposes:
+ To make vowels accurately
+ To recognize vowels correctly
2 types of cardinal vowels
+ Primary cardinal vowels: vowels are the most familiar to the speakers of most
European languages in square brackets.
+ Secondary cardinal vowels: sound less familiar