Solids

Optical microscope: This is the most commonly used type of microscope and uses visible light to magnify
objects. It can be further classified into various subtypes, such as the compound microscope, stereo
LCD
microscope, and digital microscope.
Liquid Crystal Display
Electron microscope: This type of microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of light to magnify objects. It
can be further classified into two subtypes, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron
microscope (SEM).

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 tinh thẻ

A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order. In a

crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific
(predictable) positions. see them in atomic/moleculea scale to know ì they are crystal
vô định hình

An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined

arrangement and long-range molecular order.
cấu thành cơ bản của tinh thể

A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline

solid.

lattice
point At lattice points:
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Ions
Unit Cell Unit cells in 3 dimensions 2
Seven Basic Unit Cells

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Three Types of Cubic Unit Cells

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Arrangement of Identical Spheres in a Simple Cubic Cell

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Arrangement of Identical Spheres in a Body-Centered
Cubic Cell

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A Corner Atom, a Edge-Centered Atom and a
Face-Centered Atom

Shared by 4 Shared by 2
Shared by 8
unit cells unit cells
unit cells

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 inside
Number of Atoms Per Unit Cell

1 atom/unit cell 2 atoms/unit cell 4 atoms/unit cell

(8 x 1/8 = 1) (8 x 1/8 + 1 = 2) (8 x 1/8 + 6 x 1/2 = 4)
Thus, in a face-centred cubic unit cell, we have: 8
8 corners × 1/8
per corner atom = 8 × 1/8 = 1 atom. 6 face-centred atoms × 1/2
atom per unit cell = 3 atoms.
Relation Between Edge Length and Atomic Radius

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Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP) Structure

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Cubic Close Packed (CCP) Structure

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When silver crystallizes, it forms face-centered cubic cells. The
unit cell edge length is 409 pm. Calculate the density of silver.

m
d= V = a3 = (409 pm)3 = 6.83 x 10-23 cm3
V
4 atoms/unit cell in a face-centered cubic cell

107.9 g 1 mole Ag
m = 4 Ag atoms x x = 7.17 x 10-22 g
mole Ag 6.022 x 1023 atoms

m 7.17 x 10-22 g 3
d= = = 10.5 g/cm
V 6.83 x 10-23 cm3

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An Arrangement for Obtaining the X-ray Diffraction Pattern
of a Crystal.

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 Reflection of X rays from Two Layers of Atoms.

Extra distance = BC + CD = 2d sinq = nl (Bragg Equation)

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X rays of wavelength 0.154 nm are diffracted from a crystal at an
angle of 14.17o. Assuming that n = 1, what is the distance (in pm)
between layers in the crystal?

nl = 2d sin q n=1 q = 14.17o l = 0.154 nm = 154 pm

nl 1 x 154 pm
d= = = 314.0 pm
2sinq 2 x sin14.17

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 Types of Crystals
Ionic Crystals
• Lattice points occupied by cations and anions
• Held together by electrostatic attraction
• Hard, brittle, high melting point
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity

CsCl ZnS CaF2

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 Types of Crystals
Covalent Crystals
• Lattice points occupied by atoms
• Held together by covalent bonds
• Hard, high melting point
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity
carbon
atoms

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diamond graphite
 Types of Crystals
Molecular Crystals
• Lattice points occupied by molecules

• Held together by intermolecular forces

• Soft, low melting point

• Poor conductor of heat and electricity

water benzene

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 Types of Crystals
Metallic Crystals
• Lattice points occupied by metal atoms
• Held together by metallic bonds
• Soft to hard, low to high melting point
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
Cross Section of a Metallic Crystal
nucleus &
inner shell e-

mobile “sea”
of e-

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Crystal Structures of Metals

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Types of Crystals

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An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined
arrangement and long-range molecular order.

A glass is an optically transparent fusion product of inorganic

materials that has cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing

Crystalline Non-crystalline
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quartz (SiO2) quartz glass
Chemistry In Action: High-Temperature Superconductors

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MgB2
 Solid-Liquid Equilibrium

H2O (s) H2O (l)

The melting point of a solid

or the freezing point of a
liquid is the temperature at
which the solid and liquid
phases coexist in equilibrium

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Molar heat of fusion (DHfus) is the energy required to melt
1 mole of a solid substance at its freezing point.

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Heating Curve

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 Solid-Gas Equilibrium

H2O (s) H2O (g)

Molar heat of sublimation

(DHsub) is the energy required
to sublime 1 mole of a solid.

DHsub = DHfus + DHvap

( Hess’s Law)

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A phase diagram summarizes the conditions at which a
substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.

Phase Diagram of Water

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Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide

At 1 atm
CO2 (s) CO2 (g)

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Effect of Increase in Pressure on the Melting Point
of Ice and the Boiling Point of Water

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Chemistry In Action: Liquid Crystals

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