Common Surgical Procedures Assignment

(Guiding Questions)
• What is the procedure for (why would a person need this done)
• The method(s) used to conduct the surgery
• Who might need this operation
• Associated risk with this procedure
• What happens during this surgery
• Medical equipment or instruments that would be used in this procedure (you can list
these and include pictures with a brief explanation of their role – please list/explain 3
only)

The procedures that I have chosen for this assignment are:

• Breast biopsy
• Appendectomy
• Cholecystectomy

Breast Biopsy
A biopsy is a diagnostic test involving the removal of tissue or cells for examination under a
microscope. This procedure is also used to remove abnormal breast tissue. A biopsy may be
done using a hollow needle to extract tissue (needle biopsy), or a lump may be partially or
completely removed (lumpectomy) for examination and/or treatment. (1) This procedure is
recommended because if there is a suspicion in the breast area, such as breast lump or other
signs of breast cancer. Some of the best methods to conduct this surgery are a core needle
biopsy (CNB) a larger hallow needle to sample the breast changes that is felt by the doctor or an
ultrasound, mammogram, or MRI. These are the steps that’s often preferred to do a biopsy if a
breast cancer is suspected. If the mammogram test comes and it suspects if a person has breast
cancer they might need this kind of operation. Some of the risks or aftermaths of this operation
could be bruising, swelling of the breast, infection if not properly cleaned, bleeding of the
biopsy area and altered breast appearance. During the procedure the doctor removed the small
pieces of tissues around the suspected area so that it can be looked at in the lab for further
examinations as they may contain cancer cells and initially fix the problem. Some medical
equipment that is used in breast biopsy procedure are: An endoscope which is used to look
inside of the body, Spring loaded needle and a vacuum assisted device to suck out the tissues.

Appendectomy
An appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix, a small tube that branches off the
large intestine, to treat acute appendicitis. Appendicitis is the acute inflammation of this tube
due to infection. (2) An appendectomy may be initiated because someone could have
symptoms of appendicitis. It is a medical emergency it is because when the appendix gets sore,
swollen and infected. There are 2 types of methods to go through this procedure they are
standard method of open appendectomy and a newer and less invasive is the laparoscopic
appendectomy. Anesthesia (GA) is used with endotracheal intubation under control by
ventilated general then small incision is made in the lower body to start the process. Whoever
shows the symptoms of appendicitis is needed for this operation. Some of the associated risks
of this operation is bleeding, wound infection, blocked bowels, injury in nearby organs, and
infection and redness and welling of the belly that can occur if the appendix bursts during the
surgery. In most cases an appendectomy is an emergency surgery and will require a hospital
stay. You will have either an open appendectomy or a laparoscopic appendectomy. This will
depend on your condition and your healthcare provider’s practices. An appendectomy is done
while you are given medicines to put you into a deep sleep (under general anesthesia). Some of
the medical tools that are used to treat appendectomy are: grasping forceps, hook and needle
holders.

Cholecystectomy
A cholecystectomy is surgery to remove the gallbladder (a pear-shaped sac near the right lobe
of the liver that holds bile). A gallbladder may need to be removed if the organ is prone to
troublesome gallstones, if it is infected, or becomes cancerous. (3) When one eats, the
gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum). A cholecystectomy
is most commonly performed to treat gallstones and the complications they cause. A
cholecystectomy is most commonly performed by inserting a tiny video camera and special
surgical tools through four small incisions to see inside your abdomen and remove the
gallbladder. Doctors call this a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In some cases, one large incision
may be used to remove the gallbladder. When someone is having gallbladder issues or have
painful gallstones they need this operation. The risks of this operation is bleeding, infection,
injury in the tube that carries bile from the gallbladder, liver injury, scars and numb feelings at
the incision site and a bulging of organs or tissue. cholecystectomy as an outpatient or as part
of your stay in a hospital. The way the surgery is done may vary depending on your condition
and your healthcare provider's practices. A cholecystectomy is generally done while you are
given medicines to put you into a deep sleep (under general anesthesia). Some tools that are
used for cholecystectomy are: Kelly clamps, needle holders, clips, suctions, and dissectors.

REFERENCES

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/cholecystectomy
(1), (2), and (3)
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/breast-biopsy/about/pac-
20384812#:~:text=A%20breast%20biopsy%20might%20be,ultrasound%20or%20other%20breas
t%20exam.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/breast-biopsy/about/pac-20384812
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/breast-
biopsy.html#:~:text=Detection%20and%20Diagnosis-
,Breast%20Biopsy,if%20they%20contain%20cancer%20cells.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/breast-biopsy/about/pac-
20384812#:~:text=Risks%20associated%20with%20a%20breast,and%20how%20the%20breast
%20heals
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/breast-
biopsy.html#:~:text=During%20a%20biopsy%2C%20a%20doctor,to%20find%20out%20for%20s
ure.
https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/breastbius#:~:text=A%20core%20needle%2C%20also%
20called,pull%20tissue%20into%20the%20needle.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-
therapies/appendectomy#:~:text=You%20may%20need%20an%20appendectomy,appendix%2
0may%20burst%20or%20rupture.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-
therapies/appendectomy#:~:text=There%20are%202%20types%20of,method%20is%20a%20la
paroscopic%20appendectomy.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-
therapies/appendectomy#:~:text=You%20may%20need%20an%20appendectomy,appendix%2
0may%20burst%20or%20rupture.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4743525/#:~:text=The%20operation%20is%20
performed%20with,hook%2C%20scissors%20and%20needle%20holders.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cholecystectomy/about/pac-
20384818#:~:text=A%20cholecystectomy%20is%20most%20commonly%20performed%20to%2
0treat%20gallstones%20and,in%20the%20bile%20duct%20(choledocholithiasis)
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1582261-
periprocedure#:~:text=Equipment%20for%20open%20cholecystectomy%20includes,electrosur
gical%20devices%20should%20be%20assembled