BIOPSY

SURESH KUMAR MAHASETH

LECTURER (MLT)

DSEU,DWARKA CAMPUS

suresh.k.mahaseth@dseu.ac.in
Introduction:-
 Biopsy isa surgical procedure to obtain tissue from a living organism for
its microscopical examination , usually to perform a diagnosis .

 A biopsy isa sample of tissue taken from the body in order to examine it
more closely. A doctor should recommend a biopsy when an initial test
suggests an area of tissue in the body isn't normal.
 Doctors may call an area of abnormal tissue a lesion, a tumor, or a
mass. These are general words used to emphasize the unknown
nature of the tissue. The suspicious area may be noticed during
a physical examination or internally on an imaging test.

A biopsy is the removal of tissue or cell samples

for the purpose of examination
  Why Are Biopsies Done
 Biopsies are most often done to look for cancer. But biopsies can help identify many
other conditions.

 A biopsy might be recommended whenever there is an important medical question the biopsy
could help answer. Here are just a few examples:

 A mammogram shows a lump or mass, indicating the possibility of breast cancer.

• A mole on the skin has changed shape recently and melanoma is possible.
• A person has chronic hepatitis and it's important to know if cirrhosis is present.
 In some cases, a biopsy of normal-appearing tissue may be done. This can help check
for cancer spread or rejection of a transplanted organ.
 In most cases, a biopsy is done to diagnose a problem or to help determine the best therapy
option.
 Types of Biopsies
There are many different kinds of biopsies. Nearly all of them involve
using a sharp tool to remove a small amount of tissue. If the biopsy will
be on the skin or other sensitive area, numbing medicine is applied first.

 Here are some types of biopsies:

• Needle biopsy. Most biopsies are needle biopsies, meaning a needle is used
to access the suspicious tissue.
• CT-guided biopsy. A person rests in a CT-scanner the scanner's images help
doctors determine the exact position of the needle in the targeted tissue.
• Ultrasound-guided biopsy. An ultrasound scanner helps a doctor direct the
needle into the lesion.
# Bone biopsy. A bone biopsy is used to look for cancer of the bones. This may be
performed via the CT scan technique or by an orthopedic surgeon.

# Bone marrow biopsy. A large needle is used to enter the pelvis bone to collect
bone marrow. This detects blood diseases such as leukemia or lymphoma.

#Liver biopsy. A needle is injected into the liver through the skin on the belly,
capturing liver tissue.

#Kidney biopsy. Similar to a liver biopsy, a needle is injected through the skin on
#Aspiration biopsy. A needle withdraws material out of a mass. This simple
procedure is also called fine-needle aspiration.
#Prostate biopsy. Multiple needle biopsies are taken at one time from
the prostate gland. To reach the prostate, a probe is inserted into the rectum.
#Skin biopsy. A punch biopsy is the main biopsy method. It uses a circular blade
to get a cylindrical sample of skin tissue.
#Surgical biopsy. Either open or laparoscopic surgery may be necessary to obtain
a biopsy of hard-to-reach tissue. Either a piece of tissue or the whole lump of
tissue may be removed.
Procedure for the Collection of biopsies

 A biopsy is a procedure to remove a piece of tissue or a sample of cells from your body
so that it can be tested in a laboratory.
 You may undergo a biopsy if you're experiencing certain signs and symptoms or if your
health care provider has identified an area of concern.
 A biopsy can determine whether you have cancer or another condition.
 Imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRIs, are helpful in detecting masses or irregular
tissue, but they alone can't tell the difference between cancerous cells and cells that aren't
cancerous.
 For most cancers, the only way to make a diagnosis is to perform a biopsy to collect
cells for closer examination.
Biopsy Procedure
 various types of biopsy procedures used to make a cancer diagnosis.

Needle biopsy:-
 Needle biopsy is a general term that's often used to describe inserting a special needle through the
skin to collect cells from a suspicious area. Doctors call this a percutaneous tissue biopsy.
 A needle biopsy is often used on suspicious areas that your health care provider can feel through.
 Needle biopsy procedures include:

 Fine-needle aspiration. During fine-needle aspiration, a long, thin needle is inserted into the suspicious area. A
syringe is used to draw out fluid and cells for analysis.
 Core needle biopsy. A larger needle with a cutting tip is used during core needle biopsy to draw a column of
tissue out of a suspicious area.
 Vacuum-assisted biopsy. During vacuum-assisted biopsy, a suction device increases the amount of fluid and
cells that is extracted through the needle. This can reduce the number of times the needle must be inserted to
collect an adequate sample.
 Image-guided biopsy. Image-guided biopsy combines an imaging procedure — such as a CT scan, MRI or
ultrasound — with a needle biopsy.
 Image-guided biopsy allows your health care provider to access suspicious areas that can't be felt through the
skin, such as on the liver, lung or prostate. Using real-time images, your health care provider can make sure the
needle reaches the correct spot.
 You'll receive a local anesthetic to numb the area being biopsied to minimize the pain.
 Endoscopic biopsy

 During endoscopy, your health care provider uses a thin, flexible tube (endoscope) with a light on the end to see structures
inside your body. Special tools are passed through the tube to take a small sample of tissue to be analyzed.
 The endoscope can be inserted through your mouth, rectum, urinary tract or a small incision in your skin.

 Examples of endoscopic biopsy procedures include cystoscopy to collect tissue from inside your bladder, bronchoscopy to get
tissue from inside your lung and colonoscopy to collect tissue from inside your colon.
 Skin biopsy

 A skin biopsy removes cells from the surface of your body. A skin biopsy is used most often to diagnose skin
conditions, including melanoma and other cancers. The type of skin biopsy you undergo will depend on the type
of cancer suspected and the extent of the suspicious cells.

Skin biopsy procedures include:

• Shave biopsy. During a shave biopsy, your health care provider uses a tool similar to a razor to scrape the
surface of your skin.
• Punch biopsy. During a punch biopsy, a circular tool is used to remove a small section of your skin's deeper
layers.
• Incisional biopsy. During an incisional biopsy, your provider uses a scalpel to remove a small area of skin.
Whether you receive stitches to close the biopsy site depends on the amount of skin removed.
• Excisional biopsy. During an excisional biopsy, an entire lump or area of skin that appears suspicious is
removed. You'll likely receive stitches to close the biopsy site.
Before the procedure, you'll receive a local anesthetic to numb the
biopsy site.

Punch biopsy
 Bone marrow biopsy

 Health care provider may recommend a bone marrow biopsy based on your blood test results or if your provider
suspects cancer is affecting your bone marrow.
 Bone marrow is the spongy material inside some of your larger bones where blood cells are made. Analyzing a
sample of bone marrow may reveal what's causing your blood problem.
 A bone marrow biopsy is commonly used to diagnose a variety of blood problems, both cancerous and not
cancerous. A bone marrow biopsy can diagnose blood cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma and multiple
myeloma. It can also detect cancers that started elsewhere and traveled to the bone marrow.
 During a bone marrow biopsy, your health care provider draws a sample of bone marrow out of the back of your
hipbone using a long needle. In certain situations, the sample can be collected from other bones in your body.
You'll receive a local anesthetic or other medicine to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
 Surgical biopsy

 Health care provider may recommend a surgical biopsy if the cells in question can't be accessed with other biopsy
procedures or if other biopsy results have been inconclusive.
 During a surgical biopsy, a surgeon makes an incision in your skin to access the suspicious area of cells.
Examples of surgical biopsy procedures include surgery to remove a breast lump for a possible breast cancer
diagnosis and surgery to remove a lymph node for a possible lymphoma diagnosis.
 Surgical biopsy procedures can be used to remove part of a suspicious area of cells. Or surgical biopsy may
remove all of the cells.
 Receive local anesthetics to numb the area of the biopsy. Some surgical biopsy procedures require general
anesthetics to put you in a sleep-like state. You might need to stay in the hospital after the procedure.