Blood test for cancer

By aya hassan Presetation

esraa abdullah
.TESTS TO FIND CHEMICALS MADE BY CANCER CELLS -3

Tumor marker tests use a sample of blood to .

.look for chemicals made by cancer cells
These tests don't always help with diagnosing
cancer because many healthy cells also make
these chemicals And some conditions that
aren't cancer can cause high levels of tumor
markers. Instead, tumor marker tests are
mostly used after your cancer diagnosis to see
.if treatment is working
Examples of tumor markers include:
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate
cancer and cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) for
ovarian cancer ,Other examples include
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colon
cancer and alpha-fetoprotein for testicular
.cancer
TESTS TO LOOK FOR CANCER CELLS. -4•
Circulating tumor cell tests detect cancer cells
in your blood. The cells might be in the blood
if they've broken away from where they
started and are spreading to other parts of the
body. Circulating tumor cell tests are mostly
used after a cancer diagnosis
TESTS TO LOOK FOR CANCER CELLS' GENETIC-5
. MATERIAL
BIOPSY FOR CANCER

A BIOPSY CAN HELP DETERMINE IF YOU HAVE

.CANCER OR ANOTHER CONDITION
Types of biopsies
There are several different kinds of biopsies.
Your doctor will choose the type to use based
on your condition and the area of your body
.that needs closer review
needle biopsy-1

A needle biopsy is often used on suspicious areas that

your health care provider can feel through your
skin, such as breast lumps and enlarged lymph
nodes. When combined with an imaging procedure,
needle biopsy can be used to collect cells from an
.area that can't be felt through the skin
:Needle biopsy procedures include
Fine-needle aspiration •
A syringe is used to draw out fluid
and cells for analysis
Core needle biopsy. A larger needle with a •
cutting tip is used during core needle biopsy
to draw a column of tissue out of a
.suspicious area
Vacuum-assisted biopsy. During vacuum- •
assisted biopsy, a suction device increases
the amount of fluid and cells that is
extracted through the needle. This can
reduce the number of times the needle
must be inserted to collect an adequate
.sample
Image-guided biopsy. Image-guided biopsy •
combines an imaging procedure — such as a
CT scan, MRI or ultrasound — with a needle
.biopsy
 A skin biopsy-2
Shave biopsy. uses a tool •
similar to a razor to scrape
the surface of your skin
used if the skin lesion is
. superficial
Punch biopsy :a circular tool •
is used to remove a small
section of your skin's
deeper layers, The lateral
tongue and buccal mucosa
are appropriate sites for
.punch biopsy
• An incisional biopsy
remove a piece of
tissue from a lesion
or mass.

• An excisional
biopsy which the
whole lesion or
mass is removed
and tested
Bone marrow biopsy-3
• Inside some of your larger bones, like the hip or the femur
in your leg, blood cells are produced in a spongy material
called marrow.
• A bone marrow biopsy is commonly used to diagnose a
variety of blood problems, both cancerous and not
cancerous. A bone marrow biopsy can diagnose blood
cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma and multiple
myeloma. It can also detect cancers that started elsewhere
and traveled to the bone marrow.
 Endoscopic biopsy-4
used to reach tissue inside the body in order
to gather samples from places like the
bladder, colon, or lung.
• During this procedure, your doctor uses a
flexible thin tube called an endoscopy . The
endoscope has a tiny camera and a light at
the end. A video monitor allows your
doctor to view the images. Small surgical
tools are also inserted into the endoscope.
Using the video, your doctor can guide
these to collect a sample.
• The endoscope can be inserted through a
small incision in your body, or through any
opening in the body, including the mouth,
nose, rectum, or urethra. Endoscopies
normally take anywhere from five to 20
minutes.
• Examples of endoscopic
biopsy procedures include
cystoscopy to collect
tissue from inside your
bladder, bronchoscopy to
get tissue from inside your
lung and colonoscopy to
collect tissue from inside
your colon,diagnose
stomach cancer.