University of the East - Manila

Mechanical Engineering Department

Materials Science & Engineering for ME

LPG Manufacturing Process

PLATE 4

ROYO, ANGELICA JULIANNE A.

20200116569 – ME1
ENGR.DIOSDADO DOCTOR
PROFESSOR
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS…………………………………………………………….3

II. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..4

III. MANUFACTURING PROCESS……………………………………………………5

A. FLOWCHART………………………………………………………………...6

B. DISCUSSION OF PROCESS………………………………………………9

C. RAW MATERIALS……………………………………..……...………...….11

D. EQUIPMENT OR MACHINERIES…………………………………...……11

IV. DEFECTS…………………………………………………………………………..15

V. REFERENCES………………………...…………………………………………...16

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Air leakage testing machine - mainly uses the air tightness test of battery to detect
whether it leaks

Blanking machine - is a machine used to cut cylinder body parts in the desired
dimensions. Blanking machine uses a cutting die to cut the sheet. Blanking machine
has a discharging system as well as the cutting system.

Heat-treating furnaces - are essentially, holding both the heat and the steel stock inside
a refractory vessel

Hole Drilling Machine – used to create circular holes or drive fasteners, use a drill. It
has a bit attached, either a drill bit or a driver chuck. hand-operated models are
becoming far less common, whereas cordless, battery-powered models are becoming
more common.

Liquefied petroleum gas - is a fuel gas which contains a flammable mixture

of hydrocarbon gases, specifically propane and butane.

Liquefaction - is a process that turns LPG vapor into liquid LPG, is reliant on the vapor's
temperature and pressure.

LPG Cylinder Body Welding - The guard rings and foot rings are welded onto upper-
and lower-cylinder halves by automatic welding machines.

Steel plates - is a plate of metal, specifically steel, that can be cut and manufactured
into a more elaborate product. Steel plates come in a range of thicknesses, and can be
manufactured to a length or width that you need.

Shot blasting machine - is a surface-preparation tool that uses blasting turbines to

accelerate and deliver steel grits or steel shots at high speeds onto the surface of a
solid object.

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INTRODUCTION

A fuel that is utilized in several home appliances for cooking, heating, and
producing hot water, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a source of energy that is present
in our daily lives. Due to its simplicity in becoming a liquid, it is known as liquefied gas.
To convert LPG from a gas to a liquid, all that is required is low pressure or refrigeration.
LPG has a 270-fold volume increase when it is converted to a gas. Since LPG is a liquid
that can only be stored and transported under pressure in a gas bottle, it makes sense
(e.g., propane tanks). Upon releasing some of the pressure in the gas bottle by turning
on your gas appliance, LPG transforms back into gas vapor.

As heaters, fireplaces, and gas hot water systems are all common in-home gas
equipment, LPG is first utilized on gas burners, cooktops, and ovens. Additionally, gas-
powered dryers are available. Outdoor gas appliances include grills, patio heaters, rooftop
fires, pizza ovens, and fire pits. There are countless varieties of business and industrial
uses. Among the less popular uses for LPG include hot air balloons powered by it,
Zamboni machines for ice rinks, and the use of it as a propellant gas in various aerosol
products.

Propylene, butane, isobutane, butylene’s, and combinations of these gases make up the
majority of LPG. Depending on the pressure and temperature of the LPG gas, it can either
be a liquid or a gas (vapor). The same gases found in LPG are also present in Natural
Gas Liquids (NGL), along with a few more gases. Ethane, ethene, butylene’s, propylene,
propene, isobutene, butadiene, pentane, pentene, and pentanes plus, as well as propane,
butane, and isobutane, are all included in the list of components for NGLs.

The volume of gas to the volume of liquid in LPG expansion is 270 times greater. In other
words, 1L of liquid LPG (propane) expands to 270L of gaseous LPG. Since a cubic meter
(m3) has a volume of 1000L, 1L of liquid LPG expands to 0.27m3.

The boiling temperature of LPD at 212°F or 100°C, water begins to boil and turn into a
gas (steam). LPG (propane), in contrast, boils at -42°C or -44°F and transforms into gas
vapor. Due to the pressure that LPG is under in a gas cylinder, it remains liquid.

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When propane reaches a temperature of between 470°C and 550°C (878°F and 1020°F),
it is said to be at its ignition temperature in air. The propane will ignite at this temperature
without the aid of a flame, spark, or other ignition source and the temperature of a propane
flame is 1967°C (3573oF).

The dew point for LPG-propane is the temperature at which the gas transforms into a
liquid state, a process known as liquefaction. Liquefaction, is a process that turns LPG
vapor into liquid LPG, is reliant on the vapor's temperature and pressure. The pressure
required to change a vapor into a liquid increase with the vapor's temperature. At 20 °C,
the pressure needed to cause the liquefaction of propane vapor is around 836 kPa, while
at 50 °C, it is approximately 1713 kPa. The vapor is easier to liquefy at lower
temperatures. At 20 °C, n-Butane vapor needs to be pressured to around 115 kPa, and
at 50 °C, it needs to be pressurized to about 510 kPa. The LPG supply chain includes
drilling wells, processing, transport, packaging, vaporization, gas regulators, and the
actual gas appliances. Oil and gas wells are used to obtain LPG. Typically, LPG is found
in mixes with other hydrocarbons like crude oil and natural gas. LPG is created by the
generation of natural gas and the extraction of petroleum.

When LPG is kept in gas tubes, cylinders, reservoirs, and other wide LPG storage vessels
at a reasonable pressure, it either remains a gas (vapour) or a liquid. Liquid LPG is almost
always shipped since its volume is 270 times more than that of gaseous LPG. LPG can
be transported by vehicles, rail, tanker trucks, intermodal containers, cylinder trucks,
pipelines, and local gas reticulation systems (propane). Most houses receive their LPG
via tankers or interchange cylinder deliveries into a sizable in-ground tank. When it comes
to BBQs, the majority of people take their empty gasoline bottles to a shop to be refilled
or replaced. LPG is compressed into a liquid at relatively low pressures and stored in
specialized gas bottles, cylinders, or tanks. Small BBQ gas bottles to bigger gas cylinders
and LPG storage tanks, LPG is normally stored as a liquid in steel or composite
containers. Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders, tanks, and bottles are generally safe to
use when used properly. You can use the safety advice shown below to use LPG with the
proper safeguards. Please always abide by the safety recommendations provided by the
manufacturers.

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Flowchart

COLLAR AND HANDLE BODY FOOTRING

SHEARING SHEARING SHEARING

BLANKING ROLLING
ROLLING

FORMING OF COLLAR DRAWING PIERCING

FORMING OF HANDLE
TRIMMING WELDING JOINT

PIERCING FORMING
WELD OF HANDLE&COLLAR

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 WELDING OF VALVE WELDING OF RING TO
BODY

WELDING

WELDING OF HANDLE &

COLLAR TO BODY

HEAT TREATMENT HYDROSTATIC TEST SHOT BLASTING

LOGO PRINTING STAMPING PAINTING

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VALVE FITTING 11KG MT-VAVLE AIR LEAKAGE TEST

FINAL PRODUCT

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DISCUSSION OF PROCESS
The LPG making process starts from its raw materials and using an
equipment and machineries it could make LPG. First is the testing or all the materials
that will be used in the process of making. The material used are steels or steel plates.
In creating the collar and handle, steel plates are being rolled in rolling machine until it
reaches the standard size of the collar. While the handle a steel tube or pipe are used
are curved using a curving machine. After the collar and handle are being made, it was
combined using a welding machine.

In the process the body or the cylinder body is made up of steel where it was sheared to
its size and it is cut to its ideal size. Next step after blanking is drawing where the steel
is pressed into its cylinder shape. After blanking, it is trimmed to remove the excess
metal to make it clean. Then it is punched or the piercing process where the upper cap
will have a hole for its opening of the valve. Since there will be a hole for the valve, the
next step is the welding of the valve in the upper cap of the body. After the valve has
welded in the upper cap of the body, the lower cap is as followed to be welded in the
upper cup.

The process of foot rings, the steel plates are first to be sheared into its ideal size and
will be put into the rolling machine. After rolling the steel plates, it was cut and pierced. It
will be curled and the end of the plates are welded to closed the circle of the footings.
The foot rings are being formed using a forming machine.

Since parts of the LPG are done, then it will be combined using a welding machine. First
is the collar and handle are attached to the cylinder body and the foot rings. After it was
assembled, treatments are used in LPG making process. The cylinder body will go
under the Heat treatment where the purpose of heat treatment is the relaxation of
welding tensions. The annealing temperature is generally 600 °c-640 °C (for industrial
gas cylinders) and 690±25℃ for LPG cylinders. There are two ways of heat treatment,
the intermediate furnace heat treatment and the natural gas treatment. The Intermediate
frequency furnace has just one temperature measurement point. The fundamental
concept is that as furnace power increases, the heating time is shorter. The heating
process takes 20–38 seconds. Heating time might easily result in blasting pressure from

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unqualified hydraulic pressure. While doing so, raise the volume to ratio. Unlike certain
firms, which do heat treatment in intermediate frequency furnaces. Minsheng employs
heat treatment with natural gas. more temperature monitoring locations; even cylinder
heating. To do a rigorous test study, we adjust the heating time and cylinder speed.
increases each cylinder's safety level.

The hydrotest or the hydraulic test, each steel cylinder on the production line is
subjected to the water pressure test after being heated. The pressure gauge cannot
drop, and the cylinder cannot be cracked or leak.

The LPG Cylinder Shot Blasting Machine is used to automatically clean the LPG
cylinders' surface by blasting grit material into a small chamber from the machine's
turbines. As they move through the blasting chamber at the machine's base, the LPG
cylinders are shot blasted.

After the hydraulic test and after the final goods are placed in each cylinder, the air
leakage test is conducted. The airtight time of YSP35.5 is 1min, and the test pressure is
1kg-3min under test pressure. Make sure that none of the cylinders are leaking air.

After all the necessary test is done, it is painted. When the paint is dry, the next step is
the logo printing and the stamping. Lastly, after all the steps are done the valve if being
fitted. The final product of LPG is done and transport.

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RAW MATERIALS
Steel Plates

Steel plates is a plate of metal, specifically steel, that can be cut and manufactured into
a more elaborate product. Steel plates come in a range of thicknesses, and can be
manufactured to a length or width that you need.

EQUIPMENT OR MACHINERIES
Rolling Machine

It is a machine that will roll different kinds of sheet metal into a round or conical shape. It
can be also called a “roll bending machine”, “plate bending machine” or “rolling
machine”. There are different kinds of technology to roll the metal plate.

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 LPG Cylinder Welding Machine

LPG Cylinder & Auto gas Tank Body Welding Line The guard rings and foot rings are
welded onto upper- and lower-cylinder halves by automatic welding machines. The
valve boss (neck ring) is welded onto the upper cylinder half and then the upper and
lower halves are welded together by automatic circumferential welding machines.

Heat Treatment Furnace

Heating chambers are what heat-treating furnaces are essentially, holding both the heat
and the steel stock inside a refractory vessel. There is a heat source heating the
furnace chamber. Depending on the need, the supply of heat must be adjusted. When
the furnace has reached the desired temperature and is to be maintained at that
degree, more heat is needed during the heating time, but almost a constant heat is
needed thereafter.

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 Blanking Machine

Blanking machine is a machine used to cut cylinder body parts in the desired
dimensions. Blanking machine uses a cutting die to cut the sheet. Blanking machine
has a discharging system as well as the cutting system.

Shot Blasting Machine

A shot blasting machine is a surface-preparation tool that uses blasting turbines to

accelerate and deliver steel grits or steel shots at high speeds onto the surface of a
solid object.

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 Circumferential Welding Machine

A particular kind of weld called a circumferential weld is used to bind two spherical
objects together all the way around. A circumferential weld can be created using a wide
range of welding techniques, and it can link together a number of material kinds and
material diameters. Corrosion may be a problem in the weld area.

Hole Drilling Machine

To create circular holes or drive fasteners, use a drill. It has a bit attached, either a drill
bit or a driver chuck. hand-operated models are becoming far less common, whereas
cordless, battery-powered models are becoming more common.

Air Leakage Testing Machine

The air leakage testing machine mainly uses the air tightness test of battery to detect
whether it leaks. The tester has a test pressure of 0 ~ 200KPa and is equipped with

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overvoltage alarm function. When the pressure in the test circuit changes suddenly, the
equipment will alarm automatically. When it exceeds the safety range, the equipment
will shut down automatically.

DEFECTS
Bulge - Visible swelling of the cylinder

Dent - A depression in the cylinder that has neither penetrated nor removed metal, and
its width at any point is greater than of the external cylinder diameter.

Cut or gouge - A sharp impression where metal has been removed or redistributed

Crack - A split or rift in the cylinder shell

Lamination Layering of the material within the cylinder wall appearing as a discontinuity,
crack, lap or bulge at the surface

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REFERENCES

What is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and how does it work? (2021, April 9). ES
Systems. https://esenssys.com/liquefied-petroleum-gas-guide/
lpg cylinder body welding line meaning - Search. (n.d.). Www.bing.com. Retrieved
October 26, 2022, from
https://www.bing.com/search?q=lpg+cylinder+body+welding+line+meaning&
FORM=HDRSC1
rolling machine meaning - Search. (n.d.). Www.bing.com. Retrieved October 26,
2022, from
https://www.bing.com/search?q=rolling+machine+meaning&qs=n&form=QBR
E&sp=-1&pq=rolling+machine+meaning&sc=9-
23&sk=&cvid=16517A5025E74C9C90D480AABA93D036&ghsh=0&ghacc=0&gh
pl=
propane tanks defects - Search. (n.d.). Www.bing.com. Retrieved October 26, 2022,
from
https://www.bing.com/search?q=propane+tanks+defects&qs=n&form=QBRE
&sp=-1&pq=propane+tanks+defects&sc=1-
21&sk=&cvid=421C09DF98F248049A47DAD62BADE70C&ghsh=0&ghacc=0&gh
pl=
Do you want to know the LPG cylinder manufacturing process. (n.d.). Longterm
Machine. Retrieved October 26, 2022, from https://lpgmachinery.com/lpg-
cylinder-manufacturing-process/

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