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Post-Lecture Quizzes / Further Practice Questions: BIOA02

Lecture 10
1. True or False: Osmotic pressure is created by the presence of dissolved solutes such as ions, sugars and
amino acids in an aqueous solution.
a. True.
b. False.
2. True or False: Proteins that are dissolved in an aqueous solution also contribute to the osmotic
pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
3. True or False: Cells such as red blood cells that are present in (but not dissolved in) an aqueous
solution such as blood plasma also contribute to the osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
4. True or False: Gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are dissolved in solution give rise to
the partial pressures of these gases in solution such as the pO2 and the pCO2.
a. True.
b. False.
5. True or False: Gases that are dissolved in solution (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) also contribute
to the osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
6. True or False: The greater the number of dissolved solutes in an aqueous solution, the greater it’s
osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
7. True or False: The greater the water concentration ([H2O]) in an aqueous solution, the greater it’s
osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
8. True or False: The lower the water concentration ([H2O]) in an aqueous solution, the greater it’s
osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
9. True or False: A solution with a low solute concentration/high water concentration has a higher
osmotic pressure than a solution with a high solute concentration/low water concentration.
a. True.
b. False.
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10. True or False: A solution with a high solute concentration/low water concentration has a higher
osmotic pressure than a solution with a low solute concentration/high water concentration.
a. True.
b. False.
11. True or False: Water molecules will move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low
solute concentration.
a. True.
b. False.
12. True or False: Water molecules will move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high
a. True.
b. False.
13. True or False: Water molecules will move across a semi-permeable membrane (such as a plasma
membrane) from an area of high osmotic pressure to an area of low osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
14. True or False: Water molecules will move across a semi-permeable membrane (such as a plasma
membrane) from an area of low osmotic pressure to an area of high osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
15. True or False: Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of
high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration.
a. True.
b. False.
low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
a. True.
b. False.
low water concentration to an area of high water concentration.
a. True.
b. False.
high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
a. True.
b. False.
high osmotic pressure to an area of low osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
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low osmotic pressure to an area of high osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
21. Which of the following do not contribute to the osmotic pressure in an aqueous solution?
a. Dissolved Na+, Ca++ and other ions.

b. Dissolved glucose and other sugars.
c. Dissolved amino acids.
d. Dissolved Proteins.
e. Cells such as red blood cells and white blood cells.
f. Dissolved gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.
g. D, E and F.
h. E and F.
22. Which of the following regarding osmosis is not correct?
a. Water moves across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high
b. Water moves across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low
water concentration.
c. Water moves across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high osmotic pressure to an area of low
osmotic pressure.
23. When we talk about osmoregulation, which of the following does this include?
a. Regulation of plasma ion concentrations.

b. Regulation of plasma osmolarity.
c. Regulation of plasma volume.
d. A and B.
e. A, B and C.
24. True or False: The regulation of intracellular ion concentrations, osmolarity and volume in the blood
and extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid) is the same; these compartments can be treated as one.
a. True.
b. False.
25. True or False: The regulation of intracellular ion concentrations, osmolarity and volume is “separate”
from the regulation of these factors in the blood and extracellular fluid.
a. True.
b. False.
26. Which one of the following points regarding salinity and osmolarity in freshwater and seawater is
false?
a. The salinity of freshwater is less than (<) 0.5 grams of dissolved solutes per kilogram of water.
b. The salinity of seawater (salt water) is approximately 35 grams of dissolved solutes per kilogram of water.
c. The osmolarity of freshwater is approximately 1-10 mOsm (milliosmoles).
d. The osmolarity of seawater is approximately 1000 mOsm.
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27. The osmolarity of seawater (salt water) is 1000 mOsm.

a. True.
b. False.
28. The osmolarity of seawater (salt water) varies around a mean of 1000 mOsm.
a. True.
b. False.
29. Which of the following osmotic pressures in these given groups of animals is not correct?
a. Elasmobranches (sharks and rays), 1018 mOsm

b. Marine invertebrates, approximately 300 mOsm.
c. Mammals and birds, 300 mOsm.
d. Freshwater teleosts, 290 mOsm.
e. Seawater teleosts, 330 mOsm.
30. True or False: If you plot the osmotic pressure in the blood versus the osmotic pressure in the water,
the line of unity in which blood osmotic pressure is equal to the water osmotic pressure is called the
isosmotic line.
a. True.
b. False.
31. True or False: An osmoregulator allows its blood osmotic pressure to fluctuate with fluctuations in
the water osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
32. True or False: An osmoconformer allows its blood osmotic pressure to fluctuate with fluctuations in
the water osmotic pressure.
a. True.
b. False.
33. True or False: A hyposmotic regulator maintains its blood osmotic pressure at levels greater than the
osmotic pressure in the water that it lives in.
a. True.
b. False.
34. True or False: A hyperosmotic regulator maintains its blood osmotic pressure at levels greater than
the osmotic pressure in the water that it lives in.
a. True.
b. False.
35. If blood osmotic pressure > water osmotic pressure an animal is a hyposmotic regulator
a. True.
b. False.
36. If blood osmotic pressure < water osmotic pressure an animal is a hyperosmotic regulator.
a. True.
b. False.
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37. Match osmoregulatory strategies below to either the shrimp, mussel or green crab.
a) A is a total osmoconformer. Its blood (actually haemolymph) osmotic pressure always falls on the
isosmotic line.
b) A is a partial osmoconformer. Its blood (actually haemolymph) osmotic pressure falls on the
isosmotic line at water osmotic pressures just over 1000 mOsm but is above the isosmotic line at water osmotic
pressures under, approximately, 000 mOsm.
c) A is considered to be a perfect osmoregulator. Its blood (actually haemolymph) osmotic pressure

remains constant regardless of the water osmotic pressure. The slight deviations from horizontal at the extreme
ends the water osmotic pressure range are trivial.
38. Which of the following are the osmoregulatory problems encountered by a freshwater teleost fish.
a. Ion loss by diffusion.

b. Ion gain by diffusion.
c. Water loss by osmosis.
d. Water gain by osmosis.
e. A and C.
f. A and D.
g. B and C.
h. B and D.
39. Which of the following are the osmoregulatory problems encountered by a saltwater teleost fish.
a. Ion loss by diffusion.

b. Ion gain by diffusion.
c. Water loss by osmosis.
d. Water gain by osmosis.
e. A and C.
f. A and D.
g. B and C.
h. B and D.
40. True or False: A freshwater teleost fish loses ions and gains water.
A. True.
B. False.
41. True or False: A seawater teleost fish gains ions and loses water.
A. True.
B. False.
42. True or False: A rainbow trout gains ions and loses water.
A. True.
B. False.
43. True or False: A Bluefin tuna fish loses ions and gains water.
A. True.
B. False.
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44. True or False: Ions are gained or lost by osmosis whereas water is gained or lost by diffusion.
A. True.
B. False.
45. Which of the following two points regarding freshwater teleost fish osmoregulation are incorrect?
a. Gain water by osmosis.

b. Lose ions by diffusion.
c. Do not drink because they are already gaining excess water by osmosis.
d. Excrete the excess water across the gills.
e. Recover lost ions using transport mechanisms on their gills.
f. Have some obligatory water and ion loss in the feces.
g. Are hyposmotic regulators.
h. Keep their blood osmotic pressure at a higher level than the osmotic pressure of the water.
46. True or False: When freshwater fish lose ions, most of this ion loss occurs across the huge surface
area of the gills.
a. True.
b. False.
47. True or False: Since freshwater fish lose most of their ions across their gills, the gills can play no role
in regulating blood ion levels or helping to compensate for this ion loss.
a. True.
b. False.
48. Which of the following points regarding the ionoregulation by the freshwater teleost gills are not
correct?
a. Ion regulation by the gills occurs via ATP-independent processes. It does not cost the fish energy.
b. Ion regulation by the gills is creates an electrical imbalance across the gills that requires the Na+-K+ ATPase
to correct.
c. Sodium ions (Na+) that are lost across the gills are recovered using a Na+-H+ (sodium-proton) antiporter than
brings a Na+ ion back into the fish (from the water) in exchange for a H+ ion (a proton) that was in the blood.
d. Chloride ions (Cl-) that are lost across the gills are recovered using the a Cl--HCO3- (chloride-bicarbonate)
exchanger that brings a Cl- ion back into the fish (from the water) in exchange for a HCO3- ion that was in the
blood.
e. Protons and bicarbonate ions can be considered “waste products” because CO2 is a waste product of
metabolism and in an aqueous solution, H2O + CO2 → H+ + HCO3-.
f. The fish gill is a multifunctional organ that is involved in gas exchange (breathing), ionoregulation and acid-
base regulation.
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49. Which of the following three points regarding seawater teleost fish osmoregulation are incorrect?
a. Loss water by osmosis.

b. Gain ions by diffusion.
c. Drink large quantities of water to recover the water lost by diffusion.
d. Produce very little urine.
e. Excrete the excess ions using mechanisms in their kidneys.
f. Have some obligatory water and ion loss in the feces.
g. Are hyposmotic regulators.
h. Keep their blood osmotic pressure at a higher level than the osmotic pressure of the water.
50. True or False: Seawater fish lose large quantities of water by osmosis.
A. True.
B. False.
51. True or False: In order to regain the water that they lose by osmosis, seawater teleost fish “drink like
a fish”.
A. True.
B. False
52. What is accomplished when a seawater teleost fish drinks seawater?
a. It solves the ion gain problem and the water loss problem.
b. It solves the water loss problem and the ion gain problem.
c. It solves the ion gain problem but makes the water gain problem worse.
d. It solves the water loss problem but makes the ion gain problem worse.
53. True or False: Drinking seawater solves a seawater teleost fish’s water loss problem but exacerbates
the ion gain problem.
A. True.
B. False.
54. True or False: The large amount of excess unwanted ions that the fish consumes when drinking
seawater are “dealt with” by excreting them across the gills.
A. True.
B. False.
55. In the fish gill there are two main types of cells, pavement cells (respiratory cells) and chloride cells
(mitochondrial-rich cells). With respect to ionoregulation, what are the primary “roles” of these two cell
types?
a. Ions are gained across chloride cells and excreted via the pavement cells.
b. Ions are gained across pavement cells and excreted via the chloride cells.
c. Ions are gained across pavement cells and chloride cells but are excreted via the pavement cells.
d. Ions are gained across pavement cells and chloride cells but are excreted via the chloride cells.
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56. True or False: The boundary layer is a very thin layer of relatively undisturbed water that is
immediately adjacent to the outside of the fish gill where it comes in contact with the seawater.
A. True.
B. False.
57. True or False: Without the boundary layer it would still be easy for the seawater teleost fish gill to
excrete Na+.
A. True.
B. False.
58. True or False: In the seawater teleost fish gill, chloride (Cl-) is excreted across the chloride cell down
it concentration gradient.
a. True.
b. False
.
59. True or False: In the seawater teleost fish gill, sodium (Na+) is excreted across the chloride cell down
it concentration gradient.
a. True.
b. False.
60. True or False: In the seawater teleost fish gill, sodium (Na+) is excreted between cells (i.e.,
paracellularly) down it concentration gradient.
a. True.
b. False.
61. True or False: In the seawater teleost fish gill, sodium (Na+) is excreted between cells (i.e.,
paracellularly) down an electrical gradient.
a. True.
b. False.
62. True or False: The apical membrane of a cell “faces” the extracellular fluid and blood.
a. True.
b. False.
63. True or False: The basolateral membrane of a cell in a teleost fish gill “faces” the water.
a. True.
b. False.
64. Which of the following ions move in or out of the teleost fish chloride cell via ion channels?
a. Na+ and K+.

b. Na+ and Cl-.
c. K+ and Cl-.
d. Na+, K+ and Cl-.
e. None of the above.
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65. Which of the following ions move in or out of the teleost fish chloride cell via an ATPase?
a. Na+ and K+.

b. Na+ and Cl-.
c. K+ and Cl-.
d. Na+, K+ and Cl-.
66. Which of the following ions move out of the teleost fish chloride cell via a co-transporter?
a. Na+ and K+.

b. Na+ and Cl-.
c. K+ and Cl-.
d. Na+, K+ and Cl-.
67. Which of the following ions move into teleost fish chloride cell via a co-transporter?
a. Na+ and K+.

b. Na+ and Cl-.
c. K+ and Cl-.
d. Na+, K+ and Cl-.
68. Which of the following locations is incorrect?
a. The chloride (Cl-) channel is located in the apical membrane next to the water.
b. The potassium (K+) channel is located in the basolateral membrane facing the ECF and blood.
c. The Na+-K+ ATPase is located in the apical membrane next to the water.
d. The K+-Na+-2Cl- co-transporter is located in the basolateral membrane facing the ECF and blood.
69. Which of the following only moves ions out of the SW-teleost chloride cell but not into them?
a. The chloride (Cl-) channel in the apical membrane.

b. The potassium (K+) channel the basolateral membrane.
c. The Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral membrane.
d. The K+-Na+-2Cl- co-transporter located in the basolateral membrane.
70. Which of the following only moves ions into the SW-teleost chloride cell but not out of them?

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71. Which of the following moves ions in and out of the SW-teleost chloride cell?

72. In the mechanism of ion regulation in the chloride cells of the seawater teleost fish gill, which of the
following ions “recycles” and through which of the transport components does it recycle?
a. Na+; through the K+-Na+-2Cl- and the Na+-K+ ATPase.

b. Na+; through the K+-Na+-2Cl- and the paracellular channels.
c. Cl-; through the K+-Na+-2Cl- and the Cl- channel.
d. K+; through the K+-Na+-2Cl- and the Na+-K+ ATPase.
e. K+; through the K+-Na+-2Cl- and the K+ channel.
f. K+; through the Na+-K+ ATPase and the K+ channel.
73. Below are the “events that occur in the ion-regulation process in the teleost fish chloride cell. Place
these events (or steps) in an order that makes sense such as the one described in the lecture. Note that the
order of several steps could be interchanged since some of the “middle” events could be expressed in a
different order.
(4) 3 Na+ ions are removed from the cell across the basolateral membrane in exchange for 2 K+ ions using the
Na+-K+ ATPase.
(7) The 3Na -2K+ exchange creates a gradient for Na+ movement into the cell.
(6) The Na+- K+- 2Cl- co-transport moves one Na+, one K+ and two Cl- ions into the cell across the basolateral
membrane.
(3) K+ diffuses from the cytosol back into the blood across the basolateral membrane via a K+ channel.
(2) Cl- is excreted, down its concentration gradient, via a Cl- channel on the apical membrane.
(1) The Cl- movement causes a negative charge to build-up in the boundary layer.
(5) Na+ is excreted paracellularly down an electrical gradient.
a. (4), (3), (6), (7), (1), (2), (5).

b. (4), (7), (6), (3), (2), (1), (5).
c. (6), (4), (5), (3), (7), (1), (2).
d. (6), (7), (3), (4), (5), (1), (2).
e. (5), (7), (6), (3), (2), (1), (4).
74. Below is the correct order of the ion-regulation events that occur in the teleost fish chloride cell. There
are two errors. Can you identify them?
Na+-K+ ATPase.
(2) The 3Na -2K+ exchange creates a gradient for Na+ movement out of the cell.
membrane.
(5) Cl- is excreted, down its concentration gradient, via a Cl- channel on the basolateral membrane.
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are two errors. Can you identify them?
Na+-K+ ATPase.
(3) The Na+- K+- Cl- co-transport moves one Na+, one K+ and one Cl- into the cell across the basolateral
membrane.
is one error. Can you identify it?
Na+-K+ ATPase.
membrane.
(4) K+ diffuses from the extracellular fluid into the blood across the basolateral membrane via a K+ channel.
is one error. Can you identify it?
Na+-K+ ATPase.
membrane.
(7) Na+ is excreted paracellularly down a chemical concentration gradient.
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Correct Sequence
Na+-K+ ATPase.
membrane.

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Post-Lecture Quizzes / Further Practice Questions: BIOA02

a. Dissolved Na+, Ca++ and other ions.

22. Which of the following regarding osmosis is not correct?

a. Regulation of plasma ion concentrations.

27. The osmolarity of seawater (salt water) is 1000 mOsm.

a. Elasmobranches (sharks and rays), 1018 mOsm

c) A is considered to be a perfect osmoregulator. Its blood (actually haemolymph) osmotic pressure

a. Ion loss by diffusion.

a. Ion loss by diffusion.

a. Gain water by osmosis.

a. Loss water by osmosis.

52. What is accomplished when a seawater teleost fish drinks seawater?

a. Na+ and K+.

a. Na+ and K+.

a. Na+ and K+.

a. Na+ and K+.

68. Which of the following locations is incorrect?

a. The chloride (Cl-) channel in the apical membrane.

a. The chloride (Cl-) channel in the apical membrane.

a. The chloride (Cl-) channel in the apical membrane.

a. Na+; through the K+-Na+-2Cl- and the Na+-K+ ATPase.

a. (4), (3), (6), (7), (1), (2), (5).

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