ETHICS

ACTIVITY I
1. Discuss the following (differences)
a. Ancient Philosophy
 Ancient philosophy comprises several ideas that arose in the earliest phases of numerous
intellectual traditions and are thus seen as our foundation or starting point. Moreover, it is
not centered on religious beliefs and Christianity; rather, it emphasizes an informal
education about reality and ideas that prioritizes environmental analysis.
b. Medieval Philosophy
 The medieval age of philosophy is referred to as the Christian era of philosophy. The
Church dominated the majority of Europe and parts of the Middle East, and philosophy
became an endeavor to comprehend Christianity. In addition, the arguments debated
throughout this time center on the relationship between faith and reason, the presence and
simplicity of God, the purpose of theology and metaphysics, and the issues of knowledge,
universals, and individuation.
c. modern Philosophy
 Modern philosophy is a philosophy developed in the modern era and connected to
modernity. Although it is not a distinct ideology or school, it is distinguished from
preceding philosophies by some underlying assumptions. In addition, this philosophy's
established methods of thinking about the mind, the body, and God were directly
threatened by a new mechanistic view of the cosmos in which natural laws guided the
movements of lifeless particles without the involvement of anything non-physical. In
response, philosophers created and polished a startling range of worldviews on human's
relation to the universe.  In doing so, they specified the majority of the fundamental
concepts future generations would use to address philosophical issues.

2. Explain the Theory of form (Plato)

 Plato's Theory of Forms is founded on the distinction between the physical domain and what
he named the realm of forms. The physical realm is simple to comprehend; it is the world in
which humans reside. This is the only world that humans truly encounter throughout their
lifetimes, and it is filled with tangible objects. Plato believed that the physical universe was
insufficient to describe some notions. He postulated the existence of a spiritual plane
referred to as the realm of forms. In this realm, the unchanging, refined conceptions
underlying physical reality existed.

Consider a triangle to comprehend the distinction between the realms of the physical and the
forms. If a person drew a triangle, it might contain angles that do not add up to 180 degrees
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and lines that are not perfectly straight. Nevertheless, a triangle may be identified. How can
this be, though, given it lacks all of the requisite triangular characteristics? Plato maintained
that the triangle a person draws in the physical domain is only a depiction of the perfect
triangle shape that exists in the realm of forms. Forms are distinguished from common items
by the capitalization of their names.

3. Explain the Theory of form (Aristotle)

 According to Aristotle, forms do not exist apart from things; rather, every form is the form of
some object. Without its "substantial" form, an object would be of a different sort or cease to
exist. "Black Beauty is a horse" gives a substantial form, horse, to a particular item, the
animal Black Beauty, without which Black Beauty would not exist. As opposed to substantial
forms, "accidental" forms may be lost or obtained by an object without altering its basic
essence. "Black Beauty is black" assigns an accidental form, blackness, to a certain animal,
who might change color (someone could paint him) without ceasing to exist.

Not only are substantial and incidental forms not formed, but they are also not everlasting.
They may be incorporated into an object during its creation, or they may be acquired
subsequently, as in the case of some accidental forms.

4. In Ancient Philosophy, the 8 Philosophers presented their own stuff just to answer the
question (Thales), “What is the basic stuff of everything?” In your own stand, if ever you
were one of them, what will be your own stuff? Why? Explain.

 In my view, ATOM is the basic stuff of everything. Since everything in the universe (with
the exception of energy) is formed of matter and an atom is the most basic particle of matter,
my theory postulated that everything originated from atoms. Consequently, everything in the
universe consists of atoms.

5. In Ancient and Medieval, did they discuss about the existence of God? If yes or no. why?
Support your answer.

 Ancient period: No, because people in this period are more focused on ideas such as human
nature, ethics, and moral dilemmas.
Medieval period: Yes, since major cultural and religious upheaval was common around this
time. Moreover, the medieval era is considered to be one of philosophical development,
heavily influenced by Christian theology.

6. With this presentation, how can we possibly really unite the idea of Philosophy to Ethics?
Explain.
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 The field of ethics focuses on the moral principles that govern human conduct. The study of
knowledge, truth, and significance is philosophy. The two disciplines can be united, as
philosophy often considers ethical questions, and ethics often use philosophical ideas to
better explain phenomena.