Project SPOTLIGHT

5G Networks
Architecture and research topics

Dr. Alexandros Kaloxylos

NKUA 7-3-2018
 Contents
• Quick Overview of LTE/SAE
• 5G networks use cases
• Main differences in RAN
• Main differences in the core network
• The 5G end-to-end view
• Analysis and research topics for V2X
communications
 Main targets for LTE/SAE
• Increase the transmission rates (uplink 50Mbps & downlink 100
Mbps – These values are related for bandwidth of 20 ΜΗz)
• Minimize the delay for session establishment
• Increase the transmission rate in the border of a cell
• Simplify the architecture
• Smaller cost for the transmission of one bit
• Flexibility in spectrum usage (1,25 MHz, 1,6 MHz, 2.5 MHz,
5MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz)
• Natively supporting packet switching
• Backward compatibility and interworking with other access
systems
• Minimize the energy consumption for UEs
LTE Frequencies
LTE TDD & FDD
Design principles for the architecture
 Overall Architecture

EPS - Evolved Packet System

SAE - System Architecture Evolution

EPC - Evolved Packet Core

LTE - Long Term Evolution

3GPP Architecture Domains
3GPP Releases
3GPP Releases
3GPP Releases
Αρχιτεκτονική συστήματος
LTE System Architecture
 eNode B Functions
• Functions for Radio Resource Management
– Radio Bearer Control
– Radio Admission Control
– Connection Mobility Control
– Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs, both in the uplink and in
downlink.
• IP header compression and encryption of user data.
• Selection of MME at UE attachment
• Routing of user plane data towards Serving Gateway
• Scheduling and transmission of paging messages
• Scheduling and transmission of broadcast message
• Measurements for mobility and scheduling
 Mobility Management Entity (MME)
• NAS signaling (e.,g location management)
• Tracking Area list management
• NAS signalling security
• UE Reachability in ECM-IDLE state (including control and execution of
paging retransmission)
• PDN GW and Serving GW selection
• MME selection for handovers with MME change
• SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G 3GPP access networks
• Roaming (S6a towards home HSS)
• Authentication
• Authorization
• Bearer management functions including dedicated bearer establishment
• Lawful Interception of signalling traffic
 Serving gateway (S-GW)
For each UE associated with the EPS, at a given point of time, there is a
single Serving GW.
• Packet routing and forwarding;
• Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility (terminating S4 and
relaying the traffic between 2G/3G system and PDN GW);
• ECM-IDLE mode downlink packet buffering and initiation of network
triggered service request procedure;
• Lawful Interception;
• Transport level packet marking in the uplink and the downlink, e.g.
setting the DiffServ Code Point, based on the QCI of the associated
EPS bearer;
• Charging
• Accounting for inter-operator charging. For GTP-based S5/S8, the
Serving GW generates accounting data per UE and bearer;
 Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-
GW)
• PDN GW functions include for both the GTP-based and the PMIP-
based S5/S8:
• Per-user based packet filtering (by e.g. deep packet inspection);
• Lawful Interception;
• UE IP address allocation;
• Transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, e.g.
setting the DiffServ Code Point, based on the QCI of the associated
EPS bearer;
• Accounting for inter-operator charging;
• UL and DL service level charging
• UL and DL service level rate enforcement (e.g. by rate
policing/shaping per SDF);
Network Functions
 RRM Functions
• Radio Bearer Control (RBC)
The establishment, maintenance and release of Radio Bearers through the the configuration of radio resources
associated with them. Takes into account the overall resource situation in E-UTRAN, the QoS requirements of in-
progress sessions and the QoS requirement for the new service. RBC is also concerned with the maintenance of
radio bearers of in-progress sessions at the change of the radio resource situation due to mobility or other
reasons.

• Radio Admission Control (RAC)The task of radio admission control (RAC) is to admit or reject the establishment
requests for new radio bearers. In order to do this, RAC takes into account the overall resource situation in E-
UTRAN, the QoS requirements, the priority levels and the provided QoS of in-progress sessions and the QoS
requirement of the new radio bearer request. The goal of RAC is to ensure high radio resource utilization (by
accepting radio bearer requests as long as radio resources available) and at the same time to ensure proper QoS
for in-progress sessions (by rejecting radio bearer requests when they cannot be accommodated)..

• Connection Mobility Control (CMC)

Connection mobility control (CMC) is concerned with the management of radio resources in connection with idle
or connected mode mobility. In idle mode, the cell reselection algorithms are controlled by setting of parameters
(thresholds and hysteresis values) that define the best cell and/or determine when the UE should select a new
cell. Also, E-UTRAN broadcasts parameters that configure the UE measurement and reporting procedures. In
connected mode, the mobility of radio connections has to be supported. Handover decisions may be based on UE
and eNB measurements. In addition, handover decisions may take other inputs, such as neighbour cell load, traffic
distribution, transport and hardware resources and Operator defined policies into account.
 RRM Functions
• Dynamic Resource Allocation (DRA) - Packet Scheduling (PS)
The task of dynamic resource allocation (DRA) or packet scheduling (PS) is to allocate and de-
allocate resources (including buffer and processing resources and resource blocks (i.e. chunks)) to
user and control plane packets. DRA involves several sub-tasks, including the selection of radio
bearers whose packets are to be scheduled and managing the necessary resources (e.g. the power
levels or the specific resource blocks used). PS typically takes into account the QoS requirements
associated with the radio bearers, the channel quality information for UEs, buffer status,
interference situation, etc. DRA may also take into account restrictions or preferences on some of
the available resource blocks or resource block sets due to inter-cell interference coordination
considerations.

• Inter-cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)

Inter-cell interference coordination has the task to manage radio resources such that inter-cell
interference is kept under control. ICIC mechanism includes a frequency domain component and
time domain component. ICIC is inherently a multi-cell RRM function that needs to take into
account information (e.g. the resource usage status and traffic load situation) from multiple cells.
The preferred ICIC method may be different in the uplink and downlink. The frequency domain ICIC
manages radio resource, notably the radio resource blocks.

• For the time domain ICIC, Almost Blank Subframes (ABSs) are used to protect resources receiving
strong inter-cell interference. MBSFN subframes can be used for time domain ICIC when they are
also included in ABS patterns. The eNB cannot configure MBSFN subframes as ABSs when these
MBSFN subframes are used for other usages (e.g., MBMS, LCS).
 Other core network elements
 HSS - Home Subscriber Server
 Data base containing the profile of users
 AuC - Authentication Center

 PCRF - Policy Control and Charging Rules Function

 Operator’s policies for charging and traffic steering
User Plane protocols
Control plane protocols
Bearer access across the interfaces
A simplified view of RAN
 MAC Layer

Note: RRC decides how MAC will behave. For example RRC tells MAC to configure a specific PDU size
RACH procedure
 RACH procedure
https://www.eventhelix.com/lte/random-access-procedure/lte-random-access-procedure.pdf
 Hybrid ARQ
• The Hybrid Automatic Repeat-reQuest (HARQ) process, done in combination
between the MAC and the PHY, retransmits transport blocks (TBs) for error
recovery
• The MAC indicates a NACK when there’s a transport block CRC failure
• Eventually, after one or two attempts, there will be enough data to reconstruct the
signal. In HARQ operation, the retransmission does not have to be fully correct. It
has to be correct enough that it can be combined mathematically with the
previous transport block in order to produce a good transport block. This is the
most efficient way of providing this ARQ function. It does operate at the transport
block level, there is another ARQ process mechanism operating at the RLC.
• Adapts SAW (Stop And Wait) processes. Multiple HARQ processes can run in
parallel to retry several outstanding TBs. In LTE FDD there are 8 SAW process.
DL-SCH data transfer
UL-SCH data transfer
 Scheduling strategies (examples)
• Round robin scheduler: Simplest in the literature.
Divide available resources among active flows
• Proportional fair scheduler: Schedule a user when its
instantaneous channel quality is high relative to its own
average channel condition over time
• Maximum Throughput Scheduler: Aims to maximize
the overall throughput of eNB. Allocate each RB to the
user that can achieve the maximum achievable rate in
the current TTI
• Blind average throughput scheduler: Aims to provide
equal throughput to all UEs under one eNB.
 Scheduling
• eNB allocated physical layer resources (PRB &
MCS) for the UL-SCH and DL-SCH.
• Allocations may be valid for more than TTI
(1msec)
• Semi-persistent scheduling reduces control
overhead (VoIP produces frames every 10 to
20 msec)
Radio Link Control RLC
RLC Modes
Packet Data Convergence Protocol-
PDCP
PDCP Functions
ROHC
Radio Resource and Control - RRC
 Radio Resource and Control - RRC

•Broadcast of System Information related to the non-access stratum

(NAS);
•Broadcast of System Information related to the access stratum (AS);
•Paging;
•Establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between
the UE and E-UTRAN
•Establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point
Radio Bearers;
•Mobility functions
•QoS management functions;
•UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting;
 RRC States

RRC-IDLE: RRC-CONNECTED:
• PLMN Selection: Detect PLMN of cells and identify the Control Plane
cell to camp on. • eNB context and RRC connection
• Cell Selection and Reselection : Performs neighboring • Network can transmit and/or receive data
cell measurement and do reselection to/from UE
• Tracking Area Monitoring • Neighbor cell measurement
• Broadcast message reception: Acquire MIB and SIB User Plane
• Paging : Monitors the paging channel • UE can transmit and/or receive data to/from
• DRX reception network
• Monitors control signaling channel
• Reports CQI and feedback information to eNB.
• Connected Mode DRX
Delay from IDLE to CONNECTED
Step Descr iption Dur ation
0 Approaching area of interest
1 Average delay due to RACH scheduling pe riod 5msec
2 RACH Preamble 1msec
3 Preamble detection and transmission of RA 5msec
response (Time between the end RACH
transmission and UE’s reception of scheduling
grant and timing adjustment)
4 UE Processing Delay (decoding of scheduling 2.5msec
grant, timing alignment and C-RNTI assignment
+ L1 encoding of RRC Connection Request)
5 TTI for transmission of RRC Conne ction 1msec
Request
6 HARQ Retransmission (@ 30%) 0.3 *5ms
7 Processing delay in eNB (Uu –> S1-C) 4ms
8 S1-C Transfer delay Ts1c (2 – 15msec)
9 MME Processing Delay (including UE context 15msec
retrieval of 10ms)
10 S1-C Transfer delay Ts1c (2 – 15msec)
11 Processing delay in eNB (S1-C –> Uu) 4msec
12 TTI for transmission of RRC Conne ction Setup 1.5msec
(+Average alignment)
13 HARQ Retransmission (@ 30%) 0.3 *5msec
14 Processing delay in UE 3msec
15 TTI for transmission of L3 RRC Connection 1msec
Complete
16 HARQ Retr ansmission (@ 30% ) 0.3 *5msec
Total LTE I DLE to ACTI V E delay (C-plane 47.5msec + 2 *
establishment) Ts1c
RRC Connection establishment
Handover X2
Latency contributions of protocol stack
layers
Sub-layer Function Overall latency contribution
PDCP RoHC 20.01%
De-ciphering 59.16%
Header processing 7.83%
RLC Reassembly 8.60%
Re-ordering 0.40%
Header processing 1%
MAC De-mux 0.84%
Header processing 2.16%
LTE Attach
NAS communication
Paging
 Mobility Management in LTE
TA List 1: TA1, TA2
MME TA List 2: TA2, TA3

TA Update
Paging

TA1 TA2
TA3
RRC AND NAS states in LTE
EMM, ECM, TRANSITIONS
EMM, ECM, RRC states and bearers
LTE channel Architecture

53
Channels and protocol stack
 LTE Downlink Channels

Paging Control Channel

Paging Channel

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

55
LTE Downlink Logical Channels

56
LTE Downlink Logical Channels

57
LTE Downlink Transport Channel

58
LTE Downlink Transport Channel

59
LTE Downlink Physical Channels

60
LTE Downlink Physical Channels

61
 LTE Uplink Channels

Random Access Channel

CQI report
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Physical Radio Access Channel

62
LTE Uplink Logical Channels

63
LTE Uplink Transport Channel

64
LTE Uplink Physical Channels

65
 LTE identifiers
(http://nashvillelibrary.dyndns.org:823/YourFreeLibrary/_lte/Identifiers/NMC.LTE%20Identifiers.v1.0.pdf)
 LTE Basic Terminology
• Resource Element: smallest unit of
transmission. 1 subcarrier
(frequency domain) for 1 symbol
duration (time domain)
• Subcarrier spacing: Space between
individual subcarriers 15KHz
• Cyclic Prefix: a set of samples
duplicated by the end of a symbol to
the beginning of the symbol (absorb
ISI)
• Time slot: 0.5 ms time period
corresponding to 7 OFDM symbols
(and 7 CPs) with normal CP of 5 usec
(6 symbols and 6 CPs if CP of 17 usec
is used)
 LTE Basic Terminology

• Resource block: 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain and 1 one

time slot (0.5 msec). This is equal to 12 *7=84 Resource Elements
• LTE Subframe or Transmission Time Interval (TTI): two slots (1 msec)
• LTE Frame: 10 msec or 10 subframes or 20 slots
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Relationship between Bandwidth and
resource block
• 10% of total bandwidth allocated for guard
bands (not valid for 1.4 MHz)
• How many subcarriers and RBs in 20MHz?
– 10% of 20MHz = 2MHz as guard band. Effective
bandwidth is 18MHz
– Number of subcarriers = 18MHz/15KHz = 1200
– Number of RBs = 18MHz/180 KHz = 100
LTE frequencies and effective BW
 Multiplexing
• LTE supports both FDD and TDD
• FDD is also called paired spectrum e.g., FDD 20 MHz
means a pair of 20 MHz for Downlink and 20 MHz for
uplink) - Symmetric
• TDD is also called unpaired. 20 MHz TDD means that
spectrum is shared between uplink and downlink -
Asymmetric
 Modulation
• As per Rel. 8
– Downlink: QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM
– Uplink: QPSK, 16 QAM
 Coding Rate
• Coding rate: the proportion of the data-
stream that is useful (non-redundant). That
is, if the code rate is k/n, for every k bits of
useful information, the coder generates
totally n bits of data, of which n-k are
“redundant”.
• E.g., 16 QAM with coding rate of 0.5, it
means this modulation has 50% of efficiency
i.e. as 16QAM can carry 4 bits but with
coding rate of 0.5, it can carry 2 information
bits and rest of the 2bits for redundancy of
information.
• LTE is using MCS (Modulation and Coding
scheme) 0 to 28 MCS in Downlink and 22
MCSs in uplink as per Rel 8
 3GPP TS 36.213
MCS to Transport Block Size
e.g., MCS 28 = 64 QAM with least coding

For example, with 100 RBs and MCS index of 28, the
TBS is 75376. Assume 4x4 MIMO, the peak data rate
will be 75376 x 4 = 301.5 Mbps.
 DL and UL Throughput calculation for
LTE FDD
• Specification Used from 36.213
– Modulation and TBS index table7.1.7.1-1 is used for Modulation and TBS index
mapping
– Resource block and TBS index mapping table 7.1.7.2.1-1 is used for TB size

• Bandwidth – 20MHz
• Multiplexing scheme - FDD
• UE category- Cat. 3
• Modulation supported- as per Cat 3 TBS index 26 for DL (75376 for
100RBs) and 21 for UL (51024 for 100 RBs)
• So the throughput can be calculated by a simple formula:
• Throughput = Number of Chains x TB size
• So DL throughput = 2 x 75376 =150.752 Mbps
• UL throughput = 1 x51024 =51.024 Mbps
• We consider for the example 2 receive chains and one transmit chain.
 LTE TDD Frame Structure
• Selection of TDD is on operator’s
choice.
• E.g., heavily download based TDD
Config 2 or config 5
• E.g., heavily upload based RDD config
0
• 50:50 based then TDD config 1 or
TDD config 3
 LTE TDD Frame Structure
1. GP implements the DL->UL transition
point and the GP has to be large
enough to cover the propagation delay
of DL interferers.
Its length determines the maximum
supportable cell size.
2. DwPTS is considered as a “normal” DL
subframe and carries reference signals
and control information as well as data
for those cases when sufficient duration
is configured.
3. UpPTS is primarily intended for
sounding reference signals (SRS)
transmission from UE. Mainly used for
RACH transmission.
DL and UL Throughput calculations for
LTE TDD
Example
• Bandwidth – 20MHz
• Multiplexing Scheme- TDD
• TDD Configuration- 2 (D-6, S-2 and U-2)
• Special Subframe configuration-7 (DwPTS-10, GP-
2 and UpPTS-2)
• UE category- Cat. 3
• Modulation supported- as per Cat 3 TBS index 26
for DL (75376 for 100RBs) and 21 for UL (51024
for 100 RBs)
DL and UL Throughput calculations for
LTE TDD
Example
• DL Throughput = Number of Chains x TB size x (Contribution by DL
Subframe + Contribution by DwPTS in SSF)
• UL Throughput = Number of Chains x TB size x (Contribution by UL
Subframe + Contribution by UpPTS in SSF)
• TB size for DL is 75376 and for UL it is 51024 for category 3 UE
• DL throughput = 2 x 75376 x [(0.6+0.2x (10/14)]
– Here 0.6 or 60% contribution is by 6 DL subframe and [0.2(10/14)] factor
contribution by Special subframe comes twice whose 10 symbols out of 14 are
for downlink.
– So DL throughput= 2 x 75376 x (0.742857)= 111.9872 Mbps ~ 112 Mbps
• UL throughput = 1 x51024 x [(0.2+0.2x (2/14)]
– Here 0.2 or 20% contribution is by 2 UL subframe and [0.2 x (2/14)] factor
contribution by Special subframe comes twice whose 2 symbols out of 14 are
for uplink.
– So UL throughput= 1 x51024 x (0.228571) = 11.66263 ~12 Mbps.
 Average cell throughput calculations
for LTE
• Average SINR distribution table (system level result), which provides the SINR probability
• Average throughput or spectral efficiency versus average SINR table (link level result)
• For urban channel model and a fixed inter-site distance of 1732m, 20 MHz bandwidth, 4×4
MIMO configuration

• Average Cell Throughput=Σ(Pi*Ri)

• Pi=Probability of occurrence of a specific SINR value
at cell edge obtained using simulations
Ri=Average throughput corresponding to SINR
range
• Let us consider the following distribution for the
SINR at the cell edge:
• P1=0.5 (SINR=1.50-3.50 dB)
P2=0.25 (SINR=3.50-7.00 dB)
P3=0.15 (SINR=7.00-9.50 dB)
P4=0.10 (SINR=9.50-11.50 dB)
• Cell
Throughput=(0.50*6)+(0.25*8)+(0.15*12)+(0.10*16)=8.4
Mbps
 LTE Resource Grid
http://niviuk.free.fr/lte_resource_grid.html
 LTE Resource Grid
http://niviuk.free.fr/lte_resource_grid.html
Design principles for the architecture