Advanced Engineering Mathematics

2021.1105 .FRI
REVIEW :\
1
9.5 Curves. Arc Length. Curvature. Torsion

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Mt) → VH1 → alt)

,,

• Curves in Mechanics. Velocity. Acceleration

– Curves serve as path of moving body in mechanics
"
80¥84
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– Curve is represented by a parametric representation r(t) with t.

*
– The tangent vector of C is the velocity vector.
drct)
• 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝒓′(𝒕) =

dt
"
"
Force

F- ME
*
– The second derivative of r(t) is the acceleration vector.
• 𝐚 𝒕 = 𝒗′ 𝒕 = 𝒓"(𝒕)
 < •
Advanced Engineering Mathematics ⑥
Anorm A
• t L
r
>
Atan ✓
EE A -5-0
•
,
gt¥E ⑥
T
7¥ >TIE -1-0
• =
const .

9.5 Curves. Arc Length. Curvature. Torsion

• The velocity vector: always tangent to the path of motion,

• The acceleration vector: generally have another direction.
– We can split the acceleration vector into two directional components.
2tIEE( Atan Et ¥2M ) .

"

• 𝒂 = min
𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎 > >

✓ Anorm EIN
– Tangential acceleration vector: tangent to the path (or, sometimes 0 )
– Normal acceleration vector: normal to the path (or, sometimes 0 )

• The chain rule " set) : arc length

si → 2K

𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒔 scalar (a)42¢ .
-1
"
2ft
– 𝒗 𝒕 = = =𝒖 𝒔 y
.

( proof),
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 scalar =L
↳ 711 -49-11+1-4 d%±d¥
.

s
𝒅𝒗 𝒅 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝟐 𝒔 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒔 𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝒔
– 𝒂 𝒕 = = 𝒖 𝒔 = +𝒖 𝒔 = +𝒖 𝒔
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕𝟐 '
𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕𝟐
1 ② D
'
① ②
②
A B tan)
a
norm .
Atan
Advanced Engineering Mathematics

9.5 Curves. Arc Length. Curvature. Torsion

normal
Anorm 1- Atan
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒔 𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝒔
• 𝒂 = 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎 = +𝒖 𝒔
𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒕 scalar
𝒅𝒕𝟐
scalar

µcÑ= Ill .it/--L .

– If tangent vector u(s) has constant length ( 𝒖 𝒔 = 𝟏), ↳H¥y' y + you'~=0

•

mum
→
24 .I=0
𝒅𝒖
• is perpendicular to u(s). [Ex4. in Ch9.4] d÷ I
𝒅𝒔 +

Scalar
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒔 𝟐
• 𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎 = : the normal acceleration vector
dir
" 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒕 7
'
i
↳
𝒅𝟐 𝒔 get)=0t② I
• 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝒖 𝒔 : the tangential acceleration vector ②
ganorm
𝒅𝒕𝟐 I

¥ I
run → Vlt) → act)
1ODatan1@1NMNNWI.y
It )

• |𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏 |: the absolute value of the projection of 𝒂 in the direction of 𝒗

𝒂∘𝒗 𝒂∘𝒗 𝒗 𝒂∘𝒗 *

– 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏 = → 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏 = = 𝒗 → 𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎 = 𝒂 − 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏

|𝒗| |𝒗| 𝒗 𝒗∘𝒗
www.TFEo-z-gi-o-t.cscalar)
=/ G. ICOSO
Unit vector to velocity direction
Advanced Engineering Mathematics

9.5 Curves. Arc Length. Curvature. Torsion

• Ex7. Centripetal (구심) / Centrifugal (원심) Forces rt) → Vt) → acts

– 𝒓 𝒕 = 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕, 𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 = (𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕)𝒊 + (𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕)𝒋

)=[-RwsinWt Rwcosaot] Fcentripetae
[
=
ME
→
It ,

= -
Murrey
✗ tht Rauf / strut -105%-1)
"

Fcentrifyae =
ME
=L
"
V=RW =mw2IC-4
, →
W=¥
It
KEE
-
→ qty =[-Rufcoswt ,
-
Rufstnwt ] r
,

a- Wti,
-1=0
WITH ¥984 8¥: ÉtEkt!
=
-
→ -
rose
•

( 7¥ >TEE )

IA~lt.tl = Ruf

a=Rw2=(Rw)W = VW =

entrip.ae/- Mrw2=mrI
Advanced Engineering Mathematics

9.5 Curves. Arc Length. Curvature. Torsion

"

7¥ Et n

• Ex8. Coriolis Acceleration

– Our aim: A projectile (발사체, 포탄) moves with constant speed along a
mum

meridian of the rotating earth. (i.e. let us assume a desired trajectory.)

minyanim
.

– 𝒃 𝒕 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕)𝒊 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕)𝒋 (𝝎: angular speed of the earth)

(2D)

I rot
1-
• En
– 𝒓 𝒕 = 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜸𝒕 𝒃(𝒕) + 𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜸𝒕 𝒌 (R: radius of the earth)
where 𝜸: 수직(북쪽) 방향으로 발사된 포탄의 지구중심에 대한 각속도 13 D.)

– The interaction of the two rotations

9 •

R
0=8-1

diaryµ not
got2- met

to
↳ ←
•

=
0 =Wt

⇒311¥
=

French
engineer .
Advanced Engineering Mathematics 𝒃 𝒕 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕)𝒊 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕)𝒋 (𝝎: angular speed of the earth)
*
𝒓 𝒕 = 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜸𝒕 𝒃(𝒕) + 𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜸𝒕 𝒌 (R: radius of the earth)
where 𝜸: 수직(북쪽) 방향으로 발사된 포탄의 지구중심에 대한 각속도

9.5 Curves. Arc Length. Curvature. Torsion

1 :÷:;÷÷÷÷::÷:÷÷⇒
• Ex8. Coriolis Acceleration

North
Ict) =
bit> Rcosrt-k.lt/-RrsTnrt3tRrcosrtFr HEEL .

)=r~"t4=b Rcosrt
at -1b¥ } -
Rrsinrt}

+ b~kbl-Rrsinr-3-b~tdl-nrfcosrtf-risinrt.fr ~

Rcosrtufkt-2rpstnrtk.lt) / Rcosrtblt)tRsinrtk}
'
= - -

r
" ¥¥
:#
"

"⇒→
71¥ >TEE ↳ "
coriolis Hz¥¥
I
.

↳
centripetal by Earth rotation .
↳ centripetal
(IEt⇐tFÉ¥) by projectile motion .
R

rtf
'

•
¥ Rcosrt

> b'
Advanced Engineering Mathematics

9.5 Curves. Arc Length. Curvature. Torsion

• Ex8. Coriolis Acceleration

I
– Textbook P. 389 says
• The projectile B of mass experiences a force - 𝒎𝟎 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒓 opposite to 𝒎𝟎 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒓 which
tends to let B deviate from M to the right (and in the Southern Hemisphere, to the
left).

– 부연
IE
• 포탄이 북쪽으로 수직 이동하지만, 관찰자가 자전과 함께 돌아가기 때문에 우측으
로 휘는 것처럼 보이는 것이 코리올리스 효과입니다.

• 예제 8: r(t)는 마치 포탄이 관찰자의 북쪽으로 수직 이동하는 것처럼 보이도록 설정

• 그러므로, 이러한 수직 직선운동을 하려면 우측으로 편향되는 것과 반대방향의 가

I
상 힘이 있어야 한다 → 지구자전 반대방향 즉 -b' 방향 코리올리스 가속도가 유도됨
Advanced Engineering Mathematics

9.5 Curves. Arc Length. Curvature. Torsion

• Ex8. Coriolis Acceleration

– 1. Atmospheric airflow IIHF .

– 2. Missiles and rockets

• 중위도에서 3000km/h 로 발사 후 60km마다 1km 우측편향
45°
right

tote

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