DESIGN OF PORTABLE COCONUT MILK EXTRACTOR

Kenneth Hamilton Anak Munsang

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

SF (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering)
247
K36 2008
2008
 UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul: DESIGN OF PORTABLE COCONUT MILK EXTRACTOR

SESI PENGAJIAN : 2007/2008

Saya, KENNETH HAMILTON ANAK MUNSANG

(HURUFBESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik,

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat
salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membanguankan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat
salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan (4) di kotak yang berkenaan.

SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yand berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia

seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telahditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di

mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

TIDAK TERHAD

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)

Alamat tetap: NO. 12 KAMPUNGTEMUDUK PN ANA SAKURAZAINALABIDIN

95000SRI AMAN
SARAWAK

Tarikh: 201-Slog Tarikh: 3o//O 11

CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda
** Jika tesis ini SULIT dan TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT dan TERHAD.
 APPROVAL SHEET

This project report attached here to, entitle "Design of Portable Coconut Milk

Extractor" prepared and submitted by KENNETH HAMILTON ANAK MUNSANG-

12125 as a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of

Engineering with Honours in Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering is hereby

read and approve by:

. ý, 5/0ý
PN ANA SA'KURA' ZAINAL ABIDIN Date

SUPERVISOR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank god for giving blessing and permission to

complete this Final Year Project. A special thanks to my supervisor, Pn Ana Sakura Zainal

Abidin who had given her full support and guidance through this project. I also would like to

thank both of my parents, Mr. Munsang Buja and Mrs Phyllis Bell. Not forgettable to all my

siblings, thank you for all your support.

In addition, thanks to all the workshop technicians such as Mr Masri, Mr Rhyier,

Mdm Hasmiza, Mr Zaidi Suhai and Mr Sabariman for their helps, idea and support. Their

guidance had assisted me in finishing the machine fabrication process.

I also would like to send special gratitude to all my friends such as Mohd Asri,

Norazman, Rexca and Muhik Team for opinions, encouragement and criticism that had

successfully motivated me to complete the model thus enabling me to finish this report. Last

but not least to everyone who had assisted me either directly or indirectly until the

completion of the project to develop a Portable Coconut Milk Extracting Machine. Thank

You!

ii
 ABSTRACT

Coconut milk extractor is a device to extract fresh coconut milk. It becomes an

alternative for conventional extracting method nowadays. This type of method is more

reliable in term of processing time, hygiene, safety and requires less processing method.

This thesis presents the process of design, fabrication, and experiment analysis of a

portable mock up model coconut milk extractor. The target group and potential

customers are busy urban society especially working housewives and Small and

Medium Industries (SMI). The aim of the project is to reduce size and cost of the

machine than the one which is used in this industry. Thorough extracting methods and

market studies are discussed in order to improve the design. Material availability and

fabrication utilities are considered in the machine prototype construction. Final testing

and performance of the prototype such as the amount of coconut milk can be extracted

and the efficiency of the prototype is measured. The design is hoped to be able to extract

a sufficient amount of coconut milk and acts as a user friendly gadget in the kitchen

hence compete against other existing machines available in the market today.

iii
 ABSTRAK

Mesin pemerah santan kelapa adalah alat yang digunakan untuk memerah santan

kelapa segar. Mesin ini dijadikan sebagai salah satu alternatif kepada cara tradisional

yang biasa digunakan oleh pengguna untuk memerah santan. Selalunya penggunaan

mesin adalah lebih berdaya saing dari segi masa pemprosesan, kebersihan, keselamatan

dan aturan pemprosesan. Tesis ini menerangkan tentang proses mereka, membina dan

menganalisis eksperimen yang telah dijalankan terhadap mesin pemerah santan ini.

Sasaran utama pengguna adalah mereka yang tinggal di kawasan bandar yang sibuk dan

kekurangan masa untuk menyediakan sendiri santan kelapa segar. Golongan tersebut

adalah seperti pengusaha Industri Kecil dan Sederhana dan suri rumah yang bekerja.

Misi utama projek ini adalah untuk mengurangkan saiz dan kos mesin berbanding

mesin-mesin pemerah santan yang terdapat di pasaran sekarang. Kesulitan untuk

mendapatkan bahan dan proses pembuatan mesin akan dibincangkan secara menyeluruh.

Ujian terhadap prestasi mesin seperti kuantiti santan yang diperolehi dan kecekapan

operasi mesin akan diambil kira. Rekaan ini diharap dapat menghasilkan kuantiti santan

yang mencukupi dan bertindak sebagai mesin yang mesra pengguna. Akhir sekali mesin

ini berupaya untuk bersaing dengan mesin-mesin pemerah santan lain yang terdapat di

pasaran pada masa kini.

IV
 tka4enºii
pllSat irºxllJylcai i1i::,vLiLat
MALAYSIA SARAWAK
UNIVERSITI

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 11

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK IV

CONTENTS V

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

CONTENT PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Objectives 2

1.3 Scope 2

1.4 Contributions 3

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Coconut Information 5

V
 2.2.1 Types of Coconut 6

2.2.1.1 Tall 7

2.2.1.2 Dwarf 8

2.2.2 Coconut Diversity 8

2.2.3 Coconut Nutrition Facts 10

2.3 Market Study 11

2.3.1 Coconut Producers and Exporters 11

2.3.1.1 Coconut Plantation Areas 13

2.4 Development Process 14

2.4.1 Conventional Extraction Method 14

2.4.2 Modern Extraction Method 15

2.4.2.1 Industrial Coconut Extractor 15

2.4.3 Other Types of Extractor 18

2.4.3.1 Masticating 19

2.4.3.2 Triturating (Twin Gear) 21

2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Extracting Methods 23

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 26

3.2 Data Collection 27

3.2.1 Market Study 27

vi
3.3 Design Process 31

3.3.1 Problems Statement 32

3.3.2 Benchmarking 33

3.3.3 Gather Information 33

3.3.4 Concept Generation

3.3.4.1 Brainstorming 34

3.3.4.2 Mind Mapping 34

3.3.4.3 Morphological Chart 35

3.3.5 Evaluation of Concepts

3.3.5.1 Generated Concepts 36

3.3.5.1.1 Concept 1 36

3.3.5.1.2 Concept 2 38

3.3.5.1.3 Concept 3 39

3.3.5.2 Decision Matrix 41

3.3.6 Product Architecture 42

3.3.7 Configuration Design

3.3.7.1 Materials Selection 43

3.3.7.2 Model Descriptions 44

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 48

4.2 Results and Analysis 48

vii
 4.2.1 Experiment 1 48

4.2.1.1 Results 49

4.2.1.2 Analysis of Experiment 1 49

4.2.2 Experiment 2

4.2.2.1 Result 50

4.2.2.2 Analysis of Experiment 2 51

4.2.3 Experiment 3

4.2.3.1 Result 52

4.2.3.2 Analysis of Experiment 3 52

4.3 Discussion of Experiment Results 53

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction 56

5.2 Conclusion 56

5.3 Recommendations 58

REFERENCES 59

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

APPENDIX IV

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Description Page

Table 2.1: Grated Meat Coconut's Nutrition Facts 11

Table 2.2: Total Worlds Coconut Area 13

Table 2.3: Advantages and Disadvantages of 3 Available

Extracting Machines Methods 23

Table 3.1: Morphological Chart of Different Concepts 35

Table 3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Concept 1 37

Table 3.3: Advantages and Disadvantages of Concept 2 39

Table 3.4: Advantages and Disadvantages of Concept 3 40

Table 3.5: Parameters Matrix for Concept 1, Concept 2 and Concept 3 41

Table 3.6 List of Materials 43

Table 3.7 Model Descriptions 44

Table 4.1: Data for Experiment 1 48

Table 4.2: Results for Experiment 2 52

IX
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page

Figure 2.1 (a) Wide Range of Coconut Types and Varieties 9

Figure 2.1(b) List of Coconut Name from Left to Right 9

Figure 2.2 Lists of Exporters of Raw Coconut 12

Figure 2.3 Conventional Way of Extracting Coconut Milk 14

Figure 2.4 Industrial Screw Type Coconut Extractor (Cocoman) 15

Figure 2.5 Centrifugal Coconut Extractor for Small and

Medium Scale Industry 16

Figure 2.6 Centrifugal Blades and Strainer 18

Figure 2.7 Different types of Screws in Masticating System 19

Figure 2.8 First Generation of Dual-Stage Juice Extraction 20

Figure 2.9 Second Generation of Dual Stage Juice Extraction 20

Figure 2.10 Triturating Gear Assembly 22

Figure 3.1 Coconut Extracting Machine at "Kedai Santan" 29

Figure 3.2 Strainer to Separate Coconut Fiber and Thick Coconut Milk 29

Figure 3.3 Steps in Engineering Design Process 31

Figure 3.4 Concept 1 37

Figure 3.5 Concept 2 38

Figure 3.6 Concept 3 40

Figure 4.1 Light Coconut Milk 50

Figure 4.2 Thick Coconut Milk 50

X
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Coconut is a multipurpose plant which is very important for human being. One

of the benefits of coconut is its milk. The milk is a creamy substance and use to flavor

the food. In Malaysia, coconut milk is popular in Malay cuisines such as curry and laksa.

Coconut milk is highly demanded especially by household users. There are some

needs to obtain the fastest way of extracting coconut milk at their own house. The

existing traditional way of extracting coconut milk involves a lot of process such as

shredding, grating and squeezing. It seems that, this method is time and energy

consuming.

Furthermore, by doing a lot of different process, this method requires a lot of

tools such as knife, grater and containers. These tool especially the knife and grater can

be harmful for users because of the sharp edges. Besides, by having too many tools, it

will make the place become messy and the user need to do a lot of cleaning afterwards.

In addition, most of household users are busy especially for those who live in the city.

I
 The conventional method explained earlier requires a lot of involvement of bare

hands in the process. Hygiene factor is a main concern since the bacteria from the hands

will contaminate the milk. The bacteria will affect the quality of the milk thus making its

hard to keep the milk for a long time. The use of gloves is cleaner but this way is not

practical and quite fussy to be implemented.

This study is conducted to overcome the problems faced by household users

regarding on the fastest way to extract fresh coconut milk. The next few chapters consist

of Literature Review, Methodology, Results and Analysis will explain further on the

process of developing the coconut extracting machine. It is hoped that, the findings will

benefit this community so that they will be able to have a fast, easy and reliable way of

extracting coconut milk at their own house.

1.2 Objective

The objective of this project is to design and fabricate a mock up model of portable

coconut milk extracting machine.

1.3 Scope

The scope of this study is to develop a small and compact mock up model of coconut

milk extractor. This machine is developed mainly for Malaysian users since most of the

testing is done in this country. The machine can be operated in simple, hygienic and

requires fast steps. In order to compete in market, the machine will be sold at

competitive price.

2
1.4 Contributions

The development of this machine has give lots of benefit to various kind of

society. This machine is useful for small coffee shop and eating outlets such as hawker

stall and night market. This is because this machine can provide least processing time,

compact and can be easily moved from one place to another. Since this machine uses

plastic as main material the cost is affordable and at the same time still maintaining the

quality and durability of the product.

Second community that will gain benefit from development of this machine is

household users. This machine is developed based on what customers need such as

portability, simplicity, durability and safety. It is because household users nowadays are

fussy in the way they prepare their food especially working wife. This product will be a

great gadget for preparing a fast, fresh and hygienic coconut milk at home.

By developing this machine, it will improve the way people extract coconut

milk. With some applications of technologies, the extraction process can be simplified

compared to the conventional way of extracting method which is time and energy

consuming. It is assured that this machine can help busy urban society and improve

method in extracting coconut milk.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This Chapter will briefly explain about the diversity of coconut since the first

time it was discovered. Comparison between different varieties of coconut from all over

the world is made such as differences in size, thickness and colors. Coconut Market

Study will review on the world's major coconut producer and growing area worldwide.

Further discussion in this chapter will leads to the process of development of coconut

extracting machines and types of extracting methods currently use. Advantages and

disadvantages of these methods will be highlighted together with some possible

materials and prospect to be used in the design. Finally these methods will be compared

based on problem statements and project scope in order to achieve desired design for

coconut extracting machine.

4
 ºdi M LuaL
Pusai ! ýiº. i ti: düetnik
UNIVERSITIMALAYSIASARAWAK

2.2 Coconut Information

Coconut comes from palm family scientifically called "Arecaceae", a distinct

family of monocotyledonous plants. It is a large palm, grow up to 30 in tall, with pinnate

leaves which is 4-6 in long.[5] It is scientifically known as "cucos nucifera" with

"nucifera" meaning "nut-bearing". [6] In Nicobar Islands of the Indian Ocean, coconuts

were used as currency for purchasing goods in early twentieth century. [6]

In 1555, the English name "coconut" was first mentioned that comes from the

Spanish and Portuguese word "coco", which means "monkey face".[6] Spanish and

Portuguese explorers found a resemblance to a monkey's face in the three round indented

markings or "eyes" found at the base of the coconut. "Kalpa vriksha" is the other name

for coconut in Sanskrit, meaning "tree which gives all that is necessary for living,"

because of its multipurpose usage. [6]

Coconut has a long and unclear history due to a fact that coconuts can float on

water. It spreads throughout the world because these fruits can float on the ocean for

months and still able to grow when beached. The origin of coconut is subject to

controversy. Some historians believe that the coconut palm came into existence in

regions of Southeast Asia and some believe that it originated in the southern American

region. [5]

5
 Coconut tree usually found at sea level which is approximately 150 m (490 ft). It

also will grow at 0-600 m (0-1970 ft) or near the equator rainfall 1500-2500 mm (60-

100 in).[3] The tree is amazingly adaptable to a wide range of soil types as long as water

logging does not occur within lm (3.3 ft) of the surface. [3]. It is estimated that the

mature coconut tree produces 50-80 fruits per palm/year.[3]

Coconut milk is well known in Malaysia as one of the most important source of

food flavor. Coconut which consists of water and white flesh called meat usually use as

thirst breaker during hot days. It contains lots of vitamins and recently been reported to

reduce the viral load of HIV. [2] As for the meat, it is white in color can be extracted to

produce the milk for flavoring dishes especially in Malay cuisines

2.2.1 Types of Coconut

There are two types of coconut which is "Tall" and "Dwarf'. [3] Tall type is

commonly grown variety around the world. This type has wide variation in

characteristics such as size, shape, colors and fruit composition. [3] Meanwhile, dwarfs

are largely self-pollinated and thus are genetically more homogeneous. That is why

dwarfs have more uniform appearance among its types. [31 These two types will be

explained further after this.

6
2.2.1.1 Tall

Tall coconut can be divided into two main types which are "Niu kafa" and "Niu

vai". [3] Niu Kafa is described to be the wild type. It is characterized by elongated

triangular-shaped fruits with a very small elongated nut and a high husk-to-nut ratio.[3]

Niu kafa was valued by the early Polynesians for its long fibers which is used in making

braided cordage known as "sennit. "[3]

Because of Niu Kafa is not presently grown, it has been replaced by Niu Vai. It

is classified as domestic and large-fruited type. Characteristics of the wild type can still

be found in natural stands of coconuts. A whole range of nut sized and shapes exist

between the two types of "niu kafa" and "niu vai". [3]

Among the tall varieties, some which have evolved in isolation from a narrow

introduction becoming more homogenous. These varieties had been used in breeding

program to produce improved planting materials.[3] Talls are named after the locality,

island, or country in which they are found such as "West African" and "Tagnanan" from

the Philippines. Characteristics that have been used to classify tall varieties include the

floral biology, nut physiology, and germination time. [3]

7
2.2.1.2 Dwarf

Just like its name, Dwarfs are smaller in structure and produce smaller nuts but in

greater numbers. They are named after their country origins like "Green Malayan",

"Cameroon Red" and "New Guinea Brown" or based on the color of the fruit. This type

is popular as decorative plants such as parks, gardens and roadsides.

The stems are slender and do not form boles at the base. Dwarfs maturity period

is 3 years compared to 5 years for the Talls. Because of their smaller stature,

homogeneity, and precocity, they are used in hybridization with Talls.[3] Dwarfs

provide high density of planting but inability of dwarfs to adapt varying conditions is its

drawback compared to the Talls.

"Niu Leka" is another type of dwarfs. This fruit comes from Fiji and known as

"Samoan Dwarf' in Hawaii.[3] Its stem is thicker and shorter. It has short stiff fronds

and large nuts. It is interesting to note that early germinators (Talls) are found in the

Indo-Malayan region where coconuts are thought to have originated.[3]

2.2.2 Coconut Diversity

Figure 2.1(a) shows different types of coconut that can be found worldwide. It

includes different fruit sizes, shape, colors, husk thickness and variation in kernel and

cavity size. The order of the fruit name is arranged from left to right as shown in Figure

2.1(b). The country where each photograph was taken is noted in parentheses, if not the

country of origin.[3] Illustration courtesy R. Bourdeix ® 2005 Editions Diversiflora and

CIRAD.

8
2 O C m R. E3ourdr##x. 2005

Figure 2.1 (a): Wide Range of Coconut Types and Varieties[3]

T( oil YUw
1. 'RipuaYcllow 1)warF, PNC:
2. " Tahiti Itcd 1)w:. trF', French Pol nc"ia (C`4(c d'lvoirc)
a. 'nladonl; Brown Dearl', 1'N(: (Cote d'lvuirc)
-t. 'Camcroou Red Ihvarl', C. oacruurt (C'(NC d'lvoirc)
S. 'Slticat. t'1'aI I', S. ItILOa
6. 'Rutmnun'1'all', Fiji (C.'tltc d'Ivoire)
7. 'Rcnncll'hall', Solomon Irlands (CÜtc d'Ivoirc)

Middle low
1. 'Niu Afal'lill', Samoa
'<.'aro+oro MoI+cIi 1a11', C'ou+uru Isl-tit d (Cbta" d'Ivoirc)
_>,
i. 'Sri I.: u+ka T: dl", : \u+hakella, Sri Lanka (Cute d'Ivoirc)
.
1. '\Ve+t: ýlýic: ro Wall',: \kahu, Cote d1voire
S. '"Iuv: +Iu'I, +II', I u: didu, 'I uv: du
6. '\L'c. t :\trirrn TL11', \la"n. al+, C'i+tc d'Ivoirc
7. '14iccru Laraadia7s"1'. +I1', India (Caite(1'Ivuirc)
Rotrom row
1. '\'attUatu TaII', \iuutntu (ý'anuatu)
2, '11: tlav. ut 1'c11ow 1)tr. u 1', ýlal: n'sia (C'irtc d'Ivvirc)
3. 'A1: tl: o. ut'l'all', Alalavsi. t (C'irtt d'h^uirt)
4. 'T: @;n. 161a11Ta1l', I'hilippittts (('irtc d'Ivoirt)
S. ''ILutpakait 'Iall', I'tIII ppints (thc Philip pincs)
6. 'Kappadarn'1": 411', Iudia ((. 'otc d'Iý oirc)

Figure 2. l(b) List of Coconut Name from Left to Right[3]

9
 Figure 2.1(a) shows wide range of coconut types and varieties that can be found

around the world. From what can be seen from the figure, each coconut has different

sizes and shapes. The color of the coconut skin also varies from type to type.

Meanwhile, Figure 2.1(b) shows the name of the coconut shown in figure 2.1(a).

Most of these coconuts are named based on their family name and origin they founded.

The dwarf family usually produces small fruit while tall family usually big and thick

fruit. Even there are variation in the size of the coconuts, it can be assumed that every

coconut meats have the same taste color and hardness regardless to its family.

2.2.3 Coconut Nutrition Facts

Coconut contains Calcium, Protein, Vitamins and other minerals which are

needed by human being. [ 17] Table 2.1 shows the nutrition facts of grated coconut. Even

though coconut milk is known high in cholesterol and fat, but with proper intake such as

adequate amount of it just for flavoring, will bring more benefit than its drawback.

Besides it will give good taste to the food.

As shown in the table, grated coconut is high in calcium which is good for bones

and tissue development. It also can provide energy and at the same time gives moisture

to the body. These elements are good for those who work in the hot tropical country to

avoid dehydration and exhaustion. This source is courtesy of Thai Food Composition

Tables (1999). Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University.

10
 Fable 2. 1: Grated Meat Coconut's Nutrition Facts[ 17]

Nri 2 (11) 1
A. >h Gram 0.5 53.5
Moisture (Water) Gram 84.4 326
Energy (Enerc) Kilo Calories 61 3.5
Protein (Procnt) Gram 50"" 28.7
Fat Gram 65" 133
Total available CHO (Chocdf) include FIBTO Gram 300-
Dietary Gram 25 1.0
Calcium (Ca) Milligram 800
Phosphorus (P) Milligram Boo 7.8
Iron (Fe) Milligram 15 1.9
Sodium (Na) Milligram 2400
Potassium (K) Milligram 3500
Copper (Cu) Milligram 2
Zinc (Zn) Milligram 15
Vitamin A (Retinol) V Gram
ß-Carotene (Cartb) u Gram
Total vitamin A (Retinol- Equivalent, RE) u Gram B00
Vitarnin B1 (ThiA) Milligram 1.5 0.02
Vitamin 132 (Ribf) Milligram 1.7 0.05
Niacin (NIA) Milligram 20' 1.5
Vitamin C (VitC) Milligram 60 11
Percentage of Thai Recommended Daily Intake is based on a 2.000 kcal diet
from protein, total fat and
%Energy distribution carbohydrate = 1 0.30: 60, Total Saturated
t= 10% of total energy
Thar Food Composition Tables (1999). Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University (INMU).
ourw.

2.3 Market Study

2.3.1 Coconut Producers and Exporters

Coconut is planted in more than 90 countries worldwide. Total world coconut

area in 1996 was estimated at 1 1 million hectares. [ 16] About 93 percent of the area was

found in the Asian and Pacific regions as shown in Table 2.1. [16] Indonesia and

Philippines are the major countries that produce the maximum coconut fruits in the

world. The leading producers of the crop in the year 2005 with their production figures

are mentioned in the list below.

II
 " Indonesia (16300000metrictons)
" Philippines(14500000metrictons)
" India (9500000 metrictons)
" Brazil(3033830 metrictons)
" Sri Lanka (1950000 metrictons)
" Thailand(1500000 metrictons)
" Mexico(959000 metrictons)
" Vietnam(940000metrictons)
" Malaysia(710000 metrictons)
" Papua New Guinea (650000 metrictons)

Figure 2.2: Lists of Exporters of Raw Coconut [1]

From Figure 2.2, Indonesia and Philippines exports 16300000 metric tons and

14500000 metric tons respectively. India is the third largest producer and produces

9500000 metric tons annually. The top two countries are serious competitors for the first

position in the list. But since last few years the production in Philippines is decreasing

gradually [11

12