This local publication is one of the outcomes of the ProVention Consortium Applied

Research Grants Program for Disaster Risk Reduction in South, Southeast, and East
Asia Rounds I and II (2003-2006)

All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this
publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the
National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET), the ProVention Consortium,
and the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC). Reproduction and dissemination
of material in this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes are
authorized without any prior written permission from NSET and ADPC provided the source
is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial
purposes is prohibited without written permission from NSET and ADPC.
 n]vs Author
lxdf >]i7 Hima Shrestha
;Nnfxsf/ Advisor
cfdf]b dl0f bLlIft Amod Mani Dixit
zf]w lgb]{zg Research Guide
lht]Gb| s'df/ af]y/f Jitendra Kumar Bothara
;"o{ gf/fo0f >]i7 Surya Narayan Shrestha
/d]z u'/fufO{+ Ramesh Guragain
lrq tyf u|flkmS; Design & Graphics
rGbg Wjh /fgf du/ Chandan Dhoj Rana Magar
k|yd ;+:s/0f First Edition
@)) k|lt 200 copies
k|sfzg >[ª\vnf – @! Publication Series - 21

;jf{lwsf/M e"sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfh–g]kfn

s
 ljifo ;"lr
k|fSsyg u
Preface 3
s_ ljutsf e"sDkx?df lkn/jfnf 3/x?df b]lvPsf Ifltx? !
v_ rngrNtLdf /x]sf lkn/jfnf 3/df ;fwf/0ftof b]lvg] sdhf]/Lx? #
u_ kLn/jfnf 3/sf] e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] pkfox?M $
!= uf/f]nfO{ Hofs]l6· ug]{ $
@= RCC uf/f] yKg] $
#= O{+6fsf] uf/f] yk36 ug]{ / k|m]d;Fu /fd|/L afFWg] $
3_ e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0fsf s]xL t:jL/x? &
ª_ 3/sf] e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljz]if s'/fx? *

v
k|fSsyg
g]kfn h:tf ljsfzf]Gd'v d'ns ' x?df e"sDkLo ljgfzsf] d"n sf/0f g} 3/ eTsg' xf] . oL d'ns
' x?df k|fozM 3/x?sf] lgdf{0fdf bIf Ol~hlgo/sf]
1fgsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'Fb}g / o:tf 3/x? 1fg / r]tgfsf sdLsf sf/0fn] ubf{ e"sDk–k|lt/f]wfTds k|ljlw gckgfO{ agfOPsf x'G5g\ . kmntM
e'O{+rfnf]sf] wSsfn] o:tf 3/x? 9N5g\ cf} wghgsf] gf]S;fgL x'G5, rfx] 3/ uf/f]jfnf xf];\ jf kLn/jfnf, gofF xf];\ jf k'/fgf] . ljutsf
e"sDkx?n] o; tYonfO{ huhfx]/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o;} tYonfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ xfd|f] /fli6«o ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfn] g]kfnsf] ufpF jf ;x/df lgdf{0f
x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf 3/x?nfO{ e"sDk–lg/f]wL agfpgsf nflu ltgsf l8hfOgdf ge} gx'g] cfjZos Ol~hlgo/l/Ë tTj ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L
lgb]{lzsfx? (Mandatory Rules of Thumb) tof/ ul/Psf 5g\ . oL lgb]{lzsfx?nfO{ qmd};+u jfWofTds ?kdf nfu" ug]{ k|s[of ;d]t xfd|f]
d'n'sn] z'? ul/;s]sf] 5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm e"sDk k|lt/f]wL lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] ljrf/ gu/L agfOPsf 3/x?nfO{ ;d]t qmlds ?kdf e"sDk k|lt/f]wL lx;fan] ;'b[9Ls/0f
ub}{ n}hfg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;} tYonfO{ ljrf/ u/L rngrNtLdf /x]sf ;fdfGo lkn/jfnf 3/x?sf] e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0fsf lgldQ
u[x lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}n], ljif]z u/L h'lgo/ O{l~hlgo/, 3/ wgL tyf lgdf{0f ;fdlu|sf pTkfbgstf{ / Jofkf/Lju{ ;d]tn], /fd|/L a'em\g
;s"g\ eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;lhnf] efiffsf] k|of]u u/L of] k'l:tsf t}of/ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ 3/x?nfO{ e"sDkLo b[i6Lsf]0fn] ;'/lIft
agfpg d2t k'uf];\ eGg] x]t'n] o; k'l:tsfdf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf cfwf/e"t t/Lsfx?sf] j0f{g u/LPsf] 5 .

of] k'l:tsf ljZj AofÍåf/f ;dly{t ProVention Consortium Applied Research Grant Program cGtu{t n]lvsfåf/f ul/Psf] zf]wsf] Ps
c+z xf] . of] zf]w cfkm}df e"sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfh g]kfn (NSET) sf] bL3{sflns /0fgLltsf] Pp6f c+u xf] tyf o; zf]w cGj]if0fsf] lbzf
lgb]{zg NSET åf/f ljut bzsdf xfl;n ul/Psf pknAwL tyf klxrfg ul/Psf cfjZostfx?n] u/]sf 5g\ . e"sDkLo hf]vLd Go'lgs/0fsf]
lbzfdf NSET sf] ;tt\ k|ofznfO{ 6]jf lb+b} ;g\ @))%–@))^ sf] ProVention Consortium Applied Research Grant ljZjsf %) xf]gxf/
o'jf j}1flgsx? dWo] k|:t't k'l:tsfsL n]lvsf Pj+ Pg;]6s} >L ljgf]b >]i7nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]df xfdL pQm ;+:yfk|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ .
;fy} oL %) dWo] k|sfzg–of]Uo 5flgPsf * zf]wu|Gyx? dWo] NSET sf b'j} zf]wu|Gy 5flgPsf]df xfdL To; Grant sf] Joj:yfkgsf] cleef/f
kfPsf rL/sfnb]lvsf xfd|f ldq–;+:yf Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), Bangkok k|lt xflb{s ;fw'jfb ck{0f ub{5f}+ .

qmlds ?kn] g]kfnsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iff clej[l4df of] k'l:tsf ;xof]uL x'g]5 eGg] xfdLn] cfzf u/]sf 5f}+ .

cfdf]b dl0f bLlIft

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u
 Preface

“Development of Seismic Retrofitting Scheme for Typical Nepali Non-engineered Masonry infill Reinforced Concrete
Framed Buildings”
By Hima Shrestha, Structural Engineer, NSET,
Grantee of ProVention Consortium Applied Research Grants for Disaster Risk Reduction II

Lack of earthquake resistance of buildings is the main source of earthquake risk in developing countries despite the fact that the
knowledge required for improving seismic performance of building is available since long. In developing countries, significant
proportions of buildings are still being constructed without any consideration of earthquake forces, making them highly vulnerable
to earthquakes. Growing urban population and unplanned development of new urban centers are the cause of increasing risks.
A majority of buildings are constructed by informal processes led primarily by masons, petty contractors and house-owners, who
are not trained in academic environment. Thus the existing knowledge has not been able to those who practice. This scenario
needs to be changed.

In an effort to bring about a qualitative change in the construction process of non-engineered buildings, several new initiatives
such as training programs for masons, petty contractors and owner-builders as well as house-owners are being implemented in
many countries. NSET has been a pioneer to develop a system of such training programs. This booklet is yet another effort to
bring the desired change. It targets the key players in the construction process of non-engineered building construction aiming
to empower them with the new knowledge to fulfill the basic requirements of earthquake resistant buildings. This booklet can
be distributed to the communities, to the social workers and disaster related organizations as an awareness tool for creating the
demand for earthquake-resistant construction. This can also be used as a reference material for the training programs for masons
and petty contractors and owner-builders. As a technical guide for construction, this booklet will guide the building owners to
demand and control the construction process.

This publication brought out in the Nepali language is a concise version of the results and suggestions of the research project –
Development of Seismic Retrofitting Scheme for Typical Nepali Non-Engineered Masonry infill Reinforced Concrete Framed
Buildings conducted by Ms. Hima Shrestha, Structural Engineer of NSET, under the Applied Research Grants Program for
Disaster Risk Reduction Round II funded by the ProVention Consortium. This program awards a small number of young researchers
and practitioners worldwide, selected through a global competitive selection process to pursue action oriented research over a
9-12 month period for the benefit of communities they live and work in, in partnership with local organizations. Asian Disaster
Preparedness Center (ADPC) is one of the regional implementing partners of the program, acting as a regional center and managing

3
grants in countries of South, South East and East Asia. During the course of the research, NSET mentored the grantee and this
publication also reflects their experiences in improving seismic performance of existing and new-engineered construction. It is
young dedicated practitioners like Ms. Hima and the other grantees that represent a hopeful sign in taking on the challenges of
DRR in the coming decade.

ADPC and NSET have jointly pioneered several innovative methods and process for reducing earthquake risk in the region during
the past decade. Beginning with the implementation of the Kathmandu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Program (KVERMP)
during 1997-2001, initiated under our pioneering USAID funded Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program, joint publication of
the Curriculum for Mason Training on Earthquake Resistant Construction of Buildings – Guidelines for Instructors on 2005 and
the Proceedings of the Symposium on Seismology, development and implementation of the training program on Earthquake
Vulnerability Reduction for Cities (EVRC), and collective advocacy on aspects of disaster risk management are some of the
successful cases of fruitful collaboration. The research and publication of this booklet is yet another step in this direction.

I encourage readers of this publication and those further interested in the program and participating in further rounds as grantees,
mentors and host or partner organization to visit the website of ProVention (http://www.proventionconsortium.org/) and ADPC
(http://www.adpc.net) for more information on the program. Institutions interested may also request ADPC for a copy of the
publication entitled Innovative Initiatives in Disaster Risk Reduction: Applied Research by Young Practitioners in South, South
East and East Asia, which showcases the work of 15 grantees. The book will be an interesting addition to your library.

Finally, we would like to thank ProVention Consortium for the grant program initiatives and the funding support for the continuation
of the program. We highly appreciate Ms. Hima for her enthusiastic and dedicated performance and NSET for their valuable
contribution on this study and furthering contribution to this publication.

Aloysius Rego
Director and Team Leader
Disaster Management Systems
ADPC

ª
 s_ ljutsf e"sDkx?df lkn/jfnf 3/x?df o; lrqdf kLn/ 7" n f] 5 / ;fy} 7f8f] 808L klg
k|z:t} 5g\, t/ kLn/df l/+u sd ePsf] sf/0f e'8F LÞ km'6s
] f]
b]lvPsf Ifltx? kLn/ .

lad kLn/ hf]gL{ sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0f elTsPsf] 3/ . lad

kLn/ hf]gL{ / hf]gL{;uF } l/Ësf] sdL / ladsf] 808L kLn/df
/fd|/L g3';fPdf o:tf] Iflt x'g;S5 .

kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM EERI

808L ufF:g gk'u]/ ePsf] Iflt cyf{t dflyNnf] tnfsf]

kLn/;Fu hf]8\gsf] nflu tNnf] tNnfsf] kLn/df afFsL
/flvPsf] 808Lsf] nDafO{ gk' u ] / ePsf] Iflt .
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM EERI

n8]sf] kLn/

kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM Pg;]6–g]kfn, kfls:tfg e'O{+rfnf], @))%

!
t/Lsf gk'¥ofO{ afFw]sf] lad kLn/ hf]gL{sf] 808Lsf] sf/0f
elTsPsf] 3/
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM Pg;]6–g]kfn
uf/f] / kLn/ gafFlwbf elTsPsf] uf/f]x? . xfd|f jl/kl/sf
3/x?df klg uf/f] ;+u}sf] kLn/;Fu afFlwPsf] x'Fb}g . 7"nf
e"sDkdf o:tf] uf/f]x? kLn/af6 5'l§P/ n8\g] ub{5g\ .
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM Pg;]6–g]kfn
kLn/;Fu}sf] uf/f] dfyLsf] lad d'lg;Dd gp7fO{ tn} 5f]8]/
‰ofn;Fu} 6fFl;P/ /fVbf (Short Column Effect) Iflt ePsf]
kLn/
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM Pg;]6–g]kfn, kfls:tfg e'O{+rfnf], @))%
e'O{+tNnf sdhf]/ eP/ (Soft Storey Effect) 9n]sf] 3/ .
xfd|f sltko 3/x?df klg e'OtNnf uf8L kfls{Ë jf k;n
;6/sf] nflu v'Nnf 5f8\g] clg dflyNnf tNnfx?df 6Gg
uf/f] nufpg] rng 5 . ljutsf e"sDkx?df o:tf 3/x?
al9 Iflt ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM Gulkan et al 2002, cNh]l/of e'O{+rfnf] @))#
@
 alnof] lad / sdhf]/ kLn/ (Strong Beam Weak Column)
sf] sf/0f elTsPsf] 3/ . ;fwf/0ft xfd|f] 3/x?df kLn/
;fOh ckof{Kt x'Fbf o:tf] Iflt x'g ;S5 .
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM Gulkan et al 2002, 6ls{ e'O{+rfnf] !(((
!_ ;Fu} hf]l8P/ ag]sf] 3/x? e"sDkdf xlNn+bf Pscfk;df
7f]lSsP/ ePsf] Iflt
@_ 7f]lSsPsf] 7fFpdf b]lvPsf] Iflt
o:tf] Ifltaf6 aRg b'O{ 3/x? aLrdf s]xL vfnL 7fpF 5f]8g\
h?/L 5 .
v_ rngrNtLdf /x]sf lkn/jfnf 3/x?df
;fwf/0ftof b]lvg] sdhf]/Lx?
• cfjZostfeGbf ;fgf] lkn/sf] ;fOh
• ckof{Kt / dl;gf] ;fOhsf] 7f8f] 808L
• lad / lkn/df /flvg] l/Ëx?sf] aLrsf] b"/L cToGt
a9L, ljz]if u/L lad / lkn/sf hf]gL{x?df / hf]gL{x?sf]
ghLssf] efudf
• lad / lkn/sf] hf]gL{df ;fdfGotof l/Ësf] cefj
• 808Lx?sf] aLrdf ckof{Kt uF;fO (Insufficient Lap
Length)
• ladsf] 808LnfO{ lkn/df x's ubf{ x'ssf] ckof{Kt nDafO{
(Inadequate Anchorage)
• uf/f]x? k|m]d;Fu -lad, lkn/;Fu_ /fd|/L gafFlwg'
• sd;n lgdf{0f ;fdu|L -/f]8f, afn'jf, l;d]G6, 808L_ sf]
k|of]u
• sd;n lgdf{0f sfo{ (Bad workmanship)
• kLn/x? Ps ;f]emf] nfOg (Grid) df gx'g'
• ;fdfGotof ckof{Kt ;fOhsf] lad lkn/df df]6f]
kfOknfOg -KnlDaË, jfol/Ë_ 3';fpg'
• sdhf]/ jf ckof{Kt hu, vf;u/L l5d]sL 3/;+u hf]8/]
agfOPsf] 3/sf] hu ckof{Kt cfsf/sf] x'g'

kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM Gulkan et al 2002, Turkey Earthquake

#
u_ kLn/jfnf 3/sf] e"sDkLo ;'b9[ Ls/0fsf
nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] pkfox?
kLn/jfnf 3/x?sf] e"sDkLo ;'b9[ Ls/0f ug]{ ljleGg pkfox?
5g\ . tL dWo] s'g} ljlw w]/} dxFuf 5g\ h:t} Base Isolation,
Hydraulic Dampers sf] k|of]u . o:tf k|ljlw g]kfn h:tf]
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df k|fo k|of]u ul/Psf] kfO{+b}g . ;fy}
kLn/ ladsf] Hofs]l6ª (Jacketing) ug],{ uf/f] Hofs]l6ª ug],{
O{6+ f jf 9nfg uf/f]x? yKg], 3/sf] cfsf/ k|sf/df kl/jt{g
ug]{ h:tf ljleGg t/Lsf ckgfP/ kLn/jfnf 3/sf] e"sDk
y]Ug] Ifdtf a9fpg ;lsG5 . ljleGg pkfo dWo] vr{ /
pko'Qmtfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 tn lbOPsf t/Lsfx? g]kfnsf]
kl/j]zdf a9L plrt b]lvG5g\ .
!_ uf/f]nfO{ Hofs]l6ª ug]{
uf/f]sf] leq aflx/ b'j}lt/af6 7f8f] t];f]{ 808Lsf] hfnL
nufP/ Knfi6/ jf dl;gf] s+lqm6 ug]{ . oL b'j} kl§sf] hfnLnfO{
leQf 5]8/] 7fpF7fpFdf 808Ln] afFWg] . o;/L uf/f]sf] Hofs]l6ª
;a} uf/f]x? jf cfjZostf cg';f/ lrq g+= @ df b]vfP
adf]lhd k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ s'g} uf/f] dfqnfO{ klg
ug{ ;lsG5 . of] t/Lsf tLg tNnf ;Ddsf ejgx?sf] nflu
pko'Qm x'G5 . o;/L Hofs]l6Ë u/]sf] uf/f] / afFsL ;j}
uf/f]nfO{ k|m]d -lkn/ jf lad_ ;Fu afFWg clt h?/L 5 .
@_ RCC uf/f] yKg]
3/sf] rf/}lt/af6 ;dfg?kdf RCC uf/f] ldnfP/ yKg] .
o:tf 9nfg u/]sf] uf/f] (RC Shear Wall) b'j} lbzfdf /fVg'
kb{5 . o:tf uf/f] s'g 7fpFdf, slt df]6f] 9nfg /
slt 808L /fVg] eGg] s'/f k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfx cg';f/
lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ . lrq g+= @ df b]vfOP h:t} s'g} s'g}
7fpFdf dfq klg RCC uf/f] yKg ;lsG5 . o;/L yk]sf]
uf/f] hu}bl] v p7\g' k5{ . o;/L agfPsf] RCC uf/f] k|md
] ;Fu
/fd|/L afFWg' k5{ . xfd|f] 3/x?df ;fdfGotof nrskgf sd
ePsf] x'gfn] of] t/Lsf a9L pko'Qm x'G5 .
#_ O{+6fsf] uf/f] yk36 ug]{ / k|m]d;Fu /fd|/L afFWg]
kLn/jfnf 3/df O{+6f, 9'Ëf jf Anssf uf/f] nufPsf]
x'G5g\ . kLn/x? h:t} o:tf uf/f]x? klg ;dfg?kdf rf/}lt/
nufPsf] x'g'k5{ . olb o:tf] 5}g eg] ePsf] uf/f] x6fP/,
rflxg] 7fpFdf uf/f] yk]/ 3/sf] e"sDk y]Ug] Ifdtf a9fpg
;lsG5 . lrq g+= @ df b]vfP h:t} (" sf] uf/f] yk]/ #
tnf;Ddsf] kLn/jfnf 3/sf] e" s Dk k| l t/f] w fTds
Ifdtf a9fpg ;lsG5 . 3/sf] ;a} uf/f]nfO{ k|md ] ;Fu /fd|/L
afFWg'k5{ .
$
 ;fwf/0ftof g]kfnsf] zx/L If]qdf aGg] kLn/jfnf 3/sf]
gSzf . o:tf 3/x?df kLn/ ;fdfGotof ("X(", aflx/L
uf/f] (" leqL sf]7f afF8g\ nufOPsf] uf/f] $.%" -cfwf O{6+ _
df]6fO{sf] x'G5 . clg tNnf cfjZostf cg';f/ ! b]lv lnP/
%, ^ jf ;f] eGbf a9L klg x'g;S5 .
lrq g+= !
lrq g+= !
%
lrq g+= ! sf] gSzfdf ug{ ;lsg] ;Defljt e"sDkLo
;'b[9Ls/0fsf] Pp6f gd"gf . uf/f]nfO{ rf/}lt/ ;dfg?kdf
afF8g\ $.%" sf] uf/f]nfO{ x6fP/ (" sf] uf/f] u|L8df ldnfP/
nufpg ;lsG5 . To:t} lrqdf b]vfP cg';f/sf] uf/f]nfO{
Hofs]l6ª (Jacketing) u/]/ jf O{6+ fsf] uf/f] x6fP/ k'/} RCC
9nfg klg ug{ ;lsG5 . 9nfgsf] df]6fO{ cfjZostf cg';f/
3l6al9 x'g;S5 .
lrq g+= @ ylkPsf] uf/f]
alnof] agfPsf] uf/f]
e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0fsf tLg tl/sf ! M uf/f]
k|d'v pkfox? Hofs]l6· ug]{

Hofs]l6Ësf]
gd"gf detail

tl/sf @ M O{6+ fsf]

uf/f] yk36 ug],{
7fpF kl/jt{g ug],{
em\ofn yk36 /
;fOhdf kl/jt{g
ug]{

ylkPsf] uf/f]

rngrNtLdf /x]sf] ;fdfGo kLn/jfnf tl/sf # M 9nfg

3/sf] Ps tNnfsf] 3D b[Zo (RCC) uf/f]
yKg]
lrq g+= #

9nfg uf/f]sf]
gd"gf detail

^
 3_ e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0fsf s]xL t:jL/x?
;g\ @))# ;fnsf] cNh]l/ofsf] e"sDkkl5 ;'b9[ Ls/0f ul/g]
qmddf kLn/ 3/sf] emns . o;df uf/f] Hofs]l6ª / gofF
RC leQf nufpg 808L afFlwPsf] 5 .
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM Mfassi
lrq g+= $
gofF ylkPsf] RC leQf kLn/;Fu afFlwPsf] b[Zo . g]kfndf
kLn/jfnf 3/sf] e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/Psf] .
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM O{= dgf]x/ /fhe08f/L lrq g+= %
&
g]kfndf kLn/jfnf 3/sf] e"sDkLo ;'b9[ Ls/0f ug{ afFlwPsf]
808L . ePsf] uf/f] x6fP/ goFf uf/f] yKg' cuf8L kof{Kt
dfqfdf 3/nfO{ 6]sf lbg' h?/L 5 .
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM O{= dgf]x/ /fhe08f/L
lrq g+= ^
g]kfndf kLn/jfnf 3/sf] e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ qmddf
hu} b]lv p7fPsf] RCC leQfsf] 808L . leQf Hofs]l6ª ug{
jf gofF RC 9nfg yKg 808L hu}bl] v p7fpg cToGt h?/L
5.
lrq g+= &
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM O{= dgf]x/ /fhe08f/L
gofF ylkPsf] 808LnfO{ k'/fgf] ª_ 3/sf] e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0f ubf{ Wofg
kLn/;F u afF W g kLn/df lbg'kg]{ ljz]if s'/fx?
l8«n u/]/ agfPsf] c8\sfpg]
Detail . e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0f
ubf{ gofF ;+/rgfnfO{ k'/fgf] !_ e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0f ubf{ ePsf] ;+/rgf cfFlzs x6fO{
;+/rgf;Fu /fd|/L afFWg clt gofF ;+/rgf yKg kg]{ x'bF f gofF ylkPsf] / k'/fgf] ;+/rgf
h?/L 5 . Ps cfk;df /fd|/L afFlwg' clt h?/L 5 .

@_ ePsf] ;+/rgf x6fpg cuf8L kof{Kt dfqfdf 3/nfO{

lrq g+= * 6]sf lbg' k5{ .
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM O{= dgf]x/ /fhe08f/L
e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ ˆnf]/ 9nfgaf6 808L 5]8\g l8«n #_ eTsfpg], 5]8\g], Kjfn kfg]{ sfo{ a9L x'g] xF'bf /fd|f]
d]lzgaf6 Kjfn agfO{b} . 808L afFWbf g6'6fO{sg hub]lv sfo{sz
' ntfsf] h?/L k5{ . cGoyf 3/sf] e"sDkLo Ifdtf
5fgf;Dd k'¥ofpg' k5{ . 808Lsf] uF;fO 808Lsf] df]6fO{+sf] a9fpg'sf] ;f6f] 36\g klg ;S5 .
sDtLdf ^) u'0ff x'g'k5{ .
$_ 3/ ljz]ifsf] e"sDkLo ;'b9[ Ls/0fsf nflu k|fljlwsx?sf]
k/fdz{ tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ckl/xfo{ x'G5, t;y{ To;s}
l;kmfl/; ul/G5 .

lrq g+= (
kmf]6f] ;f}hGoM O{= dgf]x/ /fhe08f/L

*
National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET)
!!## b]jsf]6f ;8s, dxfb]j:yfg, afg]Zj/, kf]=a=g+=M !#&&%, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
kmf]g g+=M -(&&–!_ $$*^$$$, $$()#%(, km\ofS; g+=M -(&&–!_ $$()($#
O–d]nM nset@nset.org.np, j]a ;fO6M www.nset.org.np