JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD
FOLK TALES
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
MUSLIM COLONIAL PERIOD
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
* Alibata. The term “baybayin” comes from the Tagalog root word
“baybay”, which means “to spell.” For many years the script was
incorrectly referrred to as “alibata,” based on the arrangement of
another alphabet system.
- this is the alphabet of our ancestors before they were colonized.
PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE
-Before the Philippines was colonized, it was already brimming with a
rich tradition of oral literature.
- these stories have been passed on from one generation to
another.
1. PROVERBS (salawikain)
- are practical observations and philosophy of everyday life that
are written usually in a rhyming scheme. In Filipino, these are also
called salawikain. Here are some examples: Kung ano ang puno,
siya ang bunga. Kung walang tiyaga, walang nilaga.
2. RIDDLES (bugtong)
- Made up of one or more measured lines with rhymes and may
consist of 4 to 12 syllable.
- It is form of entertainment of our ancestors before
3. FOLK SONG
- Are beautiful songs that are informal expressions of our ancestors’
experiences in life. These range from courtship, (which they sing in a
harana or a serenade for a girl), to lullabies, harvests, funerals, and
others.
4.
- are stories of origin for certain places, their names and their
creations. These are also known as myths and legends. They usually
are used to explain certain events or phenomena in our ancestors’ lives
that cannot be explained by the limited practical kind of science they
knew back then.
- is also known as myths and legends.
- based on phenomena of our ancestors’ life
5. EPICS
- are long-winded poems about a hero and his adventures and
misadventures. It usually tells of a male hero who is born with all the
pleasing qualities that your ancestors like in a person and who also
has superhuman capabilities.
PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE
- In this period may be classified as religious prose and poetry and
secular and poetry
SPANISH INFLUENCE ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
- the first alphabet called ALIBATA, was replaced by the Roman
alphabet.
FOLK SONG
- It manifested the artistic feelings of the Filipino and shows their
innate appreciation for and love and beauty.
PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1972-1889)
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT (1872-1896)
- This movement was spearheaded mostly the intellectual
intellectual movement like Jose Rizal, Macelo del Pelar, Graciano
Lopez, Jeana, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce and Pedro Paterno
SOME OF RIZAL’S WRITING
- Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Mi Ultimo Adios
DEL PELAR’S WRITING
- Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (love of Country), Kailangat Kayo ( Be
Careful) Dasalan at Tocsohan
THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1944)
Linguistically, Americans influence Filipino writers to write using
English Language.
Characteristics of Literature during this period.
Jose Garcia Villa became famous for his free verse in this
period. He as a Filipino poet, literary critic, short story and
painter.
The Japanese Period (1941-1945)
- Between 1941-1955, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its
development when another foreign country, Japan conquered the
Philippines. Philippine literature in English to a halt. Except for the
TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all newspapers in
English were stopped by the Japanese.
- Characteristics of Literature during this period.
The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation
was nationalism, country, Love and life he barrios, faith, religion, and
the arts.
THREE TYPES OF POEMS EMERGED DURING THIS PERIOD
1. HAIKU - A poem for tree verse that the Japanese like. It made up of
17 syllables divided into three lines.
2. TANAGA - Filipino poem like the Haiku, is short, but it had
measured and rhyme. It has four line with seven syllable each with
the some rhyme at the end of each line
3. KARANIWANG ANYO - usual form conventional
Period of Activism (1970-1971)
According to Paciano Pineda, youth activist in 1970-72ndue to
domestic and worldwide causes. Because of the ill of society, the
youth move to see reforms.
Period of the New Society (1972-1980)
New on economic progress, discipline, cultural. Tourism and the like
were favored ,ore than the sensationalized reporting of Killings rape,
and robberies. Filipino before of hooked in reading magazines and
comics..
Period of Third Republic (1981-1985)
After ten year of military rule and some changes in the life of the
Filipino, which started under the New Societry, Matial Rule was at 1st
lifted on January 2, 1982. Philippines become a new nation and this,
former President Marcos called “The New republic of The Philippines”.
Poems during this period of the third republic were romantic and
revolutionary. Many Filipino song grief. Pverty,themes that were true-
to-life like those of grief, poverty aspiration for freedom, love of God od
country and Fellowmen.
Post EDSA 1 Revolution (1986-1995)
History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained
their independence, wit they lost twenty years ago. In four days from
February 21-25, the so-called People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed.
In the short span of the existence of the real Republic of the Philippines,
several changes already became evident. It was notice in the new
Filipino song, newspaper, speeches, and even on the television
program. The crony newspaper that enjoyed overnight increase in
circulation were the INQUIRER MALAYA and PEOPLE’S JOURNLA.
21st Century Period
The new tends have been used and introduced to meet the need of the
tastes of a new generation. 21st Century learners are demanded to be
ICT inclined to compete with style andformat of writing as well. New
codes or Lingos are used to add flavor in the Literary pieces produce
nowadays.
LESSON 2: FICTION VS NON-FICTION
Autobiography (Non-fiction)
This is a story of person’s life, written from their point of view.
- account of a person’s life written by that person. It came from the
Greek words “autos” which means “self”, “bios” which means “life”. and
“graphein” which means “written”
Biography (Non-fiction) Account of a person’s life written by another
person or the basic information of a person.
NON-FICTION: autobiography, biography, diary, epistle, essay
- Gives more information. It is factual and based on reality
Essay - a short piece of writing o a particular subject
Diary - daily record of experiences and events. It came from the Greek
word “dies” which means “days”
Epistle - series of letters or form of letters. Is an especially long and
formal letter, or is a poem or other writing in letter form.
FICTION: fable, fairy-tale, legend, novel, parable, saga, short story,
-imaginary events of people
Fable - story about animals.
Fairytale - This is a magical and inspiring enchanting and full of
learning.
Legend - stories of the origin
Novel - book of length, has several chapters and settings.
Parable- A story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.
Saga - several generations of the family
Short story - shorter of lesser elaboration/settings
Frame story - a story that is told with another story inside of it.
LITERATURE: ITS DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS
Literature comes from the Latin word “LITERA” which literally means
an acquaintance with letters. It is also a piece of writing that is valued
as works of art especially novels, plays, and poems.
Importance of Literature
1. Literature expresses human emotions
2. Literature shows history of humanity
3. Literature helps us understand other cultures
4. Literature is a tool for cultural transmission
PROSE << Non-fiction and Fiction.
- Direct or straightforward speech. More of structure organization and
grammar.
POETRY<< Lyric, Narrative, Drama
- Came from the Greek word “pole” which means “to create”.
- special intensity is given to the expression of feelings and ideas by
the use of distinctive style and rhythm;
Rhyme – resembles the sounds.
Meter – number of syllables.
Stanza – group of lines.
A. LYRIC - Deals with lyre instruments. This was originally
accompanied by music. So in lyric poetry, the mood is melodic and
emotional. The writer uses words that express his or her state of mind,
perceptions, and feelings,
Elegy -mourn for someone or reflection of death.
Epigram- short and satirical poem. A saying or remark expressing an
idea in a clever and amusing way.
Haiku - focuses on nature. It has 3 lines and follows the 5-7-5.
Limerick - humorous and sometimes rude. It follows the 5 lines A-A-
B-B-A. Sometimes, it doesn’t have sense.
Ode - tribute or praise.
Pastoral - is much like it sounds: poetry that has to do with pastures!
And in some pastures, there are sheep tended by shepherds. The
pastoral poem elevates the life of the shepherd or shepherdess, versus
the evils of the city.- shepherd or rural.
Sonnet - has 14 lines
Epithalamium - poem about marriage or wedding celebrations.
B. NARRATIVE - tells a story
Ballad - narrating the story of famous person from the history.
Epic - adventures of legendary or heroic people.
Medieval Romance - heroes of chivalry. To the famous kings and
knights.
C. DRAMA - script and dialogue
Comedy - comic elements
Morality - virtues, voices, death
Mystery - religious play
Shadow - shadows of puppets or actors.
Tragedy - not happy ending
LESSON 3: POETRY FROM THE ARCHIPELAGO
Poetry is probably the most sophisticated of all literary genres. Your
Filipino ancestors, through oral tradition, shared epics, proverbs,
riddles, and folksongs in poetic form—with a specific formal scheme in
which they strictly followed.
- Yet, poetry is still the chosen genre of many local writers, for it offers
a uniqueness that other genres may not achieve: the opportunity to see
the world anew, with every single written word.
- In the early 1900s, Filipino poetry celebrated romanticism, and several
poems about love flourished. Eventually, as the years went on, poetry
became more formalist—the emphasis of the poetry is more on the
form and the language that the poet used, rather than the theme itself.
- Then, modern poetry sprouted, and nowadays, writers are more
adventurous in their craft. Here are some elements of poetry that local
writers use in their poems.
Senses and images - are used by the writer to describe their
impressions of their topic or object of writing. The writer uses carefully
chosen and phrased words to create an imagery that the reader can
see through his or her senses.
1. Visual Imagery - what the writer wants you to see.
Example: As she stepped out of the office building, she thought the
bright, beaming sunlight would blind her.
2. Olfactory Imagery – what the writer wants you to smell.
Example: She walked into the abandoned home and caught the scent of
mothballs.
3. Gustatory Imagery – what the writer wants you to taste.
Example: Sue thought she was biting into an orange slice and was
shocked as her mouth exploded with the bitter taste of a lemon.
4. Tactile Imagery – what the writer wants you to feel.
Example: As I tumbled down the hill, the loose rocks raced alongside
me, pricking my hands and face like a hundred tiny knives.
5. Auditory Imagery – what the writer wants you to hear.
Example: Silence was broken by the peal of piano keys as Shannon
began practicing her concerto.
Diction is another element because Filipino writers are very careful of
the way they write and the words they use to form their poems.
Rhyme scheme is the way the author arranges words, meters, lines,
and stanzas, to create a coherent sound when the poem is read out
loud.
Structure is the arrangement of words and lines, either together or
apart.
Word order is either the natural or unnatural arrangement of words in
a poem. A poet may use a word grammatically or not—often called
as poetic license—and may invent words, too.
Speaker is the voice that talks to the readers. Sometimes it refers to
itself as “I” or “me” or, sometimes, in the third person (she, he, her,
his). You should also note that the speaker is not necessarily the poet.
The poet may have a different persona in mind while writing the
poem and may have not taken the situations in the poem from his or
her life experiences.
LESSON 4: FIGURES OF SPEECH
- are words or lines or phrases that depart from literal language.
- They are often created for emphasis or clarity.
- Is a word or phrase that is used in non-literal way to create an effect.
- Any expressive use of language
Types of Figures of Speech
1. Simile. Is a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things or
ideas using “like” or “as”.
Example: a. Love is like a war; easy to begin but very hard to stop.
b. My love for you is as deep as the ocean.
c. While fighting the war, the soldier was as brave as lion
2. Metaphor. Is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied
to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.
Example: a. Laughter is the best medicine.
b. Sandro’s voice is music to my ears.
c. The classroom was a zoo
d. She's going through a roller-coaster of emotions.
e. Cleaning up my room was a walk in the park.
3. Personification. The attribution of a personal nature of human
characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an
abstract quality in human form.
Example: a. My flowers were begging for water.
b. Time flies when you're having fun.
c. The leaves waved in the wind.
4. Hyperbole. Is a figure of speech in which an author or speaker
purposely and obviously exaggerates to an extreme.
Example: a. There’s enough food in the cupboard to feed an entire army!
b. I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.
c. He’s running faster than the wind.
d. Her smile is a mile wide.
5. Onomatopoeia. It is used to replicate sounds created by objects,
animals, and people. Example: The buzzing bee flew away.
6. Euphemism. A figure of speech where an offensive word or
expression is replaced with a polite word.
Example: a.The school janitor has rested in peace a week ago.
b. This pre-loved dress is for sale.
c. People who are economically disadvantaged must benefit from
government funds.
7. Oxymoron. Is a figure of speech pairing two words together that are
opposing and/or contradictory.
Example: a.That’s my adult child. He still can’t get himself into the real
adult world.
b. The newly-wed couple enjoyed being alone together.
c. The carpenters left the house completely unfinished.
8. Alliteration. The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of
words.
Example: a. Barry bought a book to bring to the backyard.
b. Come and clean your closet, Carla.
c. Even elephants enjoy eating eggs every day.
9. Assonance. Is a literary device in which vowel sounds are repeated
within phrases or sentences that are close to each other in the text.
Example: a. "Hear the mellow wedding bells"
b. "The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain."
c."A rolling stone gathers no moss"
10. Apostrophe. It is used when a person who is absent or non existent
is spoken to.
Example: a.“Please, please clouds. Don’t rain today.”
b. “Why do you have to be such a pain, math?”
11. METONYMY. - is a figure of speech where one word or phrase is used
in place of another. With metonymies, a name of a particular thing is
substituted with the name of a thing that is closely related to it.
“We have always remained loyal to the crown.”
LESSON 5: NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR LITERATURE
NATIONAL ARTIST - is the highest national recognition given to Filipinos
who have contributed significantly in the field of the arts, namely Music,
Dance, Theater, Visual Arts, Literature, Film, Broadcast Arts, and
Architecture/Allied Arts. It is awarded by Cultural Center of the
Philippines, NCCA, conferred by the President of the Philippines
Resil Mojares (2018)
- Respected literary historian
-He has six Philippine National Book Awards.
-Authored Waiting for Maria Makiling: Essays in Philippine Cultural
History and the anthology House of Memories
Ramon Muzones (2018)
- a prolific writer in Hiligaynon and credited for developing and
popularizing Hiligaynon literature through his poems, short stories,
essays, and novels.
-He wrote a total of 62 novels during his lifetime.
-His obra maestro called Margosatubig in 1946 was considered the first
Hiligaynon bestseller.
Cirilo F. Bautista (2014)
-he was conferred the National Artist Award in 2014 because he
"greatly contributed to the development of the country's literary arts
and strengthened the Filipino's sense of nationalism."
Lazaro Francisco (2009)
- He was posthumously given the National Artist Award in 2009.
- He developed the social realist tradition in Philippine fiction; his
eleven novels, now acknowledged classics of Philippine literature,
embodies the author's commitment to nationalism.
- "Master of the Tagalog Novel"
Bienvenido Lumbera (2006)
- He pioneered the creative fusion of fine arts and popular imagination.
- Historicized Philippine literature and reinvented the society's colonial
point of view
- The interplaying issues of nation and class are key points in all of his
essays.
Virgilio Almario (2003)
- also known as Rio Alma, is a poet, literary historian and critic, who
has revived and reinvented traditional Filipino poetic forms, even as he
championed modernist poetics.
Alejandro Roces (2003)
- Is a short story writer and essayist, and considered as the country's
best writer of comic short stories. He is known for his widely
anthologized "My Brother's Peculiar Chicken."
- Ever the champion of Filipino culture, hebrought to public attention
the aesthetics of the country's fiestas. He was instrumental in
popularizing several local fiestas, notably, Moriones and Ati-atihan.
F. Sionil Jose (2001)
- his writings since the late 60s, when taken collectively can best be
described as epic. Its sheer volume puts him on the forefront of
Philippine writing in English.
- But ultimately, it is the consistent espousal of the aspirations of the
Filipino-for national sovereignty and social justice-that guarantees the
value of his oeuvre.
THE LANDSCAPCE OF PHILIPPINE FICTION
Connotation -refers to the wide array of positive and negative
associations that most words naturally carry with them.
Denotation - literal meaning.
Techniques of Fiction
Character is the one you relate with, converse with, or listen to the
thoughts of. The character and the way he or she changes as the story
progresses become the driving force of fiction—the reason that you, as
a reader, will be interested or disinterested as you read.
Symbolism in a fiction may be of use of a character, object, or event to
signify something else from its original meaning. There are times when
you may not be sure what the symbolisms in a given story are. As the
reader, you need to examine these symbols and come up with your own
interpretations.
Paz Marquex-Benitez
- She was born on 3 March 1894 in Lucena, Tayabas (now Quezon),
Philippines. Died on November 10, 1983, Born into the prominent
Marquez family of Quezon province her parents were well educated.
- She authored the first Filipino modern English-language
short story titled “Dead Star”
Short stories
- Also express a lot of irony in life situations. There are three kinds of
irony that you will encounter in short stories.
Examples:
Tim’s parents are proud of the “A” he got on the test, but we know he
cheated.
Alex writes a love poem to Judy but we know that Judy loves Devin.
A Plot Structure of Fiction.
Aristotle once declared that for a story to be considered a story, it must
have a beginning, a middle, and an end. Plato agreed to this, and
adhered to the idea of an organic unity in fiction—the interdependent
parts of a story are all needed to create a whole. If one part is lost, the
story cannot stand on its own. Eventually, in the 19th century, a German
novelist by the name of Gustav Freytag realized that plot of stories and
even novels have common patterns which can be summarized in a
diagram.
FREGTAG’S PYRAMID

Verbal Irony
- Is when what is said by the character is not what he or she meant. A
character says one thing but means the opposite.
- Also called sarcasm or being sarcastic.
Examples:
The locker room smells really good.
Awesome! Another homework packets

Situational Irony
- Is when the actual outcome of a situation (say the conclusion) is
different from the expected outcome.
-This is also known as the twists and turn in a story.
Examples:
A marriage counselor files for divorce.
Two people want a divorce, but during the proceedings they discover
they still love each other and get back together.

Dramatic Irony
- Is when the readers know more than the characters in the story.
- You know something that a character doesn’t.