Evidence of Research Plan/Literature

Search…………. 20%

Science Engineering Goals/Logical

Investigation………20%

Originality and Skill/Use of Appropriate

Techniques……15%

RESEARCH ETHICS…..10%
Results……..25%
Citing the
Literature
QUESTION 1
When writing a research paper,
literature citation is important for
two reasons. What are these
reasons?
QUESTION 2
If the name of the authors are
located at the end of the paper, it is
called
__________________________.
Bibliography
QUESTION 3
There are several styles in citing
your sources. What are these
referencing styles?
 Citation
(In-Text Citation):
Guidelines
 • APA
• MLA
• Harvard
• Chicago
• Turabian
• APA
• MLA
•…
Ways of Citing
Related
Literature
Example 1
Hendelworth (2015) argued that …
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
________________________________.
Example 2

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
_(Hendelworth, 2015).
Example 3

_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
____________________(Hendelworth, 2015;
McConell 2014; Blakes, 2013; Cramer 2011).
 Table 1 shows the pH of different
samples of fuels namely: guava fuel, X
diesel and Y diesel. The pH of the fuels
are fairly close to each other. The
average pH of biofuel is 8.95, X Diesel
is 8.92, and Y Diesel is 8.94. All fuels
are slightly basic. McConell and Lawton
(2014) confirmed that one of the good
characteristics of a high quality biofuel
should have a pH value from 8-9.
QUESTION 4
Based from the previous example
of citations, did we INCLUDE the
ENTIRE CONTENT OF THE
RESEARCH PAPER of those
authors in the RRL?
QUESTION 5
What is the ONLY THING THAT
MUST BE INCLUDED in writing
the RRL?
 Citation
(APA vs MLA)
QUESTION 6
Differentiate the in-text citation of
APA and MLA?
 Romantic poetry is
characterized by the
“spontaneous overflow
of powerful feelings”
(Wordsworth, 1995).
 Romantic poetry is
characterized by the
“spontaneous overflow
of powerful feelings”
(Wordsworth 263).
In-Text Citation
(APA Style)
1. A work by two
authors.
 Wegener and One should read a
Petty (1994) argue text for what it says
that one should on its surface ,
read a text for what rather than looking
it says on its for some hidden
surface , rather meaning (Wegener
than looking for & Petty, 1994).
some hidden
meaning.
2. A work by three
to five authors.
 Kernis, Cornell,
One should read a
Sun, Berry, and
text for what it says
Harlow (1994) argue
on its surface ,
that one should
rather than looking
read a text for what
for some hidden
it says on its
meaning (Kernis, et
surface , rather
al., 1994).
than looking for
some hidden
meaning.
3. A work by six or
more authors.
 Kernis, et al.
One should read a
(1994) argue that
text for what it says
one should read a
on its surface ,
text for what it says
rather than looking
on its surface ,
for some hidden
rather than looking
meaning (Kernis, et
for some hidden
al., 1994).
meaning.
4. Unknown author.
 Reading Skills
One should read a
(1994) argue that
text for what it says
one should read a
on its surface ,
text for what it says
rather than looking
on its surface ,
for some hidden
rather than looking
meaning (“Reading
for some hidden
Skills”, 1994).
meaning.
5. Organization as
an author
 American
One should read a
Psychological
text for what it says
Association (2016)
on its surface ,
argue that one
rather than looking
should read a text
for some hidden
for what it says on
meaning (American
its surface , rather
Psychological
than looking for
Association [APA],
some hidden
2016).
meaning.
 APA (2016) argue
One should read a
that one should
text for what it says
read a text for what
on its surface ,
it says on its
rather than looking
surface , rather
for some hidden
than looking for
meaning (APA,
some hidden
2016).
meaning.
6. Multiple citations
 One should read a text for what it says
on its surface , rather than looking for
some hidden meaning (Marcus, 2016;
Stewart, 2015; Thompson, 2014; Wilkins,
2013).
7. Authors with the
same last name.
 Although some medical ethicists claim
that cloning will lead to designer
children (R. Miller, 2015) others note that
the advantages for medical research
overweigh this consideration (A. Miller,
2016).
8. Two or more
works by the same
author in the same
year.
 Although some medical ethicists claim
that cloning will lead to designer
children (Miller, 2015a) others note that
the advantages for medical research
overweigh this consideration (Miller,
2015b).
9. Citing indirect
sources.
 Johnson stressed that some medical
ethicists claim that cloning will lead to
designer children and others note that
the advantages for medical research
overweigh this consideration (as cited in
Smith, 2003, p. 102).
10. Unknown date.
 Reading Skills
One should read a
(n.d.) argue that
text for what it says
one should read a
on its surface ,
text for what it says
rather than looking
on its surface ,
for some hidden
rather than looking
meaning (“Reading
for some hidden
Comprehension”,
meaning.
n.d.).
In-Text Citation
(APA Style):
Exercises
 Parker, L. M., & Charter, J. (2015). Chitosan. Retrieved October 5,
2017 from
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-
625-chitosan.aspx
Chitosan is a sugar that is 1. A work by two
obtained from the hard outer authors
skeleton of shellfish, 2. Unknown
including crab, lobster, and Author
shrimp. It is used for
medicine.
Parker, L. M., Charter, J., McMillan, S. (2015). Chitosan. Retrieved
October 5, 2017 from https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-
supplements/ingredientmono-625-chitosan.aspx
Chitosan is used to treat obesity, 3. A work by 3 to 5
high cholesterol, and Crohn’s authors (First
disease. It is also used to treat time)
complications that kidney failure
4. A work by 6 or
patients on dialysis often face,
including high cholesterol, “tired more authors
blood” (anemia), loss of strength
and appetite, and trouble
sleeping (insomnia).
Department of Science and Technology. (2015). Chitosan. Retrieved
October 5, 2017 from https://www.dost.gov.ph

Some people apply chitosan 5. Organization as

directly to their gums to treat an author (first
inflammation that can lead to time)
tooth loss (periodontitis), or 6. Organization as
chew gum that contains an author (Second
chitosan to prevent “cavities” time) and
(dental caries). Unknown date
Parker, L. M., Parker, S. (2015). Chitosan. Retrieved October 5, 2017
from
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-
625-chitosan.aspx
In an effort to help “donor 7. Authors with the
tissue” rebuild itself, plastic same last name
surgeons sometimes apply
chitosan directly to places
from which they have taken
tissue to be used elsewhere.
PRIMARY SOURCE: Parker, L. M., (2015). Chitosan. Retrieved
October 5, 2017 from https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-
supplements/ingredientmono-625-chitosan.aspx
SECONDARY SOURCE: Department of Science and Technology.
(2015). Chitosan. Retrieved October 5, 2017 from
https://www.dost.gov.ph

In pharmaceutical manufacturing,
8. Citing the
chitosan is used as a filler in tablets; indirect source
as a carrier in controlled-release
drugs; to improve the way certain
drugs dissolve; and to mask bitter
tastes in solutions taken by mouth.