AELS

Writing in
Your Own
Words
Durratu Fakhria Nasution - Arvan Permana Habib
Table of contents

01 Quoting 02 Paraphrasing

03 Summarizing 04 Checking Your Paper

 Quoting
To quote means to reproduce what someone else has previously
expressed. In some fields, for instance the humanities and social
sciences, quoting is a common way of giving reference, not least
because these diciplines are text-centred in the sense that the way
someone has expressed something may be highly relevant and
therefore needs to be reproduced word for word.
 When to quote?
a. To clarify or to define – can be used to
describe or explain something that is being
discussed.

b. To substantiate a claim – to support the claim

that is being made
HOW TO QUOTE?
!!! Must be contextualized, properly introduce and identified !!!

QUOTATION MUST BE CONTEXTUALIZED

QUOTATION MUST BE
PROPERLY INTRODUCED
Always make sure to quote in a way that does not misrepresent the
source that you quote from. To contextualiZe a quotation means to
you must introduce quotations
frame it in a way that presents the situation in a correct manner and
and preferably comment on the
provides the information that the reader needs in order to
quotation
understand the quoted piece. Since the reader cannot be expected
to know the exact context of the quotation, you must provide the
reader with this information in order to avoid misrepresentation
and misunderstanding.
TYPES OF QUOTATION
A. DIRECT QUOTES
You'll often use direct quotes in the middle
of a paragraph. Use double quotation
marks at the beginning and end of the
quote, use the exact words from the
original text and show your source, or
your work being could be considered as
plagiarism.

In the Teaching by principles an interactive approach to

language pedagogy Brown stated that “Language is a tool
for communication”. Language itself can be spoken and
written, used to communicate with each other.(2000.
p.17)
B. LONGER QUOTATION
Separate direct quotations that are more than two lines from your text by leaving a line space above
and below the quote and indenting it. These quotes should be single line spaced (unlike the rest of
your text, which is probably double or 1.5 line spaced). Indented quotes don't need quotation marks.

Talking about language, the president of International TESOL in 1980-1981, Brown Write:
(indented)
Language was a system of arbitrary conventionalized vocal, written, or gestural symbols that
enables members or a gave community to communicate intelligibly with another.
(end of indent)
The factions of language can be applied in our daily life. Language communication media
can be group into three basic forms, namely, written (reading and writing), orally (listening
and speaking) and graphic (drawing and sketching).
 C. OMITTING PART OF QUOTATION
Use an ellipsis (three dots) to omit or remove parts of a quote and show
where you've removed text. Don't change the meaning of the quote when
you do this.

Brown (2000, p.17) stated that “Language was a system of arbitrary conventionalized
vocal, written, or gestural symbols…” it can be spoken and written, used to
communicate with each other.
 PARAPHRASING
Rewriting information from an outside source in the writer’s own
words without changing the meaning (Oshima and Hogue, 2006).

The writer’s own rendition of essential information and ideas

expressed by someone else, presented in a new form (Purdue OWL).
How to Paraphrase?
!!! Find the synonyms, except technical vocabularies !!!

Read the original passage several times until you understand it

fully

Ex: Page 16 of a three-page article in the October 15, 2003, issue of Space Science magazine. The title of
the article is "Manned Mars Flight: Impossible Dream?" The author is Patrick Clinton, a NASA (National
Aeronautics and Space Administration) physician. Living aboard a space station (technical, no need to
find the synonym) in orbit around Earth for months at a time poses problems for astronauts' bodies as well
as for their minds.
 Restructuring
In paraphrasing, you may also…

...change stuctures with words that modify nouns (such as 'who / which / where / that')
...change infinitives (e.g 'to eat') to gerunds (e.g. 'eating') or vice-versa whenever possible
...change the part of speech (word form) (e.g. nouns to verbs or verbs to nouns)
...change the voice: change passive to active or active to passive (e.g. the man observes a cat to
the cat is observed by the man)
...choose words opposite to the original (e.g. 'A gave B money' = 'B received money from A'
...change words that compare (words with '__er' / 'more __')

https://www.lc.cityu.edu.hk/ELSS/Resource/Paraphrasing%20ICOSA%20Version/files/S3P2.htm
 Taking
Notes
write down only few words, not complete
sentence
Ex: language-people use to communicate-but so many-
difficult to understand one another-people wish-universal
international language-reasons: cultural, economic bonds,
better feelings between countries
Writing Paraphrase
Write a paraphrase from the notes, without looking at the
original wording.
Ex: Source: Page 16 of a three-page article in the October 15, 2003, issue of Space Science magazine.
The title of the article is "Manned Mars Flight: Impossible Dream?" The author is Patrick Clinton, a
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) physician.
Living aboard a space station in orbit around Earth for months at a time poses problems for astronauts'
bodies as well as for their minds.

An article in Space Science magazine reports that lengthy space station duty may lead to
physical and mental problems for astronauts (Clinton 16).
 COMPARING THE PARAPHRASE

Check the paraphrase against the original.

Ex: Source: Page 16 of a three-page article in the October 15, 2003, issue of
Space Science magazine. The title of the article is "Manned Mars Flight:
Impossible Dream?" The author is Patrick Clinton, a NASA (National
Aeronautics and Space Administration) physician.
Living aboard a space station in orbit around Earth for months at a time poses
problems for astronauts' bodies as well as for their minds.

An article in Space Science reports that astronauts will become

physically sick and have mental problems if they visit a space station
(Clinton 16). (Inaccurate)
Don’t Forget to
Synthesize
Synthesize your material in sources to bring information
together in new ways and to interpret it for yourself and your
audience by combining your own conclusion with the sources.

Success Center Tips for Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Synthesizing Sources.

https://www.swic.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Summarizing-Paraphrasing-Synthesizing-
Sources.pdf
Franz (2008) studied undergraduate online students. He looked at 17 females and 18 males and
found that none of them liked APA. According to Franz, the evidence suggested that all students
are reluctant to learn citations style. Perez (2010) also studies undergraduate students. She
looked at 42 females and 50 males and found that males were significantly more inclined to use
citation software ( p < .05). Findings suggest that females might graduate sooner. Goldstein
(2012) looked at British undergraduates. Among a sample of 50, all females, all confident in
their abilities to cite and were eager to write their dissertations.

After synthesizing:

Studies of undergraduate students reveal conflicting conclusions regarding relationships between advanced
scholarly study and citation efficacy (your idea is here). Although Franz (2008) found that no participants
enjoyed learning citation style, Goldstein (2012) determined in a larger study that all participants watched felt
comfortable citing sources, suggesting that variables among participant and control group populations must be
examined more closely. Although Perez (2010) expanded on Franz’s original study with a larger, more diverse
sample…

https://www.simplypsychology.org/synthesising.html
EXAMPLE OF
PARAPHRASING
Based on my mini research topic:
Cited from Ünaldı, İ., & Yüce, E. (2020). The Relationship Among Vocabulary
Size, Grammar Proficiency, and Critical Thinking Skills of Adult Language
Learners. Adult Learning, 32(2), 70–78. doi:10.1177/1045159520959473
Infants acquire their native languages without the help of complex cognitive
skills, while with adults, these skills might be the most effective mental tools that
help adults to learn additional languages.

Adults acquire languages differently from infants that the latter need no complex
cognitive skills in acquiring native languages. However, adults require them the
most in studying additional languages (Ünaldı & Yüce, 2021).
 CITING
Add in-text citation
Ex: An article in Space Science magazine reports that astronauts
who live aboard space stations for long periods of time may
experience physical as well as mental problems. (Incorrect, no
citation)
Add an in-text citation at the end of the summary.
Source: The following passage is excerpted from a newspaper article written by Marc Lacey. It
appeared on page A3 of the New York Times on November 12, 2004. The title of the article is "Using a
New Language in Africa to Save Dying Ones."
Swahili speakers wishing to use a "compyuta"-as computer is rendered in Swahili-have been out of
luck when it comes to communicating in their tongue.
…UNESCO estimates that 90 percent of the world's 6,000 languages are not represented on the
Internet and that one language disappears somewhere around the world every two weeks.

Many Africans who do not speak any of the major languages on the Internet have been unable to use
computers in their native languages. … Another important reason is to save languages that are in
danger of becoming extinct (Lacey).

Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2000). Writing academic english. Longman.

SUMMARIZING

Shortening the passage into its only most

important points and leaving out the
details (Oshima and Hogue, 2006).
Getting rid of smaller details and leaving
only the primary points (Purdue OWL).
 How to Summarize?
If your retelling is about the same length as the original, it is a paraphrase. If you shorten the story, it is a summary. The
procedures of both techniques are similar to that of paraphrasing.

Read the original passage Write a summary from

Takes notes
several times until you the notes without
understand it fully. looking at the original
wording
 Checking The
Summary
Check your summary against the original to make sure you have not changed the meaning.
Original Passage (85 words)
Language is the main means of communication between peoples. But so many different languages have
developed that language has often been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among peoples. For
many years, people have dreamed of setting up an intemational universal language which all people could
speak and understand. The arguments in favor of a universal language are simple and obvious. If all peoples
spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might increase between
countries (Kispert).
Summary (28 words, much shorter)
People communicate through language; however, having different languages creates communication barriers.
A universal language could bring countries together culturally and economically as well as increase good
feelings among them (Kispert).

Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2000). Writing academic English. Longman.

Example of Summary

Cited from Ünaldı, İ., & Yüce, E. (2020). The Relationship Among Vocabulary
Size, Grammar Proficiency, and Critical Thinking Skills of Adult Language
Learners. Adult Learning, 32(2), 70–78. doi:10.1177/1045159520959473
The term grammar also appears in many different contexts. The primary
connotation generally relates to the structural aspects of human language, and
the acquisition of native language grammar seems to have different
mechanisms compared with the learning of additional languages.

Grammar usually means structure of human language and acquisition of native

language takes place differently comparing to theadditional languages (Ünaldı
& Yüce, 2021).
 04

QnA & Games

 YEAY
THANK YOU!
SEMOGA MENGERTI DAN ILMUNYA BERKAH