Faculty of Engineering (Mechanical Department)

Mechanics of Machine I (MMM12A)

Belt Drive (Power Transmission)

Name: Ms K Thejane
Office: Room 167 BHP
Email: kthejane@cut.ac.za
 PRESCRIBED TEXTBOOK

Chapter 11

Page 325 - 381

Theory of machine, first multicolour edition, 1976, by RS Khurmi, 81-219-

2524
 Introduction

❖ Belt Drives are a type of frictional drives used for transmitting power.
They are popular owing to their high durability and reliability.
❖ They are comparatively easy to install and maintain and generally are
durable and viable in the long run.
❖ Belt drives are used to transmit power between two shaft which do not
have a common axis
❖ Factors that determines the power transmission are the:
- Velocity of the belt,
- Belt tension between the pulleys
- The angle of contact between the pulleys
 Type of Belts

❖ Flat Belt – Mostly used in the factories and workshops, where a moderate amount of power
is to be transmitted from one pulley to another and when two pulleys are not more than 8
meters apart.
- Open Belt, Cross Belt, Compound Belt
❖ V- Belt – Mostly used in the factories and workshops , where a moderate amount of power
is to be transmitted from one pulley to another when the two pulleys are less that 2 meter
apart
❖ Circular Belt – Mostly used in the factories and workshops, where a moderate amount of
power is to be transmitted from one pulley to another when two pulleys are more than 8
meters apart
 Types of Belt drives based upon powder
transmission

• Light drives: Transmit small powers @ V < 10 m/s

e.g. - Agricultural machines
- Small machine tools
• Medium drives: Transmit medium power
@ 10 m/s < V < 22 m/s
e.g., Machine tool
• Heavy drives: Transmit large powers @ V > 22 m/s
e.g., Compressors
Generators.
 Material used for Belts
1. Leather belts – The best leather belts are made from 1.2 – 1.5
meters long strips.

2. Cotton or fabric belts – Most of the fabric belts are made by

folding cotton duck to three or more layers and stitching it together.

3. Rubber belts – These belts are made of layers of fabric with rubber
composition.

.
 Selection of a Belt Drive

• Speed of the driving and driven shafts,

• Speed reduction ratio,
• Power to be transmitted,
• Centre distance between the shafts,
• Shafts layout,
• Service conditions.
 Types of Flat Belt Drives

Types of Belt drives based on belt mounted on the pulleys

1. Open belt drive.

2. Crossed or twist belt drive.
3. Quarter turn belt drive.
4. Belt drive with idler pulleys.
5. Compound belt drive.
6. Stepped or cone pulley drive.
7. Fast and loose pulley drive.
 Open belt Drive

❖ Open Belt drive – used with shafts arranged parallel and rotating in the same
direction. The driver A pulls the belt from one side (lowers side) and delivers it to
the other side (upper side)

❖ Lower side belt is known as tight side whereas the upper side belt is known as
slack side
 Cross Belt Drive

• Cross Belt drive – used with shafts arranged parallel and rotating in the opposite
direction. The driver A pulls the belt from one side and delivers it to the other side

• Lower side belt is known as tight side whereas the upper side belt is known as
slack side
 Quarter turn belt drive

• Used with shafts arranged at right angles and rotating in

one definite direction.
 Belt drive with idler pulleys

• Belt drive with idler pulleys – A belt drive with an idler pulley is used with shafts
arranged parallel. This belt is used when an open belt drive cannot be used due to
small angle of contact on the smaller pulley.

• The idler pulley which is placed on the slack side, exerts pressure on the belt
thereby increasing the arc of contact and also tensions in the belt.
 Compound Belt drive

• Compound belt drive – A compound belt drive is used when power is

transmitted from one haft to another through a number of pulleys.
 Stepped or cone pulley drive.
• Stepped or cone pulley drive –is used for changing the speed of the driven
shaft while the main or drive shaft runs at constant speed. This is accomplished
by shifting the belt from one part of the step to the other
 Fast and loose pulley drive

• Fast and loose pulley drive – is to be started or stopped when ever desired without
interfering with the driving shaft. A pulley that is keyed to the machine is called
fast pulley and runs at the same speed as that of machine.
• A loose pulley runs freely over the machine shaft
 Slip in the belt drive

o The power transmitted from one shaft to the other depends on the frictional grip
between the belt and the pulley rim.
o Sometimes, the frictional grip become insufficient. This may cause some forward
motion of the driver without carrying the belt with it. This is called slip of the belt.
 Creep in the belt drive

o If the belt is made of material of low modulus of elasticity, there will be a significant
change in length of the belt in moving from tight side tension to slack side tension.
o When the pulleys are not being parallel to each other.
o Creep results in reduced power transmission, so it should be reduced to minimum
 Velocity Ratio of Belt Drive

• Velocity ratio is the ratio between the speed of the driven pulley (follower)
and the speed of the driving pulley (driver)

Let d1 = diameter of the driving pulley

d2 = diameter of driven pulley
N1 = speed of driving pulley
N2 = Speed of driven pulley

When there is no slip

 Velocity Ratio of Belt Drive

• Ratio between the velocities of the driver and the follower

or driven.

Where there is slip

When the thickness

considered

Creep of the belt

 Velocity Ratio of a Compound Belt Drive

• Multiply pulleys

For the first belt drive system

Velocity ratio =

For the second belt drive system

𝑁4 𝑑3
Velocity ratio = =
𝑁3 𝑑4
 Velocity Ratio of a Compound Belt Drive

• Multiply pulleys

Two pulley are connected in the same

shaft, the speed is constant
Length of an Open Belt Drive
Length of and cross Belt Drive
 Ratio of Driving Tensions
• For Flat Belt

For V-belt
Initial Tension
𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 
𝑇2
 Power Transmitted by a Belt

• P = power
• T = Tensions
• Velocity of the belt
 Centrifugal tension

The tension caused by centrifugal force is called centrifugal

tension.

• m = Mass of the belt per unit length in kg

• v = Linear velocity of the belt in m/s
• TC = Centrifugal tension in newtons.
 Maximum Tension
A little consideration will show that the maximum tension in the belt (T)
is equal to the total tension in the tight side of the belt:
T = σ. 𝑏. 𝑡
• σ = Maximum safe stress in N/m2,
• b = Width of the belt in m
• t = Thickness of the belt in m.

When centrifugal tension is neglected, then

T (or Tt1) = T1

when centrifugal tension is considered, then

T (or Tt1) = T1 + TC
 V-belts Drive

𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 
𝑇2
 Example 11.1

An engine, running at 150 r.p.m., drives a line shaft by means of a

belt. The engine pulley is 750 mm diameter and the pulley on the
line shaft being 450 mm. A 900 mm diameter pulley on the line
shaft drives a 150 mm diameter pulley keyed to a dynamo shaft.
Find the speed of the dynamo shaft, when:
1. there is no slip, and
2. there is a slip of 2% at each drive.

Ans: 1. 1500 r.p.m.

2. 1440.6 r.p.m.
 Class-work
A compressor, requiring 90 kW is to run at about 250 r.p.m. The open drive is by V-belts
system from an electric motor running at 750 r.p.m. The diameter of the pulley on the
compressor shaft must not be greater than 1 meter while the center distance between the
pulleys is limited to 1.75 meter. The belt speed should not exceed 1600 m/min.
1. Determine the number of V-belts required to transmit the power if each belt has a
cross sectional area of 375 mm2, density 1000 kg/m3 and an allowable tensile stress
of 2.5 MPa. The groove angle of the pulley is 35°. The coefficient of friction between
the belt and the pulley is 0.25.
2. Calculate also the length required of each belt.

Number of V-belts = 6
L = 5.664 m
Do self assessments