RESEARCH AND

PUBLICATION ETHICS

Redundant Publications

DR. R. SEVUKAN
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR & FORMER HEAD
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
PUDUCHERRY – 605 014
EMAIL: SEVUKAN2002@YAHOO.COM
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Research Productivity Vs. Impact

Duplicate Publications
Salami Slicing
Negative Impact
How to avoid redundant/duplicate
publication?
Summary and Interaction
NO. OF ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS (AS OF JULY, 2020)

Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/918403/number-of-
universities-worldwide-by-country/
 R&D EXPENDITURE VS. PRODUCTIVITY

Source: http://uis.unesco.org/apps/visualisations/research-and-development-spending/
PRODUCTIVITY VS. IMPACT

Source: https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php
 CONTRIBUTION TO PREDATORY JOURNALS

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320044877_Publishing_in_Predatory_Open_Access_Journals_A_Case_of_Ira
n/figures?lo=1
https://www.google.com/search?q=retraction+watch&rlz=1C1CHBD_enIN924IN924&sxsrf=ALeKk00kuC98KqqnpPfU59or8I1PP
WFA0A:1605759935212&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivkaH04Y3tAhV76nMBHUzKAHMQ_AUoA3oECCoQBQ&bi
w=1366&bih=600#imgrc=7dJoxYeYyNPLXM
QUESTIONABLE RESEARCH PRACTICES
Research fraud is publishing data or
conclusions that were not generated by
experiments or observations, but by invention
or data manipulation
Fabrication – Making up research data and results,
and recording or reporting them.
Falsification – Manipulating research materials,
images, data, equipment, or processes. Falsification
includes changing or omitting data or results in such
a way that the research is not accurately
represented. A person might falsify data to make it
fit with the desired end result of a study.
QUESTIONABLE RESEARCH PRACTICES
Simultaneous submission – Submitting a paper to
two or more journals at the same time
Redundant Publication – When an author submits a
paper or portions of his or her own paper that has been
previously published to another journal, without
disclosing prior submission(s).
Duplication by Paraphrasing or "Text-
"Text-recycling" – When
an author writes about his or her own research in two
or more articles from different angles or on different
aspects of the research without acknowledgment of
the original paper.
Translations of a paper published in another language
– Submitting a paper to journals in different languages
without the acknowledgment of the original paper.
SALAMI SLICING
The “slicing” of research that would form one
meaningful paper into several different
papers
NEGATIVE IMPACT
Losing Professional recognition
Affecting individual growth (Losing administrative positions)
Gaining unfair advantages
Retraction of papers
Affecting the research impact of author and affiliating
institution
Negative influence on IF and h-Index
Affecting the position of institutional ranking
Affecting research grants/funding
Restricts to publish in reputed journals anymore
HOW TO AVOID REDUNDANT
PUBLICATIONS?
 ONE IDEA ONE PAPER
Topic : Going to the movies – a real problem

Support: 1. Inconvenience of going out

2. Tempting and expensive snacks
3. Behaviour of other movie goers

Problem Statement:

The hazards of going out, the expensive snacks,

and the behaviour of other movie goers are some of
the problems of going to the movies.
movies.
 LITERATURE REVIEW:
PROBLEMS
Chronological arrangement
Use of outdated sources
Inadequate paraphrase
Reproduction of earlier works
Summarizing without inferences
TIPS ON DRAFTING A REVIEW
Categorize the literature into
recognizable topic clusters:
stake out various positions that are relevant
to your project,
build on conclusions that lead to your
project, or
demonstrate the places where the literature
is lacking.
Avoid “Smith says X, Jones says Y”
literature reviews.
Avoid including all the studies on the
subject.
 LITERATURE REVIEW: EXAMPLE #1
Other studies also support the conclusion that traditional
teaching methods hinder learning calculus. Isolated, trivial
problems, the norm in many classrooms, inhibit students from
acquiring the ability to generalize calculus problem-solving
skills (Selden, Selden, & Mason, 1994). Similar results are
reported by Norman and Prichard (1994). They demonstrate
that many learners can not interpret the structure of a problem
beyond surface-level symbols. They show that novices have
inaccurate intuitions about problems which lead them to
attempt incorrect solution strategies (Norman & Prichard
1994). Because they cannot see beyond high-level features,
they can not develop correct intuitions. On the other hand,
successful problem solvers categorize math problems based
upon underlying structural similarities and fundamental
principles (Silver, 1979; Shoenfeld & Herrman, 1982). These
categories are often grouped based upon solution modes,
which the experts use to generate a forward working strategy
(Owen & Sweller 1989).
LITERATURE REVIEW: EXAMPLE #2
It is true that museums are increasingly using ICT
tools not only to support management operations
through data collection and analysis (Sheldon,
1997), but also to be directly used by visitors to
enhance their experience of the exhibition (Elbert
& Temme, 1992). There were many more such
studies from different countries (Goulding, 2000;
Hou, 2009; Hamid et al., 2010; Lee, 2012;
Trinha & Ryan, 2013) to assess the visitors’
expectations and satisfaction in the museums.
POOR USE OF CITATIONS
Example – 1
Example – 2
Example – 3
 CITATION – ENUMERATED SYSTEM

Publication productivity, as measured by the

number of papers, has also been regarded as
one of the main indicators of reputation of
institutions in general8 and academic institutions
in particular9–10.
8. Garg, K. C. & Padhi, P. (1999). Scientometrics of
Institutional Productivity of Laser Science and
Technology. Scientometrics, 46, 19–38.
9. Abt, H. A. (1993). Institutional Productivities.
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the
Pacific, 105, 794–798.
10. Basu, A. & Nagpaul, P. S. (1998). National
Mapping of Science. NISTADS Report: No. Rep-
248/98, New Delhi, 157–169.
 CITATION – AUTHOR DATE SYSTEM
Publication productivity, as measured by the number
of papers, has also been regarded as one of the main
indicators of reputation of institutions in general (Garg,
Garg,
1999)
1999) and academic institutions in particular (Abt,
Abt, 1993,
1993,
Basu & Nagpaul,
Nagpaul, 1998)
1998).

Abt, H. A. (1993). Institutional Productivities.

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the
Pacific, 105, 794–798.
Basu, A. & Nagpaul, P. S. (1998). National Mapping of
Science. NISTADS Report: No. Rep-248/98,
New Delhi, 157–169.
Garg, K. C. & Padhi, P. (1999). Scientometrics of
Institutional Productivity of Laser Science and
Technology. Scientometrics, 46, 19–38.
CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES
(INTERNET, ONLINE COMMUNITIES, ETC)

For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers:

Use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the
paragraph symbol ¶ or the abbreviation para.
If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the
heading and the number of the paragraph following it to
direct the reader to the location of the material (APA, 2010,
Section 7.11).
(Myers, 2008, ¶ 5)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Personal communications include e-mail letters,
telephone conversations, interviews, etc.
They are mentioned in the body of a paper only, as
they are not locatable.

E.g.

Author Martine Bates (personal communication, January

25, 2011) is excited about Marwen’s latest adventures and
hopes her readers are too.
CITING SECONDARY SOURCES
The study by Sevukan was mentioned in an article by Raja
and Murugan.

In-
In-text

Sevukan’s study (as cited in Raja & Murugan, 1993) provided

a new model on information retrieval.
In the reference section, cite the secondary source but not
the original study.

Reference

Raja, T. & Murugan, K. (1993). Emerging models of information

retrieval in digital environment. Library Review, 100, 589-
608.
POOR USE OF QUOTATIONS
 Quotation Examples…
1. less than 40 words:
He confirms our suspicions. “Because N-Gen children
are born with technology, they assimilate it. Adults must
accommodate – a different and much more difficult
_ (Tapscott, 1998, p. 40).
learning process”_ (Punctuation is only
after in-text citation.)
 QUOTATION EXAMPLES…

2. more than forty words (Block Quotation):

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010)
explains how to avoid plagiarism::

Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of

another. Each time you paraphrase another author (i.e.,

summarize a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence

and change some of the words), you need to credit the source

of the text. (p.15) (Punctuation at end of quote, before the

citation.)
Plagiarism Detection Tool: Free
Viper Plagiarism Scanner -
http://www.scanmyessay.com

Dupli Checker -
http://www.duplichecker.com/article-rewriter.php

Plagiarism Checker - http://www.plagiarism-

detect.com/

CopyTracker -
http://copytracker.unige.ch/cts.php?action=index
Plagiarism Detection Tool: Licensed
Turnitin - Turnitin cloud-based service for
originality checking, online grading and peer
review saves instructors time and provides
rich feedback.

Ephorus - a tool that helps detect and

prevent plagiarism
 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Impact Factor
H-index
 IMPACT FACTOR

Devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of

the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI),
in the early 1960’s to help select journals
for the Science Citation Index
It is a measure reflecting the average
number of citations to articles published in
journals
It is meant for journals only
 CALCULATION OF IF

No. of citations received in the last two years

I f =
No. of articles appeared in the last two years

Mathematical representation of IF

x1 + x 2
I f (J y) =
y1 + y 2
Where,
I f ( Jy ) = Impact factor of the journal for the year Y
X1 = No. of citations received by y1 source items in the year Y
X2 = No.
No. of citations received by y2 source items in the year Y
Y1 = No. of source items published in Journal J in the year (Y-
(Y-1)
Y2 = No. of source items published in journal J in Journal J in (Y-
(Y-2)
 2021 Impact Factor

All
Previous
Years

2019 2020 2021 2022

“Impact Factor” – Citations during the current year, 2021 in

this example, to articles published within the prior two
years.
IF OF DJLIT

60 + 52 112
I f ( DJLIT 2021) = = = 1.098
46 + 56 102

x1 + x 2
I f (J y) =
y1 + y 2
 H-INDEX
Devised by Hirsch – a Physicist from University of
California, San Diego
An index to measure both the productivity and
impact of the published work of a scientist or
scholar or a department or a university or any
organisation
A scientist has index h if h of his/her Np papers
have at least h citations each, and the other (Np-h)
papers have no more than h citations each
The h-index is calculated by classifying an author’s
publications by decreasing number of citations
N No. of No. of
u Papers Citations
m (A) (B)
b 1 15
e
r 2 14
o 3 14
f
c 4 10
i
t
5 8
a 6 8
t h
i 7 7
o h
8 5
n
s 9 3
Number of papers 10 2
 RANGE OF H-
H-INDEX (SOURCE: NATURE)

Hirsch suggests that after 20 years in

research, an h of 20 is a sign of success
If h = 40 after 20 years: outstanding
scientists likely to be found only at the
major research labs.
If h = 12 good enough to secure
university tenure and the kind
If h = 45 : The real scientists
SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH NETWORK

To browse, download, and post e-

contents in various subjects
Developed by Korea University
http://www.ssrn.com/
SSRN HOME PAGE
MY OWN PAGE
PAPERS SUBMITTED
 PUBLISH OR PERISH (POP
(POP)
POP)

It is a software program that retrieves and

analyzes academic citations
Developed by Harzing, Professor in International
Management at the University of Melbourne,
Australia
It uses Google Scholar to obtain the raw
citations
http://www.harzing.com/pop.htm
 WORKS CITED FOR THIS PPT
• Brannon, Joyce. “Plagiarism.” PowerPoint Presentation. University
of West Alabama, Livingston, AL. Retrieved from
http://libraryuwa.edu/Help/Plagiarism.ppt
• Hammond, C. C. & Brown, S. W. (2008). Citation Searching: Search
Smarter & Find More. Computers in Libraries, 28,, 10-12.
• Robin, K. & Danielle, C.L. (2011). Citation searching and
bibliometric measures: Resources for ranking and tracking. College
& Research Libraries News, 72,, 470.
• Stephanie, B. & Marcia, H. (2006). Citation Searching: New Players,
New Tools. Searcher, 14,, 24.
• Valenza, Joyce. “What is Plagiarism?” Springfield Township High
School. Springfield, IL. http://mciu.org/~spjvweb/plagiarism.ppt
• Wikipedia. Citation index. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_index