EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON AGRICULTURAL LAND

IN BOSSO LOCAL GOVERNMEMT

BY

MATTHEW, Victor Okenna

2016/1/63483PG

DEPARMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA
NIGER STATE.

February, 2023.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Urbanization is a global phenomenon that is rapidly changing the landscape of many cities

around the world, including Nigeria. It increases residential population and expansion of non-

farm business and industry and also increases the pressure on farmers and makes it more costly

and difficult to farm in the traditional way. The issue is complicated by the fact that population

and business industry growth often take place in prime agricultural areas (Asamoah, 2010).

Urbanization - increased residential

population and expansion of non-farm business and
industry - increases the pressure on farmers and
makes it more costly and difficult to farm in the
traditional way. The issue is complicated by the fact
that population and business industry growth often
takes place in prime agricultural areas (Asamoah,
2010).
Urbanization - increased residential
population and expansion of non-farm business and
industry - increases the pressure on farmers and
makes it more costly and difficult to farm in the
traditional way. The issue is complicated by the fact
that population and business industry growth often
takes place in prime agricultural areas (Asamoah,
2010).
There are three major concerns over the continuing farmland loss due to urbanization (Oueslati,

Sulenie and Wu, 2014). First, the conversion of the most fertile farmland to urban development

reduces agricultural productivity, which decreases food supply in the short run and threatens

food security in the long run. Second, farmland development reduces amenities and quality of

life in rural communities. Third, farmland loss may have a detrimental effect on agricultural land

use. As urban development increases, land-use conflicts are likely to be more severe at the urban

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fringe. However, the role of agriculture and urbanization has always been at the heart of the

debate on sustainable land use patterns in a modern economy.

As cities expand and populations grow, farmland is often taken over for development, resulting

in a decline in the amount of land available for farming. This has a significant impact on

agriculture, as it can lead to higher food prices and a decrease in food security in the Bosso Local

Government Area (LGA) of Minna, Niger State. The increase in population and development of

infrastructure in urban areas has led to the conversion of agricultural land to residential and

commercial use. This reduction in available farmland can lead to food insecurity and loss of

income for farmers in the area.

The backbone of Nigeria's economy and a key factor in ensuring food security is agriculture. It is

vital to have timely access to information on agriculture to make informed decisions regarding

food security issues. Nigeria utilizes space technology and land-based observations to regularly

update crop production statistics and support sustainable agriculture. Despite the presence of oil

in the country, agriculture remains an important sector of the Nigerian economy, providing

employment for 35% of the population in 2020, according to the FAO. The sector is made up of

four sub-sectors: crop production, livestock, forestry, and fishing. Nigeria has 34 million hectares

of arable land, with 6.5 million hectares for crops and 28.6 million hectares for meadows and

pastures. Agriculture contributes up to 24% of Nigeria's GDP and the country is a major global

producer of commodities such as palm oil, cocoa beans, pineapple, and sorghum, being the

second largest producer of sorghum in the world, after the United States and the 5th in the

production of palm oil and cocoa beans. If urbanization should eat deep into our rural areas, we

could see an increase in pollution and the destruction of natural habitats, which has a negative

impact on the local ecosystem.

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The project will involve a literature review to gather information on the effects of urbanization

on agricultural land in Bosso LGA and other similar areas. This will be followed by field

research, which will involve collecting data on the current state of agricultural land in Bosso

LGA, as well as interviews with local farmers, government officials, and other stakeholders. The

data collected will be analyzed to identify patterns and trends, and to develop recommendations

for addressing the effects of urbanization on agricultural land in Bosso LGA.

The goal of this project would be to study the extent of this problem in Bosso LGA and identify

potential solutions to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization on agricultural land. Possible

solutions could include promoting sustainable urban development, implementing land-use

planning policies, and supporting programs that help farmers transition to alternative forms of

agriculture.

The findings of this project will be shared with local government officials and other stakeholders

in Bosso LGA, as well as with academic and policy communities. The hope is that this project

will contribute to the development of policies and strategies that will help to preserve agricultural

land in Bosso LGA and to ensure food security for the local population.

The goal of this project would be to study the extent of this problem in Bosso LGA and identify

potential solutions to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization on agricultural land. Possible

solutions could include promoting sustainable urban development, implementing land-use

planning policies, and supporting programs that help farmers transition to alternative forms of

agriculture.

1.2 Statement of the Research problem

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The research problem in this project is to investigate the effects of urbanization on agricultural

land in Bosso Local Government Area (LGA) of Minna, Niger State and to suggest possible

solutions to mitigate these effects. Urbanization in Bosso LGA has led to the conversion of

fertile agricultural land into residential and commercial areas, resulting in a decrease in the

amount of land available for agricultural production and an increase in food prices. Additionally,

urbanization has also led to an increase in pollution and the destruction of natural habitats, which

has a negative impact on the local ecosystem. This research aims to identify the specific effects

of urbanization on agricultural land in Bosso LGA and to provide practical solutions for

preserving agricultural land and ensuring food security for the local population.

1.3 Justification of the study.

Urbanization is one of the major challenges facing Nigeria and other developing countries. It

leads to land conversion from agricultural to urban use, negatively impacting food security and

the environment. The Bosso LGA of Minna, Niger State is no exception, as urbanization is

rapidly changing the landscape of the area and affecting the livelihoods of local farmers.

There is a need to gather data on the perceptions and experiences of local farmers and other

stakeholders regarding the effects of urbanization on agricultural land in Bosso LGA. This

information is crucial for decision-making and policy formulation to address these issues.

By providing a comprehensive understanding of the effects of urbanization on agricultural land

in Bosso LGA, this study will help to promote sustainable development by balancing the need

for urbanization with the need to preserve agricultural land and ensure food security for the local

population.

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1.4 INITIAL ASSUMPTION

In the cause of the study, the following research questions were attempted;

1. What is the Impact of agricultural land to urbanization in Bosso Local Government Area

(LGA) of Minna, Niger State.

2. What is the impact of urbanization on agricultural productivity and food security in

Bosso LGA?

1.5 Scope of the study

The study was limited to Bosso Local Government Area (LGA) of Minna, Niger State and it

focuses on the effects of urbanization on agricultural land in Bosso Local Government Area

(LGA) of Minna, Niger State. It will also examine the extent of land conversion from

agricultural to urban use in Bosso LGA and the impact of urbanization on agricultural

productivity and food security. Additionally, the research scope included the identification of the

main drivers of land conversion in Bosso LGA, including population growth, economic

development, and government policies.

1.6 LIMITATIONS TO THE STUDY

This study will assess the effect of Urbanization on Agricultural land in Bosso Local

Government; below are some Limitations of this study.

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1.7 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of urbanization on agricultural land in

Bosso Local Government Area (LGA) of Minna, Niger State. The objectives below are intended

to be achieved in this study;

1. To examine the Impact of agricultural land to urbanization in Bosso Local Government

Area (LGA) of Minna, Niger State.

2. To assess the impact of urbanization on agricultural productivity and food security in

Bosso LGA

3. To identify the relationship between urban growth and agricultural land in Bosso LGA.

1.8 Study Area

This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the effects of urbanization on agricultural

land in Bosso Local Government Area (LGA) of Minna, Niger State. This understanding is

crucial for developing policies and strategies to preserve agricultural land and ensure food

security for the local population. It also identifies the specific ways in which urbanization has led

to a decrease in the amount of land available for agricultural production and an increase in food

prices, and the impact of urbanization on the local ecosystem, including the destruction of natural

habitats and increased pollution. This information is important for decision-making and policy

formulation to address these issues.

It gathers data on the perceptions and experiences of local farmers and other stakeholders, which

can help to inform policy and strategy development to preserve agricultural land and ensure food

security.

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It provides practical solutions for preserving agricultural land and ensuring food security in

Bosso LGA, which can be used by local government officials, policy makers, and other

stakeholders.

It contributes to the academic and policy communities by providing new insights into the effects

of urbanization on agricultural land and potential solutions for preserving agricultural land and

ensuring food security. This can inform future research and policy development in similar areas.

It helps to promote sustainable development by balancing the need for urbanization with the need

to preserve agricultural land and ensure food security for the local population.

Soil

The interaction of the climate, flora, and fauna, parent materials, and geomorphic elements over

a range of time is what essentially determines the soil type. Granite, schist, genesis, and

amphiboles make up the Precambrian basement complex rock from which soils are formed. The

soil is a part of the Minna association, which is found on an undulating, well-dissected plain that

was formed on a different type of foundation complex with predominantly granite, gneiss, and

schist as the main constituents. The top soils are often sandy loam to loamy sand. Except for the

soils produced on colloidal minerals, the majority of these soils are gravely. In places with a lot

of clay or when the soil is thin, the drainage may be poor. The soils are fairly deep and have

good drainage.

Climate

Nigeria's climate is distinguished by different wet and dry seasons. The wet (rainy) season lasts

from April to October, with August seeing the heaviest rainfall. Bosso now has a climate that is

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characteristic of the Guinea savannah's middle belt zone, with distinct rainy and dry seasons. It

has a mean annual rainfall of about 1334mm (52 inches), with September recording the heaviest

rains with about 300mm. The rainy season begins around April and lasts until October

(11 .inches). The average monthly temperature ranges from 22.3°C in August to 35°C in March,

with occasional excursions exceeding 40°C. August has the highest mean monthly relative

humidity, at 60%, and January has the lowest, at 19%.

Vegetation

Minna is located in the centre of Nigeria in the Guinea savannah zone, which is next to the

tropical hinterland and the temperate humid region (Simon, Duntoye, & Oyewole, 2018).

Bosso's vegetation is made up of open savannah. The major rivers' Fadamas support savannah

with a few streams that are occasionally covered in extensive riparian woods or forested area.

The grasses range in height from 0.8 to 3.5 meters. The trees are dispersed, brief, and some of

them reach a height of 16.5 meters. Shear butter, locust legumes, rubber climbers, Baubles silk

cotton, and bleb palms are a few instances of the common trees that grow in river valleys, which

are recognized by dense woodland growth. Variations in soil types, topography, and climate

frequently affect the vegetation's character and composition.

Population

Bosso is a Local Government Area in Niger State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town

of Maikunkele.

It is located on latitude 9.6522°N and longitude 6.5261°E of the equator. It has an area of

1,592 km2 and a population of 208,212 as projected in 2019 using the national population census

figures of 2006 with a 2.5% annual growth rate, as captured in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Economic activities

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The majority of inhabitants in the Bosso LGA are farmers, with a lesser number working in other

occupations like manufacturing, white-collar work, and commercial craft and art creation. Grain

and tuber crops, such as guinea corn, groundnuts, cassava, yam, etc., are the principal

agricultural products. Typically, this is grown in the wet season. Blacksmithing and selling labor

to wealthy farmers are minor occupations during the wet season. Following harvest, the main

economic activities during the dry season are hunting, fuelwood exploitation, pottery production,

etc.

Map of the study area

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Figure 1.1 The Study Area Source: Author’s work (June 2022)

Chapter 2

LITREATURE RIVIEW

2.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 CONCEPT OF URBANIZATION ON AGRICULTURAL LAND

Urbanization is defined as the increasing share of population living in urban areas. Urban areas

are more suitable for locating administrative facilities and functions. Urbanization is the most

phenomenon of the changes in the world. This study is situated within the environmentalist

school of thought, which focuses on the need to preserve land as a crucial natural resource.

According to EOC (2003),

Urbanization also has other negative effects on the environment, such as air and water pollution,

loss of biodiversity, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Urbanization also impacts the

social and cultural fabric of the rural communities as it leads to a displacement of people from

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their ancestral lands and increased poverty and unemployment in the urban areas. However,

sustainable urban planning and land use policies can help to mitigate these negative effects by

balancing the need for urban development with the need to preserve agricultural land and protect

the environment. (Cassidy et al., 2013)

This study seeks to understand the effect of urbanization on agricultural land in Bosso LGA of

Minna, Niger State, and how sustainable urban planning and land use policies can help to

mitigate the negative effects on food security and agricultural production. It is important to

recognize that the preservation of land is crucial for the survival of mankind and that unlimited

consumption of finite resources is not sustainable in the long term. (Avtar et al., 2020).

2.1.2 Importance of urbanization

Urban areas have been defined in different ways. A functionally useful definition should address

demographic, geopolitical and social dimensions of such population settlements (Moore et al,

2003). Urbanization is one of the major social changes in the whole world. Urbanization is

directly related to expansion of urban areas and growth of the proportion of total population

leaving rural areas and moving to live in urban areas (Tan et al., 2016). Urban areas play a vital

role in the education. Schools in urban areas differ from schools in rural areas in ways that are

usually associated with better student performance. Urban schools are usually larger, enjoy

greater responsibility for resource allocation, are less likely to experience staff shortages, are

more likely to have a higher proportion of qualified teachers, and have higher student-teacher

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ratios than schools in rural areas and towns, especially in partner countries and economies

(OECD, 2013).

Increased urbanization is a global problem in the world. Currently, 54% of the world’s

population lives in urban areas (Wu and Murray, 2003; Kaya and Curran, 2006), a proportion

that is expected to increase to 66% by 2050. The rural population of the world has grown slowly

since 1950 and is expected to reach its peak in a few years. The global rural population is now

close to 3.4 billion and is expected to decline to 3. 2 billion by 2050. The urban population of

the world has grown rapidly since 1950, from 746 million to 3.9 billion in 2014. Continuing

population growth and urbanization are projected to add 2.5 billion people to the world’s urban

population by 2050 (United Nations, 2014).

2.2 CONCEPT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

Projections of total forest cover in 2100 based on current deforestation rates show a 65%

reduction in forest area in the western Himalayas and a 38% reduction in the eastern Himalayas

compared to 1970s levels (Pandit et al. 2007). As a result, some researchers predict that

hundreds of endemic vascular plants and dozens of endemic vertebrate species will face

extinction (Panditet al. 2007). Reductions in Himalayan forest cover may also have

consequences to biodiversity elsewhere, for example, due to increased flooding in neighboring

lowland regions (Laurance 2007). Furthermore, rates of climate warming in the Himalayas are

faster than the global average (Shrestha et al. 2012), and the future climatic suitability of key

Himalayan reserves is expected to decline for many species (Bagchi et al. 2013), compounding

threats due to habitat loss. The impact of agricultural expansion on biodiversity throughout the

world has received much attention from scientists in recent years owing to the challenge of
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meeting the food demands of growing human populations while conserving biodiversity (Tilman

et al. 2001; Green et al. 2005; Phalan et al. 2011; Karp et al. 2012). With increasing isolation of

protected landscapes due to an expanding agricultural matrix (DeFries et al. 2005), one approach

to conserving biodiversity is to maximize or otherwise enhance the value of agricultural systems

to wildlife (i.e., a land-sharing approach; Green et al. 2005; Fischer et al. 2008). Agricultural and

agroforest landscapes, while perhaps not as species rich as intact primary systems, can harbor

considerable diversity (Daily et al. 2001; Edwards et al. 2011). Contrasting land-sparing

approaches in which agricultural intensification is offset by enhanced forest protection elsewhere

may not always be feasible (Fischer et al. 2011), such as in topographically complex landscapes

like the Himalayas. As a result, there is pressing need to understand how biodiversity is affected

by the conversion of intact primary forests to agricultural lands and pastures.

With nearly 10% of the world’s bird species (Pandit et al. 2014), the Himalayas represent a

critically important landscape for birds; many of these species are inadequately covered by the

current system of protected areas in the region (Cantú-Salazar et al. 2013). Moreover, a growing

number of studies indicate that intact forests in the Himalayas contain unique species

assemblages and harbor a greater diversity of breeding birds compared to forest edges and the

surrounding matrix (Brandt et al. 2013; Wood et al. 2015). In the winter, however, the majority

of Himalayan birds undertake short-distance elevational migrations, wintering at lower

elevations within the mountains, in regions where human population densities are highest and

agriculture is rapidly expanding and intensifying (Grimmett et al. 1999). While previous studies

suggest that Himalayan agricultural systems may support diverse bird

populations during winter (Laiolo 2004; Namgyel et al. 2008), the importance of different types

of agricultural landscapes relative to intact forests for wintering birds in this region has not been

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assessed. Furthermore, given widespread human disturbance of Himalayan landscapes, it is

essential to understand how wintering bird communities respond to varying degrees of

agricultural intensification. To assess how bird species richness, abundance, and community

composition in the winter are affected by habitat conversion, we conducted bird surveys along

twelve elevation transects in the agricultural land refers to land that is used for farming,

including cropland, pasture, and rangeland. It is an essential natural resource that provides food

and fibre for human consumption and supports a wide range of ecosystem services.(Pereira et

al.,2018) 

2.2.1 Impact of agricultural land to urbanization

Humans are altering the Earth's biosphere at an unprecedented rate [Vitousek et al., 1997; Foley

et al., 2005; Grimm et al., 2008] through the use of fossil fuels and land use activities [Kalnay

and Cai, 2003; Luyssaert et al., 2014; Woldemichael et al., 2014]. Over half of natural biomes

have been transformed by anthropogenic activities, and further modifications are expected [Ellis

et al., 2010; He et al., 2014]. Among these, urbanization and agriculture are the two most

pervasive land use activities that can substantially alter the surface climate, particularly

temperature, by biogeophysical and biogeochemical effects [Kalnay and Cai, 2003; Pielke et al.,

2007a, 2007b; Lei et al., 2008; Georgescu et al., 2009a, 2009b; Kishtawal et al., 2010;

Grossman-Clarke et al., 2010; Pielke et al., 2011; Degu et al., 2011; Brovkin et al., 2013;

Mahmood et al., 2014; Hao et al., 2015]. Urbanization raises the surface temperature by

increasing sensible heat flux and ground heat storage at the cost of latent heat flux, resulting in

the well-known urban heat island (UHI) effect [Howard, 1833; Oke, 1982; Arnfield, 2003]. The

UHI effect has been observed globally except in few arid cities via meteorological stations

[Chow and Roth, 2006; Fast et al., 2005; Peterson, 2003] and thermal infrared remote sensing

15
techniques [Jin et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010; Imhoff et al., 2010; Peng et al., 2012; Clinton and

Gong, 2013; Zhao et al., 2014; Zhou et al., 2014b, 2015, 2016a]. Although urban areas account

for a very small proportion of global land surface today, the associated heating effects have

already contributed significantly to local, regional, and perhaps global warming [Kalnay and Cai,

2003; Zhou et al., 2004; Grimm et al., 2008]. Agriculture, a more widespread land use activity,

also has significant potential for altering the climate [Lobell et al.,2009; Puma and Cook, 2010;

Cook et al., 2011; Davin et al., 2014],whose effects sometimes evenexceed those of greenhouse

gases emissions [Bonan, 1997; Mahmood et al., 2006; Kueppers et al., 2007; Lobell and Bonfils,

2008]. On the one hand, the conversion of natural vegetation to crops modifies surface

roughness, albedo, leaf conductance, and other properties [Pielke et al., 2007a] and therefore

may increase or decrease temperature depending on geographic locations [Bounouaetal.,2002].

On the other hand, land management such as fertilization, no-till agriculture, and double-

cropping practice can significantly affect the local climate [Lobell et al., 2006]. Therein,

irrigation has perhaps the largest cooling effect on climate [Kueppers et al., 2007; Lobell and

Bonfils, 2008; Sacks et al., 2009; Ozdogan et al., 2010].

2.3 IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVTY

In economic theory, land is regarded as a special asset providing space for locating economic

activities, infrastructure, and dwellings, as well as amenity services and aesthetic value (van der

veen & otter, 2001; hubacek & van den bergh, 2002; aribigbola, 2008). In developing countries,

most people rely on agricultural production, making land an important asset (tuyen, 2013). Yet,

this valuable and scarce resource is in fixed supply (azadi et al., 2011), requiring sustainable

utilization. Therefore, any change to the agricultural land use in these countries requires

thoughtful planning to both conserve the land and reduce the risks of undermining the

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livelihoods of the people. However, existing literature shows that economic growth and

persistent urbanization is an unavoidable global phenomenon that initiates urban encroachment

into agricultural land (paul & mckenzie, 2012; dadi et al., 2016). While some studies state

positive outcomes from the conversion of agricultural land in local communities since

urbanization transforms a backward and agricultural country to become modern and industrial.

As a result of an increase in non-food producers and their average incomes, it often provides

growing demands for agricultural products and for higher value products that bring benefits to

farmers (melese, 2004; satterthwaite et.al., 2010). However, others argue against positive impact

and report negative consequences because in most urban areas in low- and middle-income

nations, the absence of land-use planning or a strategic planning framework to guide land-use

changes leads to urban areas expanding haphazardly (nguyen vu & philippe, 2011; nguyen & ho,

2013; pribadi & pauleit, 2015; fenta et.al., 2017; eniyew, 2018). Urbanization rates are quickly

increasing in developing countries, with two-thirds of the world’s population anticipated to be

living in cities by 2050 (un population division, 2014). A typical characteristic of urban areas in

developing nations are the informal settlements caused by the large influx of populations from

other semi-urban or rural areas. Rapid population growth and the related need for housing and

other amenities have resulted in an increasing urbanized land cover, mostly along major roads

and in rural countryside, which is typically scattered and inefficient in resource utilization (ewing

& hamidi, 2015). Pramanik et al, (2010) noted that urbanization is an important driving force in

migration and commuting because urban areas offer many economic opportunities to rural

people through better jobs, new skills and cultural changes. They noted that the relative

proximity of urban populations to farming land may be a root cause behind the factors that

contribute to loss of agricultural land and agricultural intensification.

2.3.1 Food security

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Food sovereignty is about democratic control over national food policy and the right of people

and communities to control how and what food is produced, and for whom. It was originally

coined as a strategic concept to politicize the idea of ‘food security’, which originated in the UN

system, but was appropriated by neo-liberalism. Under neo-liberalism it equated to the supply of

food from world ‘granaries’ via transnational corporations. In contrast, food sovereignty

encapsulates the view that nations should have the right to consume, rather than trade, what they

produce. Meanwhile, structural adjustment policies intensified the reduction in farmer support

mechanisms such as rural credit and marketing boards. An important claim of the food

sovereignty movement is that small farmers or peasants can ‘feed the world and cool the planet’.

The principal consequence of this cheap food regime (rosset, 2008) has been the displacement of

small-holders, and a serious reduction in farming capacity, which was exposed during the 2007–

2008 ‘global food crisis’: indebted farmers were largely unable to respond by producing more

food (Patnaik, 2008; Grain, 2012).

Food security refers to the ability of individuals and communities to access sufficient, safe, and

nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Markets only feed people who possess the necessary purchasing power, and they are a minority

of the world’s population (Patel, 2007). further, as global inequality deepens (George, 2010),

more crop-land is use to grow animal feed and bio-fuels at the expense of staple grains (see also

fao, 2009). with respect to the current food regime, the iaaSTd documents its unfavourable

impacts on small farmers. it recommends ending subsidies for Northern surpluses and proposes

financial rewards for environmental stewardship. It highlights the importance of national policy

flexibility to balance the needs of poor consumers and small farmers (iaaSTd, 2009). echoing the

MEA, the report recommends an integrative view of food, resource and nutritional security,

18
emphasizing that reinventing agriculture as farming requires scientists (natural, social and health)

to work with local farmers, governments and civil society organizations (iaaSTd, 2009) The

rights-based framework mirrors the food sovereignty principle of citizens consuming, rather than

trading, their food. The Un Special rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier de Schutter, advocates

domestic production to reduce food dependency, noting there are ‘approximately 500 million

small-scale farmers in developing countries making them not only the vast majority of the

world’s farmers but, taking into account their families, responsible for the well-being of over two

billion persons’ (de Schutter, 2011)

2.3.2 Productivity

Urbanization - increased residential population and expansion of non-farm business and industry

and increases the pressure on farmers and makes it more costly and difficult to farm in the

traditional way. The issue is complicated by the fact that population and business industry

growth often takes place in prime agricultural areas (Asamoah, 2010). Rapid urban population

growth means an increasing demand for urban land, particularly for housing, but also for various

other urban uses. Urbanization has led to land use conversion from agricultural land to urban

land use, such as for infrastructure, industrial, residential or commercial uses. Such land use

conversion often reduces the most fertile land, and therefore the impact on agricultural

production and food security is often larger than the absolute amount of land involved (Francis et

al., 2013). Recent research shows that such urban land use conversion is often driven by

economic factors, with positive feedback loops between urban land use expansion and economic

growth in the city, as well as in the region (Bai, 2012).

2.4 Direct and indirect effect of urbanization

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The ability of both developed and developing countries to reduce the intensity of energy use is

thought to play an important role in determining the world’s capacity to grow sustainably in the

future. Reducing the energy intensity of firms and households is considered to be a practical

solution to many of today’s common challenges including global energy shortages; mitigating

against further changes in the climate; and reducing the impact on health of local air and water

pollution. (Patel, 2007) Overall, the indirect effects of urbanization on agricultural land can have

a significant impact on food security and the sustainability of agricultural systems. It is important

to consider these effects when planning for urban growth and development, in order to minimize

the negative impacts on agricultural land and promote sustainable land use patterns. In addition

to examining the direct impact of these variables on energy intensity this research also examines

a number of indirect channels (construction, transportation, industrial upgrading, and changing

lifestyles) by which changing urbanization may affect any development. (chirisa, 2008)

2.5 Direct and indirect impacts of urbanization on agricultural land

Over the past half century, the surface of the Earth has undergone substantial alteration due to

anthropogenic activity, primarily through deforestation and urbanization. During this period,

while rates of deforestation have varied broadly across the globe, there has been a nearly uniform

explosion in the number of urban dwellers worldwide. (Hossain et al., 2012)

The resultant expansion of urban land has important climatic implications across all scales, since

the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and the introduction of urban materials (e.g.,

concrete, metal) alters the surface energy balance, with a consequent increase in sensible heat

flux at the expense of latent heat flux (Stull 1988). Such re-partitioning of surface energy fluxes

is often described by the Bowen ratio (the ratio of sensible to latent heat fluxes). Over highly

evaporating surfaces (i.e., standing water),

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The direct effect of urbanization on agricultural land refers to the direct conversion of

agricultural land for urban use, such as residential, commercial, or industrial developments. As

urban areas expand, agricultural lands are often taken over for these purposes, leading to a loss of

fertile land and a decline in crop yields

The interconnected pervious and impervious surface contributed to multifaceted alteration to

sediment budget and channel morphology. In his seminal 1967 study, Wolman identified an

immediate increase in sediment yield during the development phase in urban environments as

surface are stripped of their natural cover and their bare soil exposed, Which is supported by

more recent findings from nelson and booth (2002). As urban area spread and mature, the supply

of coarse sediment is gradually reduced as soil are sealed and impervious surface. (Gero et al.,

2006)

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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3.1 Types and sources of Data

Primary data will be sourced for this research and it will be a quantitative type of data will be

collected for this research; it will be gotten directly from the area of study through field survey,

questionnaire and personal interview.

3.2 Data collection instruments

This research work will adopt the conventional instrument of data collection, which are;

a. The use of Questionnaire: The places the questionnaire should cover involves, the

socio-economic features, urbanization growth, agricultural land use, productivity, food

security. About one hundred fifty questionnaires will be administered to the study area.

b. Review of Books and articles: Other pivotal data and that will yield key to getting

wholesome information about the subject matter.

3.3 Sample Size technique and criteria

The sample size will be determined by the use of a processed of secondary data from the

ministry of land and housing. The urban growth and land use is assumed to be made up of 36%

in Bosso and the total population of urban the dwellers in any area that could be partitioned by

the figure so as to derive the quantity of urbanization (Tunde, 2011).

Number of agricultural land and urban growth in the research area

22
 Population of Bosso
=
Mean number of agricultural land∧urban growth

3.4 Method of Data Analysis

3.4.1 Collection of data and Analysis

The study relied on past previous studies carried out by scholars. The studies that are related to

urban growth and agricultural land, its effects among other conceptual terms related to

urbanization were assessed. The major focus of the present study is on Minna hence, a

considerable percentage of the literature that were assessed discussed the about flooding, its

adaptation experience and other inferred statistics

3.4.2 Inferential Statistics

It is the way of making inferences about urbanization based on samples; inferential statistics use

measurement from the treatment groups and generalize about the larger population of subject.

There are two main types of inferential statistics, hypothesis testing and regression analysis. This

technique will be used to infer about the impact of these strategies based on the data obtained

from the surveys and questionnaires that will be administered.

3.4.3 Urban growth and agricultural land –correlations

The correlation between urban growth and agricultural growth, socio-economic, agricultural land

use, productivity, food security. This was carried out for the selected areas using the multiple

correlations. The multiple regression models that will be used, is given as:

y=1+11+22+⋯

Y= urban growth

23
X1-Xn= agricultural land use

a1, b1 – bn= constant of multiple regression

APPENDIX

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE

QUESTIONNAIRE ON
EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON AGRICULTURAL LAND
IN BOSSO LOCAL GOVERNMEMT

24
Dear Respondent,

This questionnaire is strictly for academic purpose, aimed at obtaining information for a

Research work on the above topic. This questionnaire will be treated with utmost

Confidentiality. Thank you.

SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

1) GENDER

Male ( ) Female ( )

2) EDUCATION QUALIFICATION

O’ Level ( ) ND/NCE ( ) B,SC/B.Tech/HND ( ) M.SC/M.Tech ( )

3) YEARS OF RESIDENCE
25
1-5 years ( ) 6-10years ( ) 11-15years ( ) 15-20years ( ) 20years above ( )

4) URBANIZATON GROWTH

Small Scale ( ) Medium Scale ( ) Large Scale ( )

SECTION B:

1. What means of urban development did you have in your area?

Pipe borne water ( ) Motor able roads ( ) Hospital ( ) School ( )

2. How has the agricultural land and urban growth help your area?

Extremely high ( ) High ( ) Moderate ( ) Low ( )

3. During the last five agricultural years, how did the latest development in your area affect the

following?

You can tick more than one

 Crops grown in this town? ( )

 Crops grown in other places? ( )

 Kitchen garden? ( )

 Permanent crops? ( )

 Agricultural land left follow? ( )

26
4. How did urban growth affect the agricultural land in your area?

Tick the any of the following

 Extremely high ( )

 High ( )

 Moderate ( )

 Low ( )

 Extremely low ( )

4. What temporary crops was grown because of urban development in your area

Maize ( ) groundnut ( ) sorghum ( ) Millet ( ) Rice ( )

5. What form of agricultural practices is introduced due to the urbanization in your area?

Subsistence ( ) Commercial ( )

This section seeks information on the agricultural production, sizes and yield in the area. Please

tick the appropriate option

7. How many parcels of land are used for agricultural purposes in your area?

1( ) 2( ) 3( ) 4( ) 5 ( )

8. How many agricultural lands have been occupied in area due to urbanization?

1( ) 2( ) 3( ) 4( ) 5( ) 6( )

9. How has the urbanization in your area influence the livelihood in the area?

Extremely high ( ) High ( ) Moderate ( ) Low ( )

27
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