MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTION

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, GAURIDAD CAMPUS.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

INTERNET OF THINGS
AND
APPLICATIONS
(3160716)

Student Name: Jaydeep Sangani

Student Enrollment No.: 200570107099
Student Class: 6EC1
Student Batch: C
 MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTION
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, GAURIDAD CAMPUS.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Experiment 1
Title: Exploring Open Source Hardware & its Application
a. Arduino
b. Raspberry Pi

Experiment Description: Required description/details/steps of respective

experiment Exploring the Pin-diagrams, Architecture and Application of Arduino
and Raspberry Pi with it’s description.

Arduino :

Pin-diagram image and its Description :

1.1 Arduino Pin Diagram

Arduino Uno is the most standard board available and probably the best choice for a beginner. We
can directly connect the board to the computer via a USB Cable which performs the function of
supplying the power as well as acting as a serial port.

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 MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTION
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, GAURIDAD CAMPUS.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

The Arduino UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. If this is your first
experience tinkering with the platform, the UNO is the most robust board you can start playing
with. The UNO is the most used and documented board of the whole Arduino family.

The Arduino UNO R3 is the perfect board to get familiar with electronics and coding. This
versatile micro-controller is equipped with the well-known ATmega328P and the ATMega 16U2
Processor.

Architecture with description :

1.2 Arduino Architecture

The Arduino UNO includes 6 analog pin inputs, 14 digital pins, a USB header. It is programmed
based on IDE, which stands for Integrated Development Environment. It can run on both online
and offline platforms.

ATmega328 Micro-controller : It is a single chip Micro-controller of the ATmel family. The

processor code inside it is of 8-bit. It combines Memory (SRAM, EEPROM, and Flash), Analog
to Digital Converter, SPI serial ports, I/O lines, registers, timer, external and internal interrupts,
and oscillator.

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 MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTION
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, GAURIDAD CAMPUS.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Power USB : Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer.All you
need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection

Power(Barrel Jack) : Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply
by connecting it to the Barrel Jack.

Voltage Regulator : The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the
Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

Crystal Oscillator : The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does
Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top
of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

Reset button : You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You
can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button on the board. Second, you
can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET.

Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin) : 3.3V − Supply 3.3 output volt, 5V − Supply 5 output volt Most of the
components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.GND(Ground) − There
are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your circuit.Vin− This
pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power source, like AC mains
power supply.

Analog pins : The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can
read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert
it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

Main microcontroller : Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller. You can assume it as the
brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from
board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what
IC your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you can
refer to the data sheet.

ICSP pin : Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting
of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving
the output device to the master of the SPI bus.
Vin : It is the input voltage.

Power LED indicator : This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source
to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then there is
something wrong with the connection.
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, GAURIDAD CAMPUS.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

TX and RX LEDs: On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They
appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the
pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes
with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate
used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

Digital I/O: The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic
values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins
labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.

AREF: AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference
voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

Application with description :

The UNO board is the flagship product of Arduino. Regardless if you are new to the world of
electronics or will use the UNO as a tool for education purposes or industry-related tasks.

First entry to electronics : If this is your first project within coding and electronics, get started with
our most used and documented board; Arduino UNO. It is equipped with the well-known
ATmega328P processor, 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, USB connections, ICSP
header and reset button. This board includes everything you will need for a great first experience
with Arduino.

Industry-standard development board : Using the Arduino UNO board in industries, there are a
range of companies using the UNO board as the brain for their PLC’s.

Education purposes : Although the UNO board has been with us for about ten years, it is still
widely used for various education purposes and scientific projects. The board's high standard and
top quality performance makes it a great resource to capture real time from sensors and to trigger
complex laboratory equipment to mention a few examples.

Raspberry pi :

Pin-diagram image and its Description :

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 MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTION
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, GAURIDAD CAMPUS.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

2.1 Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or
TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable little device that enables people of all
ages to explore computing, and to learn how to program in languages like Scratch and Python.

Architecture with Description :

2.2 Raspberry Pi Architecture

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 MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTION
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, GAURIDAD CAMPUS.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

The architecture of the Raspberry Pi is based on the ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) architecture,
which is a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture. The Raspberry Pi board consists
of the following components :

Central Processing Unit (CPU): The Raspberry Pi is powered by a Broadcom BCM2837B0,

Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC @ 1.4GHz processor, which is the brain of the Raspberry Pi. It
handles all the computational tasks.

Memory (RAM): The Raspberry Pi has a memory of 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB or 8 GB LPDDR4-3200

SDRAM (depending on the model). The memory is used for storing data temporarily during the
execution of programs.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The Raspberry Pi has a VideoCore VI GPU, which is responsible
for graphics processing and video decoding. It can support OpenGL ES 3.0 graphics.

Power Management Unit (PMU): The PMU is responsible for controlling the power supply and
providing power management functions, such as managing the power states of the various
components of the Raspberry Pi.

GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) Pins: The Raspberry Pi has 40 GPIO pins, which can be
used to connect various sensors, actuators, and other devices to the Raspberry Pi. These pins
provide a way to interact with the outside world and can be used to control or monitor devices, or
read sensors.

Camera Interface (CSI): The Raspberry Pi has a camera interface, which allows for the connection
of a Raspberry Pi Camera Module.

Display Interface (DSI): The Raspberry Pi has a display interface, which allows for the connection
of a Raspberry Pi Display.

Micro-USB Power Port: The Raspberry Pi can be powered through a micro-USB power port,
which provides a 5V DC power supply.

Ethernet Port: The Raspberry Pi has an Ethernet port, which provides a wired connection to the
internet.

HDMI Port: The Raspberry Pi has an HDMI port, which allows for the connection of a display
device, such as a monitor or TV.

Audio Jack: The Raspberry Pi has a 3.5mm audio jack, which provides stereo audio output.

Micro-SD Card Slot: The Raspberry Pi uses a Micro-SD card as its main storage, where the
operating system and applications are stored
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 MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTION
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, GAURIDAD CAMPUS.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

P5-Header: The header P5 consists of 8 pins +5V,3V3 and Ground,GPIO28 to GPIO31.it is located
directly underearth the standard 26 way P1 GPIO header.it allows Raspberry Pi to control and
monitor the outside world by being connected to electronic circuits.

JTAG-pins: JTAG is a standardized interface for debugging integrated circuits which you can use
to debug Raspberry Pi. JTAG interface available on the Pi, Alt5 on GPIOs 4,5,6, 12and 13.Alt4
on GPIOs 22,23,24,25,26 and 27.

SoC: SoC stands for system on a chip. This is a chip/integrated circuit that holds many components
of a computer—usually the CPU (via a microprocessor or microcontroller), memory, input/output
(I/O) ports and secondary storage—on a single substrate, such as silicon

Application with description :

Raspberry Pi can be used in a wide range of applications due to its versatility, low cost, and high
computational power. Some of the popular applications of Raspberry Pi include :

Media Center : Raspberry Pi can be used to build a low-cost media center for playing videos,
music, and photos.

Home Automation : Raspberry Pi can be used to control and monitor various devices in a smart
home setup, such as lights, thermostats, and security systems.

Retro Gaming : Raspberry Pi can be used to emulate classic video game consoles and play retro
games.

Robotics : Raspberry Pi can be used as the brain of a robot, controlling motors, sensors, and other
components.

Web Server : Raspberry Pi can be used as a low-power, low-cost web server for hosting small
websites.

Surveillance System : Raspberry Pi can be used to build a surveillance system with cameras and
motion detection.

Educational Tool : Raspberry Pi is widely used in educational institutions to teach computer

science, programming, and electronics.

DIY Projects : Raspberry Pi is a popular platform for makers and DIY enthusiasts, who use it to
build a variety of projects, such as weather stations, cell phones, and even mini-computers.

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