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INTRODUCTION
ARDUINO UNO:
The Arduino UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. If
this is your first experience tinkering with the platform, the UNO is the most robust
board you can start playing with. The UNO is the most used and documented board
of the whole Arduino family.

PIN FUNCTIONS:

ATmega328 Microcontroller- It is a single chip Microcontroller of the ATmel

family. The processor code inside it is of 8-bit. It combines Memory (SRAM,
EEPROM, and Flash), Analog to Digital Converter, SPI serial ports, I/O lines,
registers, timer, external and internal interrupts, and oscillator.

ICSP pin - The In-Circuit Serial Programming pin allows the user to
program using the firmware of the Arduino board.
Power LED Indicator- The ON status of LED shows the power is activated. When
the poweris OFF, the LED will not light up.
Digital I/O pins- The digital pins have the value HIGH or LOW. The pins
numbered from D0 to D13 are digital pins.
TX and RX LED's- The successful flow of data is represented by the lighting of these LED's
AREF- The Analog Reference (AREF) pin is used to feed a reference voltage to the
Arduino UNO board from the external power supply.
Reset button- It is used to add a Reset button to the connection.
USB- It allows the board to connect to the computer. It is essential for the programming of
theArduino UNO board
Crystal Oscillator- The Crystal oscillator has a frequency of 16MHz, which makes
the Arduino UNO a powerful board.
Voltage Regulator- The voltage regulator converts the input voltage to 5V.
GND- Ground pins. The ground pin acts as a pin with zero voltage.
Vin- It is the input voltage.

Analog Pins- The pins numbered from A0 to A5 are analog pins. The function of Analog
pins is to read the analog sensor used in the connection. It can also act as GPIO pins.

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ARDUINO :

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SPECIAL FUNCTION PINS:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the UNO can be used as an input or output, using
pin Mode(), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating
condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-
50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any
I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
Serial / UART: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt

on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach
Interrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.

INSTALLATION OF ARDUINO UNO:

1. Open google chrome in personal computer and search
for Arduino IDE.
2. Open Arduino IDE website and check the latest version.
3. Choose the software as per your pc (windows
,Linux, Mac OS).
4. Now click on download.
5. After completion of download click on install the IDE and give
required permissions andsetup the license
6. Launch the Arduino IDE and write your first program, upload the program to your board

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RASPBERRY PI:
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RASPBERRY PI:
Raspberry Pi is the name of a series of single-board computers made by the
Raspberry Pi Foundation, a UK charity that aims to educate people in computing
and create easieraccess to computing education. The Raspberry Pi is a very cheap
computer that runs Linux, but it also provides a set of GPIO (general purpose
input/output) pins, allowing you to control electronic components for physical
computing and explore the Internet of Things (IoT).
1. Hardware:

Processor: Raspberry Pi models come with various processors, ranging from

ARMv6 to ARMv8 architectures.
RAM: The amount of RAM varies between models, with newer versions generally
having more memory.
GPIO Pins: General Purpose Input/Output pins allow the Raspberry Pi to interface
with external devices and sensors.
USB Ports: Typically equipped with USB ports for connecting peripherals like
keyboards, mice, and external storage.
2. Operating System:

The Raspberry Pi supports various operating systems, with Raspbian (now known
as Raspberry Pi OS) being the official and most widely used. Other options include
Ubuntu, Arch Linux, and more.
3. Programming Languages:

Raspberry Pi supports multiple programming languages, with Python being the most
popular. Other languages like C, Java, Scratch, and more can also be used.
4. Projects and Applications:
Education: Designed with a focus on education, Raspberry Pi is used in schools to teach
programming and computer science concepts.
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RASPBERRY PI PIN DIAGRAM:

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DIY Projects: Raspberry Pi is popular for a wide range of DIY projects, including
home automation, media centers, retro gaming consoles, and robotics.
5. Connectivity:

Raspberry Pi models come with various connectivity options, including HDMI for
video output, audio jack for audio output, Ethernet for wired networking, and Wi-
Fi for wireless connectivity.
6. Storage:

Storage is typically provided through microSD cards, where the operating system
and user data are stored.
7. Community and Support:

The Raspberry Pi has a vibrant and active community. Online forums,

documentation, and tutorials are readily available, making it easy for users to find
help and share their projects.
8. Ecosystem:

The Raspberry Pi ecosystem includes various accessories and add-ons, such as

camera modules, displays, and cases, expanding its capabilities and applications.
9. Versions:

The Raspberry Pi Foundation releases different versions of the board, each with
improvements in processing power, memory, and features.
10. Affordability:

One of the key features of Raspberry Pi is its affordability, making it accessible to

a wide range of users, including students, hobbyists, and professionals.
PINS DETAIL:
The Raspberry Pi features a set of GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins that
are crucial for interfacing with external devices, sensors, and other hardware
components. Different models of Raspberry Pi have varying numbers of GPIO pins,
and the functions of these pins can be configured programmatically.
GPIO Pin Diagram:
1. Power Pins:
3.3V (1): Provides a 3.3-volt power supply.
5V (2): Supplies a 5-volt power source. Used to power external devices.
2.Ground Pins:
GND (6, 9, 14, etc.): Ground pins for completing electrical circuits.

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3. GPIO Pins:
The GPIO pins (General Purpose Input/Output) are numbered from 0 to 27 (or
more, depending on the model).
These pins can be configured as either input or output and can be used to connect to
various devices and sensors.
4. I2C Pins (SDA, SCL):
SDA (Serial Data): Used for I2C communication.
SCL (Serial Clock): Also used for I2C communication.
5. SPI Pins (MOSI, MISO, SCLK, CE0, CE1):
MOSI (Master Out Slave In): SPI data output from the
Raspberry Pi .

MISO (Master In Slave Out): SPI data input to the Raspberry

Pi.
SCLK (Serial Clock): SPI clock signal.
CE0, CE1 (Chip Enable 0, Chip Enable 1): Chip-select lines for SPI communication.
6. UART Pins (TXD, RXD):
TXD (Transmit): UART data tansmission

RXD (Receive): UART data reception.

7. PWM Pins:
Some GPIO pins support Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for controlling the speed
of motors or the brightness of LEDs.
8. Other Pins:

ID_SD, ID_SC: Used for identifying the model of Raspberry Pi in the newer

models. CLK, MOSI, MISO, CE0, CE1, SCLK: Pins used for the camera interface.

Note:

GPIO pins can be configured and controlled using programming languages like
Python or C.Some pins have multiple functions and can be configured for different
purposes. When interfacing with external components, it's important to check the
voltage and current requirements to avoid damage
to the Raspberry Pi

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INSTALLATION OF RASPBERRY PI:

1. Hardware Setup:

Gather Components:
 Raspberry Pi board
 MicroSD card (with adapter if needed)
 Power supply (compatible with your Raspberry Pi model)
 HDMI cable (if connecting to a monitor)
 USB keyboard and mouse (for initial setup)
 Display (monitor or TV)

Connect the Hardware:

 Insert the microSD card into the card slot on the Raspberry Pi.
 Connect the HDMI cable to your display and to the HDMI port on the Raspberry Pi.
 Connect the USB keyboard and mouse to the USB ports on the Raspberry Pi.
 If using Ethernet, connect the Ethernet cable to the Raspberry Pi.
 Connect the power supply to the Raspberry Pi.

2. Operating System Installation:

 Download Raspberry Pi OS:

Visit the official Raspberry Pi website or use the Raspberry Pi Imager tool to
download the latest version of Raspberry Pi OS.

 Write OS to MicroSD Card:

Use a tool like Raspberry Pi Imager, Etcher, or dd (command-line) to write the

downloaded OS image to the microSD card.

 Insert MicroSD Card:

insert the microSD card into the Raspberry Pi.

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3. Initial Boot and Configuration:

 Power On: Connect the Raspberry Pi to power to initiate the boot process
 Initial Configuration: Follow the on-screen prompts to set up the basic
configuration, including language, time zone, and password.
4. Reboot:
After making changes, reboot the Raspberry Pi to apply the configurations.

5. Explore and Develop: Once the Raspberry Pi is set up, you can start exploring and
developing projects. Install additional software, libraries, or tools as needed for your specific
usecase.

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