Open Source Embedded

Development Boards

Module IV

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• Development and prototype boards are computer boards that are used to develop
or test electronic modules. These are used to evaluate programs for embedded
devices such as controllers, point-of-sale (PoS) terminals, kiosks and information
appliances.
• “open source” refers to software and/or hardware that is freely available
• What is open source and why use it?
• Open source provides a path to use or develop hardware and software that has
been created by thousands of contributors around the world.
• As they become available, new applications can be ported to target boards for
various microprocessor and microcontroller families.
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• There are many points to be considered while choosing open source, some of which are as follows:
• Open Source Nature: The advantage of open source is a free license coupled with the fact that the
hardware and software are accessible, which means users can change the code, modify the hardware,
and add new features to existing versions.
• Moreover, open source allows multiple contributors to identify and fix any bugs that are present in
an existing system.
• Protection: The security with open source has both advantages and disadvantages. One benefit is
that we can add more value to a product by spotting bugs and fixing them quickly. Contra wise,
since all users can view and change the source code, this may lead to unknown bugs and affect the
quality of the open source platform.
• Availability: Developers can take existing software routines and enhance them as per their
applications’ requirements. In addition to open source applications, there are also various open
source operating systems, such as Android for mobiles and Ubuntu, Fedora, Linux Mint, and
Chrome for desktop and embedded applications.

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Open Source Development boards
• Raspberry Pi 3 B+-The Raspberry Pi development board is a small pocket-
sized computer running the Raspbian operating system
• Raspberry Pi features a Broadcom processor. It is a low-cost embedded board
with high reliability

1.  It is a low-cost embedded board with

high reliability.
2. It supports various on-board peripherals
like I2C, SPI, an HDMI interface, a
Camera interface, a UART interface, and
SDIO (Secure digital input output) for a
SD card interface

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Arduino Mega 2560
• Arduino is an open source hardware
and software platform family with
thousands of active users and
contributors
• The board features an 8-bit
ATmega2560 microcontroller running
at 16MHz. It has 54 digital
Input/output pins and 16 analog
inputs. The board has four UARTs and
can be programmed using the Arduino
IDE. It is also compatible with other
variants of Arduino shields.
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 Panda Board
• The Panda Board is a low-
power, low-cost development
board based on TI’s
OMAP4460 (Open media
application platform). This
board supports operating
systems like Windows, Linux,
Window CE, Palm OS, and
Symbian.

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ADVANTAGES
The product is independent of a particular manufacturer and there aren’t license costs.
The product is usually high quality because it is often supported by a large active
community of users. When a program’s source code is available, you have the chance
to fix errors, change its behavior, and even add new features.
PC tools such as editors, documentation programs, toolchains (for the vast majority of
microcontrollers), operating systems, and libraries are widely available with open-
source code.
On the hardware side,
The circuits, PCBs, and CAD files are available so you can modify them, improve
them, and add more features to meet the demands of your applications.
It’s an added benefit that open-source hardware is always supported by software code
and libraries that enable you to get up and running fairly quickly
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Arduino mega 256 board
• First feature is the large I/O system design with inbuilt 16 analog transducers and 54
digital transducers that supports with USART and other communication modes.
• Secondly, it has inbuilt RTC and other features like analog comparator, advanced
timer, interrupt for controller wakeup mechanism to save more power and fast speed
with 16 Mhz crystal clock to get 16 MIBS.
• It has more than 5 pins for Vcc and Gnd to connect other devices to Arduino Mega.
• With large FLASH memory and SRAM, this board can handle large system
program with ease.
• It is also compatible with the different type of boards like high-level signal (5V) or
low-level signal (3.3V) with I/O ref pin

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Pin diagram

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ATmega2560 microcontroller

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• In digital side 54 pins for I/O ( input output pins ),15 pins out of this are useful for PWM
( pulse width modulation )
• In analog side 16 input pins
• Ground pins : 5
• One pin for 3.3 volts
• One reset button
• USART pins : 4 ( These are hardware serial ports which produces maximum speed to set
up communication )
• ISP programming pins : 6
• Crystal oscillator is added on the board having frequency of 16 MHz
• USB cable port ( It is used to transfer and connect code from computer the board )
• ICSP header ( Used to program the board and to upload code from computer. Indeed a
remarkable addition in Arduino MEGA 2560 )
• Power Jack
• Resettable Polyfuse : ( to provide extra layer of protection. It prevents USB port of the
computer from overheating in case of high current flowing through microcontroller board)

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Pin description
• RESET: (Reset input) A low level on this pin for longer than the 4
clock cycle will generate a reset. Arduino Mega has inbuilt reset
circuit with push button to reset system and this pin can be used by
other devices to reset controller.
• XTAL1,XTAL2: Crystal (16Mhz) is connected to supply clock for
controller with 2 bypass capacitor to ground.
• AREF: This pin is used, when we use Adc for analog to digital
conversion with external reference voltage for conversion and don’t
want to use internal 1.1V or 5v reference.

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Digital pins (70):
Digital pins (0-53) + Analog (0-15) = Total Digital I/O pins.

Digital Pins: From 0-53(digital) and 0-15(analog) can be use as input or output for digital transducer
and output devices
Analog Pins (16):
Analog pins: From 0-15(analog) can be used as analog input pin for adc, if not used than it work
as normal digital pin.
• SPI Pins:
These pins are used for serial communication with SPI protocol for communication between 2 or
more devices. SPI enable bit must be set to start communication with other devices.
• I2C Pins:
Digital pin 20 for SDA and 21 for SCK (Speed 400khz) to enable two wire communication with
others devices
• PWM Pins:
Digital pin 2-13 can be used as PWM output with analogWrite() to write pwm value from 0-
255.It’s alternative of DAC for low cost system to get analog signal at output by using filter.

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• USART Pins :
• This pin is used for serial usart communication with pc or other
system for data sharing and logging.
• Hardware Interrupt Pins :
• Digital pin 18 – 21,2,3 hardware interrupt is used for interrupt
services.

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ATMEGA 2560
• The ATMEGA2560-16AU is an AVR 8-bit high-performance low-power
microcontroller from ATMEL Corporation.
• The ATMEGA2560-16AU is a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
architecture microcontroller with 256kB of flash memory.
• The microcontroller IC also houses 4kB of EEPROM, 8kB of internal
SRAM and 86 GPIO lines.
• The device also features three flexible timers/counter, serial
USART, SPI port, 10-bit ADC and five programmable power saving
modes.
• The operating voltage range is 1.8V to 5.5V.

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 Pin Configuration

Pin name Pin description

Vcc, GND Digital supply voltage and ground pins
PA7:0 Port A pins. Bi-directional I/O port with internal pull up resistors.
PB7:0 Port B pins. Bi-directional I/O port with internal pull up resistors.
PC5:0 Port C pins. Bi-directional I/O port with internal pull up resistors.
PD7:0 Port D pins. Bi-directional I/O port with internal pull up resistors.
PE7:0 Port E pins. Bi-directional I/O port with internal pull up resistors.
PF7:0 Analog input port for the ADC.
PH/J/K/L7:
Port H/J/K/L pins. Bi-directional I/O port with internal pull up resistors.
0
AVcc Supply voltage for ADC.
Aref Analog reference pin for ADC.

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Features 1. Optional boot code section
1. 8-bit microcontroller 2. Firmware lock security feature
2. RISC architecture 3. Real time counter with separate
3. SPI interface oscillator
4. Powerful instruction set 4. 12 x PWM channels
5. Fully static operation 5. 16-channel 10-bit ADC
6. 16 MIPS throughput at 16MHz 6. 4 x Programmable serial
USART
7. On-chip 2 cycle multiplier
7. On-chip analog comparator
8. 4kB EEPROM
8. Internal calibrated oscillator
9. 8kB built-in SRAM
9. Support for power down modes
10. 256kB flash memory

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PIN DIAGRAM

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