Tabl

eofCont
ent

Pages

1.Acknowl
edgement
…………………………………………………………2

2.Gr
ade8i
ntegr
atedsci
ence……………………………………………….
3-56

3.Gr
ade9i
ntegr
atedsci
ence………………………………………………56-
87

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Wewoul dli
ket oacknowl edgeMr .Al
l
anKaomaKi tweDi st
ri
ctEducation
BoardSecretary.Heisthei ni
tiatoroft
heconceptofstudykit
stoi mprove
examinati
onr esult
sinI ntegratedScience,t
hisissecondedi t
ion.Many
thanksgot ofollowi
ngf ortheirt i
meandi mmensecontri
buti
onst owards
theedit
ingofthispamphl et
Mr
.Maxi
moChi
sanga HODHel
enKaundaSecondar
ySchool

Mr
.SokoJohn HODMal
elaSecondar
ySchool

Mr
s.Mul
engaCr
ist
abel
Lungu HOD MachonaSecondar
ySchool

Ms.I
dahKahi
l
a HODGanet
onSecondar
ySchool

Mr
s.Sakeni
Jul
i
etMwewa HODVal
l
eyv
iewSecondar
ySchool

Mr
s.Chi
sengaYv
onneChabal
a HODLuangwaSecondar
ySchool

Mr
s.MusabaFel
i
stas HODMi
seshi
Secondar
ySchool

Mr
s.Ndhl
ovuEsnar
t Sci
enceTeacherKal
elaPr
imar
ySchool

Ms.Mwel
aMabl
e Sci
enceTeacherPar
klandsSecondar
ySchool

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 2
 GRADE8I
NTEGRATEDSCI
ENCE
TOPI
C:

HUMANBODY

1.(
1)I
dent
if
yor
gansoft
hehumanr
epr
oduct
ivesy
stem.
 Mal
e:t
est
es,
sper
m duct
,scr
otum,
uret
hraandpeni
s.

Fr
ontv
iew Si
dev
iew

 Femal
e:ov
ari
es,
ovi
duct
,ut
erus,
cer
vix,
vir
ginal
.

Fr
ontv
iew Si
dev
iew

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 3
 (
2)Expl
aint
hef
unct
ionsoft
hepar
tsoft
her
epr
oduct
ivesy
stem.

Mal
es

 Peni
s- deposi
ti
ngsper
msi
ntot
hev
agi
na
 Testes - pr
oduci
ngt
hesper
m cel
l
sandt
hemal
esex
hormone,
Test
ost
erone.
 Scrot
um - ski
nsact
hathol
dst
het
est
esout
sidet
hebody
to
Keept
hem cool
ert
hant
hebodyt
emper
atur
e.
 Epi
didy
mis - Long,
coi
l
edt
ubet
hatst
oressper
m cel
l
s.
 Sperm duct - t
ubet
hatt
ranspor
tssper
m cel
l
sfr
om t
he
test
esto
Theur
ethr
a
 Uret
hra - t
ubet
hatt
ranspor
tst
hesement
hrought
he
peni
sand
Ur
inef
rom t
hebl
addert
otheout
sideoft
he
body
.
Femal
es:

 Ov
ary - pr
oduci
ngt
heov
ules(
eggs)
 Cervi
x - l
owernar
rowendoft
heut
eruswher
eitj
oins
the
Vagi
na.
 Ov
iduct
/Fal
l
opi
ant
ube -
wher
efer
ti
li
zat
ionoccur
s
 Vagi
na - i
taccept
sthepeni
sdur
ingcopul
ati
on
andi
sthe
Bi
rt
hcanal
fort
hef
eot
usdur
ingnor
mal
chi
l
d
bi
rt
h.
 Ut
erus/womb- wher
etheembr
yodev
elopsdur
ingpr
egnancy
.

(
3)I
dent
if
ychangesassoci
atedwi
thpuber
tyf
orbot
hmal
eandf
emal
e.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 4
 Mal
es:

 pubi
chai
rgr
owsatt
hebaseoft
hepeni
s
 t
hepeni
senl
arges
 t
het
est
icl
esgr
ow
 wetdr
eams
 chestenl
arges
 Hai
rgr
owi
nar
mpi
ts
 Voi
cebr
eaks
Femal
es:

 Thebr
east
sgr
ow
 Pubi
chai
rappear
sont
hev
ulv
a
 Hai
rgr
owsi
nthear
m pi
t
 Thebodygr
owsi
nhei
ght
 Thehi
psbecomewi
der
.
 Thef
ir
stmenst
ruat
ionoccur
s
(4)Expl
aint
hei
mpor
tanceofobser
vingper
sonal
hygi
eneoft
her
epr
oduct
ive
organs.

 Av
oidsi
nfl
ect
ions
 Av
oidsdi
seases
 Pr
event
ingbadodour

(
5)Descr
ibet
hepr
ocessoff
ert
il
izat
ioni
nhumanbei
ngs.

 Ferti
li
zati
oni sthef usionoft hesperm andanegg( ovum)inthe
oviducttoform azy gote.Cont actbetweensper m andov um makes
thespermt or eleaseenzy meswhi chbreakthr
ought hewallofthe
ovum.Asmal l pathiscr eat edthatall
owst heheadoft hespermto
entertheovum.Thenucl eusoft hesperm andthenucl eusofthe
ovum thenf use( i
.e.ferti
lizati
on).
 Oncef er
ti
li
zat
ionhasoccurr
ed,thewal
loft
heovum becomes
t
hickenedtoprev
entfur
therent
ryofanot
hersper
m.Thezygot
e

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 5
 f
ormedduringthisprocesscont
ainsi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom bot
hthe
motherandthefather.

(
6) Expl
aint
hef
unct
ionsoft
hepar
tsi
mpor
tantf
ordev
elopmentoft
heembr
yo.

PLACENTA

 Al
lowst
henut
ri
ent
stopassf
rom t
hemat
ernal
bloodi
ntot
hef
oet
al
bl
ood
 Al
l
owst hewast
epr
oduct
stopassf
rom f
oet
albl
oodt
othe
mater
nalbl
ood
 Al
lowscar
bondi
oxi
det
opassf
rom f
oet
albl
oodt
othemat
ernal
bl
ood
 Al
l
owsoxy
gent
opassf
rom t
hemat
ernal
bloodt
othef
oet
albl
ood
AMNI
ON

 Thi
smembr aneensur
esthatt
heli
qui
dthatsur
roundst
he
dev
elopi
ngembryo/foet
usdoesnotdr
ainaway.

UMBI
LICALCORD

 Thiscordtr
anspor
tsbl
oodf
rom t
heembr
yo/
foet
ust
oandf
rom
theplacent
a.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 6
  I
tjoi
nst
hegr
owi
ngembr
yot
othepl
acent
a.
 I
talsot
ranspor
tswast
epr
oduct
sfr
om t
hef
eot
ust
othe
pl
acent
a.

AMMI
NIOTI
CFLUI
D

 Thi
sfl
uidal
l
owsthef oet
ust
omov
efr
eel
yinsi
det
heut
erus
whi
lei
tisst
il
ldev
eloping
 I
tensuresthatt
hedevelopmentofthef
oet
uswi
l
lbenor
mal
and
t
hatthefoetuswil
lhav
esy mmetri
calgr
owth
 pr
otect
sthef
oet
usf
rom mechani
cal
shocks(
bei
ngbumped)
 Pr
otect
sthef
oet
usf
rom dehy
drat
ion.
 St
abi
l
izest
het
emper
atur
ear
oundt
hef
oet
us.

(
7)Descr
ibeGest
ati
onper
iodandBi
rt
h.

Gest
ati
onper
iod

 Gestat
ionperi
odistheperiodoffoet
aldev
elopmentinthe
ut
erusfrom concept
ionuntil
birt
h.I
nhumanst heaver
age
l
engthofthegestati
onperiodis266–270day s(38–38.5
weeks)or9–9. 5mont hs.
 Stagesofembryodev
elopment
,thati
s,zy
got
e–embr
yo-
foetusandbaby
.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 7
 St
ageof Descr
ipt
ion
Dev
elopment
Zy
got
e  Thisisformedasar esultoffert
il
izat
ion-
thefusionofamal egamet e(sperm cell
)
andaf emalegamet e(anov um)-before
thezygotestartsdi
vi
ding.Thezy goteis
theearli
eststageinthedevelopmentof
theembr yo.

Embr
yo  Thisi
sananimal i
ntheear
lystagesof
devel
opmentintheuter
usaft
erthe
zygot
ediv
ides.
 Inhumans, t
hisstageisfrom t
heti
meof
attachmentofthefert
il
izedegg(zy
got
e)
tot hewal
l,
untilt
heeighthweekof
pregnancy.
 Ateightweeks,theembryodoesnotl
ook
l
ikeahumany etbecausemanybody
str
uctureshavenotyetdevel
oped.

Foet
us  Thisisthestageofhumandev el
opment
thatoccursintheuter
usfr
om theni
nth
weekaf terf
ert
ili
zat
ionunt
ilbi
rt
h.
Newbor
n(neonat
e)  Thisworddescr
ibesababy /
inf
antf
ort
he
fi
rst28daysaft
erithasbeenborn.
Baby(
inf
ant
)  Thi
swor
ddescr
ibesahumanf
rom t
he

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 8
 29thdayaft
eri
thasbeenbor
nunt
ili
tis1-
2y ear
sold.

St
agesi
ndev
elopmentofahumanf
oet
us

Zy
got
e

Bi
rt
h

 Bir
thhappensattheendofapregnancywhenoneormore
newborninf
antsarepushedoutf
rom ahuman’
suter
us.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 9
  Expul
sionoft
hef
oet
usf
rom t
hewomb
 Thest
agesofbi
rt
har
e:
- Thedi
l
ati
onandshor
teni
ngoft
hecer
vix.
- Thedescentandbi
rt
hoft
hei
nfant
.
- Theexpul
sionoft
hepl
acent
a.

HEALTH–NUTRI
TION
1. Descr
ibet
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesoff
oodnut
ri
ent
s.

Themai
nnut
ri
ent
sneededbyhumans,
sour
cesi
nthedi
etandt
hei
ruses.

NUTRI
ENTS SOURCES BI
OLOGI
CAL
I
MPORTANCE

Car
bohy
drat
es Bread;Pasta;
Rice;Maize; Mainener gysourcefor
Potatoes;Wheat;Bar
ley;Ry
e, cel
lularrespir
ati
on;
Mill
et sourceofr eserv
eenergy;
str
ucturalcomponentof
cel
ls
Li
pids(
fat
sandoi
l
s) Vegetabl
eoil
s(sunfl
oweroil
, Sour cesofener gy;
Peanutbutt
er,Avocado);
Soya storageofexcessof
beans;oi
lyf
ish(sal
mon,sardi
nes, energy ;i
nsulati
on;
tuna,
mackerel) structuralcomponentof
cellmembr anes;sour
ces
ofwat erwhenbr oken
downbymet abolic
activit
y

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 10
Pr
otei
ns Meat;Poult
y;Fi
sh;Eggs;Dai
ry Reservesour ceofenergy;
product
s;Soyabeans;Lenti
l
s; struct
uralpartof
Sunfl
owerseeds protopl
asm, cell
membr ane,
chromosomesandot her
cellpar
ts;regulat
oryand
control
li
ngf uncti
ons;
helpsimmunesy stem to
wor kproperl
y
Mi
ner
als,
Cal
ci
um,
Sodi
um Fr
uitandv
eget
abl
es Havespeci f
icstr
uctur
al
orfuncti
onalrol
esinthe
Magnesi
um,Potassium,
chemicalreacti
onsthat
Sul
phur,
Phosphorus,I
ron
occurinourcell
s;actac
el
ectrol
ytes
Vi
tami
ns(A,
B-compl
ex,
C, Codliveroil
; r
ice;meat ;
eggs; Helpr egulat
e
D,
E,K) unrefi
nedv egetables;dairy met aboli
sm, tissue,
products;grai
ns; y
el l
ow, or
ange growthandcel l
andredf r
uitsandv egetabl
es; dif
ferentiati
on; ant
i-
nutsandseeds; avocados oxidants;helpenzy mes
tofunct i
onpr operly

 FOODTESTS
Foodt
est
sforst
arch,
prot
einsandl
i
pids

Ty
peoff
ood Reagentand Expect
edr
esul
ts
col
our Pr
ocedur
e
Pr
esent Absent

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 11
St
arch Iodine Add2-3dropsof Soluti
on Solut
ion
soluti
on(
brown/ i
odinesol
uti
onto turnsblue- remains
yell
ow) aknownquanti
ty black brown.
oft
hesoluti
on.

pr
otei
ns Biurett
est : Addsodi um Apurple Sol ut
ion
copperI I hydroxidetothe col
ourati
o remains
sulphate(bl
ue)
, soluti
onfoll
owed nif blue.
sodium bycopperI I for
med
hydroxi
de sulphatesolut
ion wherethe
(colour
less) dropwi se two
sol
uti
ons
meet.
l
i
pids Translucent Placeadropof Tr ansl
uce No
mark( gr
ease testsol
uti
onona ntmar k tr
ansl
ucent
spottest)
. whitesheetof observ
ed. mark/opaq
paperand ueis
rub/smear.Hold obser
v ed.
thepaperagainst
l
ightandobserve.

2.Descr
ibet
hedi
etar
yneedsf
ordi
ff
erentper
sons
 Baby - mor
epr
otei
nsandmi
ner
alsal
ts
 Pr
egnantMot
her
- mor
epr
otei
ns,
cal
cium,
ironand
vi
tami
nsD.
 Manual
wor
ker-mor
ecar
bohy
drat
es
 Lact
ati
ngmot
her–car
bohy
drat
es,
prot
einsandv
itami
ns.
 Si
ckper
son -pr
otei
ns,
vit
ami
ns,
car
bohy
drat
esandmi
ner
als.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 12
 3.I
denti
fycommonnut
ri
ti
onal
def
ici
encydi
seasesofsy
mpt
omsandt
hei
r
di
seases

Kwashi
orkor

Sy
mpt
oms

 Hai
rLoss
 Swol
l
enst
omach
 Swol
l
enankl
es,
feetandhands
 Anenl
argedf
att
yli
ver
 Di
arr
hea
 Anemi
a
 Lossoft
eet
h
 Lossofski
ncol
our
 Lossofappet
it
e
Mar
asmus

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 13
 Sy
mpt
oms
 Swol
l
enst
omach
 Dr
yski
n
 Looseski
nfol
ds
 Ext
remehunger
 Gener
alt
issueandmuscl
ewast
ing

Ri
cket
s

Sy
mpt
oms

 Achi
ngbones
 Dent
alpr
obl
ems
 Muscl
eweakness
Scur
vy

Sy
mpt
oms

 Ti
redness
 Spongygums
 Bl
eedi
ngf
rom t
hemucusmembr
ane
 Pal
eski
n
 Depr
essi
on
Anaemi
a

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 14
 Sy
mpt
oms

 Pal
eyel
l
owski
n
 Weakness
 Hai
rloss
 Fai
nti
ng
 Mi
ssedmenst
rual
cycl
e
 Depr
essi
on
 Mout
hul
cer
s

4.Descr
ibet
hei
mpor
tanceofchi
l
dren’
scl
i
nics

 Fornut
ri
ti
on,
growt
handmoni
tor
ing.
 Pr
ovi
dingi
mmuni
zat
ion
 Pr
ovi
dingnut
ri
ti
onal
adv
ice

AZambi
anchi
l
dren’
scl
i
niccar
d

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 15
 ENVI
RONMENT
WATER,
AIRANDLANDPOLLUTI
ON
1.Expl
ainwhatpol
l
uti
oni
s.

 Pol
l
uti
oni
saddi
ti
onofhar
mful
subst
ancest
otheenv
ironment
.
2. I
dent
if
ydi
ff
erentt
ypesofpol
l
uti
ont
otheenv
ironment
.

 Wat
erpol
l
uti
on
 Ai
rpol
l
uti
on
 Landpol
l
uti
on
 Soundpol
l
uti
on(
commoni
nur
banar
eas)
3. I
dent
if
ycausesofpol
l
uti
ont
otheenv
ironment

Wat
erpol
l
uti
on-

Causes

 Unt
reat
edsewage

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 16
  Washi
ngcl
othesi
nri
ver
sandst
reams,
 chemi
cal
sfr
om f
act
ori
esandf
arml
and
Ai
rpol
l
uti
on

Causes

 Smoke,
dust
,fumes

Landpol
l
uti
on

Causes

 Gar
bage,
eff
luent
sfr
om f
act
ori
es
4.Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofpol
l
uti
oni
ntheenv
ironment
Wat
erpol
l
uti
on

 Out
breakofdi
seases
 Poi
sonous
 Ef
fect
saquat
icl
i
fe
Ai
rpol
l
uti
on

 Br
eat
hingdi
ff
icul
ti
es
 Gl
obal
war
ming
 Aci
dicr
ain

Landpol
l
uti
on

 Out
breakofdi
sease
 Unpl
easantsmel
l
 Unpr
oduct
ivel
and

5. Descr
ibeway
sofpr
event
ingpol
l
uti
onoft
heenv
ironment
.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 17
  Conserv
ati
onofr
esour
ces’
-3Rsr
educe,
Re-useandRecy
cleof
pol
lut
ants.

PLANTSANDANI
MALS (
PLANTSCELLS)
(
1)I
dent
if
ythemai
npar
tsoft
hemi
croscope.

(
2)Exami
net
hepl
antcel
lst
ruct
ureusi
ngami
croscope.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 18
  Cel
lwal
l
 Cel
lmembr
ane
 Cy
topl
asm
 Nucl
eus
 Chl
oropl
ast
 Vacuol
e

PLANTGROWTHANDNUTRI
ENTS

1.I
dent
if
yregi
onsofgr
owt
hofapl
ant

 Shoot

 Root
s

 St
em

2.Demonst
rat
eresponsest
ost
imul
ii
nshoot
sandr
oot
s

Rootsandshoot sofplant
sdeterminethegrowthrateofapl ant
.Theseare
dependentontheresponseoft herootorshoottoexternal
stimuli
.Shoot
s
respondtoli
ght.Theresponseofshootstolighti
scalledphototr
opism.The
fi
gurebelowil
lustr
atestheresponseofshootstoli
ght.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 19
 Note:Ther esponseoftheroott olightisnegati
veandthi
siscall
ednegativ
e
phototropism Rootshowev er
, respondposi t
ivel
ytogravi
ty,
hencetheyare
posit
ivelygeot r
opic.Wecallthisresponseasposi ti
vegeotr
opism.Theresponse
ofrootst ogr avi
tyi
sbenefici
al i
nt hattheplanti
sabletogetfi
xatedint
hesoil;i
t
i
sabl etoabsor bwaterandmi neral sal
ts.
Plantroot
salsorespondt
owatert
hesamewayt
heyr
espondt
ogr
avi
ty.The
responseofplant
stowateri
shydr
otr
opi
sm.
Exper
iment;
Tof i
ndoutaboutgeot
ropi
sm i
nroot
sandst
emsusi
nganewl
y
germi
natedbean.
Mat
eri
als:
ger
minat
ingbeanseeds,
beakerorgl
assj
ar,
cot
tonwool
.
Met
hod - soakt
hecot
tonwool
inwat
er
- Pl
acet
hecot
tonwool
int
othebeaker
.
- Placethegerminat
ingbeanseedsbetweent
hewall
softhebeaker
andsoakedcot t
on wool sot
hattheycanbeseent
hrought
heglass
wallofthebeaker.
- whenpositi
oningtheseeds,ar
rangeata45⁰anglesothatt
hei
r
radi
cal
s(roots)poi
ntupwardsandtheirpl
umules(shoot
s)poi
nt
downwards
- Pl
acei
nawar
m,sunnypl
ace.
- All
owstandingfort
hreet
ofi
veday
s.Ensur
ethatt
hecot
tonwool
is
keptmoistatal
lti
mes
- dr
awy
ourseedi
nthecor
rectbi
ologi
cal
way
- Expl
ainy
ourr
esul
tsandobser
vat
ions
Obser
vat
ions/
resul
ts
 Theroot
softhegermi
nat
ingseedscur
veawayf
rom t
het
opoft
hebeaker
andgrowdownwards.
 Theshootsoftheger
minati
ngseedscur
veawayf
rom t
hebot
tom oft
he
beakerandgr
owdownwar ds.
Thefi
gur
ebel
owi
l
lust
rat
espr
edi
ctedr
esul
tsf
ort
heexper
imentdescr
ibed
abov
e.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 20
 Concl
usi
on
Thi
sshowst
hat
:
 Thestemsarenegati
vel
ygeot
ropi
cast
heshoot
sar
egr
owi
ngupwar
ds
(awayfr
om t
heearth)
 Theroot
sareposit
ivel
ygeot
ropi
cast
heyar
egr
owi
ngdownwar
ds
(t
owardstheear
th)
.

3.Descr
ibenut
ri
ent
simpor
tantt
opl
antgr
owt
h
- Thr
eemaj
orel
ement
sar
e:

 Pot
assi
um
 Ni
tr
ogen
 Phosphor
ous
Theseelementsarepresenti
nthefor
m ofsal
tssuchaspot
assi
um ni
tr
ate,
potassi
um phosphat
eandcal ci
um ni
tr
ate.
Ot
hernut
ri
ent
srequi
redbypl
ant
sar
e;
 Cal
cium
 Magnesi
um
 Sodi
um
 I
ron

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 21
  Sul
phur
.
Thefoll
owingtabl
edescri
best
hef
unct
ionandef
fect
sofdef
ici
encyof
thesenutr
ient
sinplant
s.
Nut
ri
ent Funct
ion Ef
fect
sofdef
ici
ency
Ni
tr
ogen Consti
tuent
sofami no -
Chl
orosi
s(y
ell
owi
ng)i
nol
der
aci
dsandpr ot
eins,co- l
eav
es.
enzymesandchl or
ophyll
-
poorgr
owt
hofal
lpl
antor
gans
phosphor
ous Usefuli
ntheformati
onof St
unt
edgr
owt
handl
eaff
all
ATPandr egul
ati
onof
several
enzymesy st
ems
Pot
assi
um Veryi
mportanti
nthe Reducedpl
antgr
owt
h
for
mationofcel
l
-r
educedr
oot,
frui
tandseed
membrane
devel
opment
-
chl
orosi
s((
yel
l
owi
ng)ofl
eav
es.
-
brownscor
chi
ngofl
eav
es
-
cur
li
ngofl
eaft
ips
Cal
ci
um Usef
uli
nthe -
poorgr
owt
hofpl
ant
f
ormati
onoft
hemi
ddl
e
l
amell
a
Magnesi
um Isacomponentof Gener
aly
ell
owi
ngofl
eav
es.
chl
orophy
llmol
ecul
e
-
dry
ingbackoft
hemer
ist
em of
r
ootsandshoot
s
Sul
phur For
mat
ionofpl
antpr
otei
ns Gener
aly
ell
owi
ngofl
eav
es
Sodi
um Reducedpl
antgr
owt
h
I
ron Chlor
osisofleafvei
nsi
nhibi
ti
on
ofphotosynt
hesisandcel
l
ular
respi
rat
ion
4.I
nvest
igat
ehowpl
ant
sobt
aindi
ssol
vedmi
ner
alsal
tsf
rom t
hesoi
l
Plantsabsor ballmineralsal
tsthattheyneedthroughtheirr
ootsinthe
for
m ofmi neralsalt
s.Root shavetinyhai
rlikest
ructur
es,cal
ledroothair
s,
neartheirt
ips.Theser oothair
sallowwat eranddissol
vedmi ner
alsalt
s
(i
ons)from thesoiltoenterthem.
Wat
ermov
esi
ntot
her
oothai
rsbyapr
ocessknownasosmosi
s.The

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 22
 pr
ocessbywhichthemi
ner
alsal
tsmov
eint
other
oothai
rsi
sknownas
di
ff
usion.Thewat
er

wi t
hthedissolv
edmi neralsaltsiscar ri
edfr
om ther ootsupt hroughthe
stem intothebranches,l
eav esandf lowersoftheplant.Thi supward
mov ementofwat erintheplantisduet oanumberoff actors.Themost
i
mpor t
antfact
oristhesuct i
onf orcet hati
screatedbyapr ocessknownas
transpir
ati
on.Transpir
ati
oni sthel ossofwat ervapourfrom thepartsof
theplantthatoccurabovet hegr ound, mai
nlytheleaves.

Exper
iment
:-
Toshowhowpl
ant
sabsor
bwat
eranddi
ssol
vedmi
ner
al
sal
ts
Mat
eri
als;t
wobeaker s,r
ed/
blueink(torepresentdissol
vedmineral
s),
colouredchal
kdust(tor
epresentinsolubl
epar t
icl
es,
scarpel/
razor
,twoyoungplantssuchasbl ackjack(Bidens
pil
osa).
Met
hod:
-Pouranequal
amountofwat
eri
ntobot
hbeaker
s.
-
Toonebeaker ,addanequalvol
umeofr
ed/
bluei
nkwher
east
othe
otherbeakeraddchalkdust
.
-Careful
lyremovetwoyoungpl
ant
sfr
om t
hesoi
landpl
aceone
plantintoeachbeaker
.
-Pl
acethebeakersonthewindowsi
l
lint
hecl
assr
oom ori
na
shel
ter
edwell-
li
tposi
tion.
-
All
owthem t
ostandforonehourandobser
vet
hecol
ouroft
he
st
emsofbothpl
ants
-
Remov
ethepl
ant
sfr
om t
hebeaker
s
-
Usethebl
adet
ocutt
hecr
osssect
iont
hrought
hest
em andmai
n
(
tap)r
oot
.
-
Caref
ull
yobser
veeachcr
osssect
ionandr
ecor
dyourobser
vat
ions
i
natablel
i
ketheonebel
ow.

-
Ifpossi
ble,
obser
vet
hecr
osssect
ionsusi
ngamagni
fyi
nggl
assor
microscope

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 23
 wat
erandchal
kdust
suspensi
on

obser
vat
ion

pl
ant wat
erandi
nksol
uti
on wat
erandchal
kdust

par
t suspensi
on

Root

St
em

Thecr osssectionoftherootandstem from t

heplantthatwasplacedi nt
o
theinksol ut
ionshowst hecolouroft heinkinthear easofther ootand
stem thatcor r
espondt othepositi
onoft hevascularbundles(i
.e.xylem
cell
s).Thisshowst hattheinktogetherwit
hthewat erhasbeenabsor bed
byther ootsandpasti ntothevascularbundl
es(xylem cel
lsfortransport

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 24
 upt
heplanttot
heleaves.Thi
smeanst
hatmi
ner
alsdi
ssol
vedi
nwat
erwi
l
l
bet
ranspor
tedwit
hinplant
s.
Thecrosssecti
onoft herootandstem f r
om theplantthatwasplacedin
thechalksuspensi
ondoesnotshow t hecolourofthechalkany where.
Thisshowsthatunlessasubstance,suchasami ner
al,
isdissol
vedinthe
water,
aplantwil
lnotabsorbthatsubstance.
5)I
dent
if
ysour
cesofpl
antnut
ri
ent
s
Sour
cesofpl
antnut
ri
ent
sar
e:
(
i) Organi
cf er
ti
li
zers ( manur
e,compost )
,-t
hese are dead,
decayi
ngsubst
ancessuchasleaves,cowdung,poul
tr
ymanure
andstal
ksofcereal
s,f
orexample,maize,
sunfl
owersandbean
stems.

(
ii
) I
nor ganic(arti
fi
cial)f er
ti
li
zer
s-thesear
emadei nfact
ori
esby
i
ndust r
ialcompani essuchasni tr
ogenchemi
cals.Exampl
esof
these fert
il
izersi nclude;urea,D compound and ammonium
nit
rate.
6)
.Expl
aint
headv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofi
nor
gani
candor
gani
cfer
ti
li
zer
s.
Adv
ant
agesofusi
ngor
gani
cfer
ti
li
zer
s
Or
gani
cfer
ti
li
zer
smaket
hesoi
lri
ch.Addi
nghumusf
orexampl
e,
-
Impr
ovessoi
ltext
urebycr
eat
ingai
rspacesi
nbet
weent
hesoi
lpar
ti
cles.
-
Impr
oveswat
err
etent
ion(
abi
l
ityt
ohol
dwat
er)i
nthesoi
l
).
-
Makest
hesoi
lsof
tforcul
ti
vat
ion
-
enabl
esbact
eri
alact
ioni
nsoi
l
Di
sadv
ant
agesofusi
ngor
gani
cfer
ti
li
zer
s
-
Maynotbeeasi
l
yav
ail
abl
etof
armer
s
-
Theytakealongt
imet
odecomposeandsot
henut
ri
ent
stakeal
ongt
imet
obe
av
ail
ablet
oplant
s.
-
Theymaypr
omot
ethegr
owt
hofweedsi
nthef
iel
d.
-
Theymayencour
agewor
ms,
ter
mit
esandant
swhi
chf
eedoncr
ops,
causi
ng
t
hem har
m.

Adv
ant
agesofusi
ngi
nor
gani
cfer
ti
li
zer
s

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 25
 - I
nor
gani
cfer
ti
li
zer
sar
eeasyt
ouseonl
argear
easofl
and
- Theyar
eeasyt
otr
anspor
tov
erl
ongdi
stances
- Theyar
equi
ckact
ing
- Theyar
eef
fect
ivei
fcor
rect
lybusedandgr
eat
lyi
ncr
easecr
opy
iel
d.
Di
sadv
ant
agesofusi
ngofusi
ngchemi
cal
fer
ti
li
zer
s
- Theyar
ecost
lybecausef
armer
smustbuyt
hem
- Chemi cal
fer
ti
li
zer
schanget
heamountofaci
dicsubst
ancesi
nthesoi
l
s,
forexample,
soil
smaybecomeaci
dic.
7)
.Expl
aint
heef
fect
sofexcessi
veuseofi
nor
gani
cfer
ti
li
zert
othesoi
l
;
- Thesoil
sbecometooaci
dic,
whi
chcausest
hepl
ant
stost
opgr
owi
ng
proper
lyort
odie
- Excessi
veusei
nor
gani
cfer
ti
li
zer
spr
omot
eov
ergr
owi
ngofpl
ant
s.

PLANTSANDANI
MALS
1. Descr
ibet
hebasi
cst
ruct
ureofanani
mal
cel
l

I
tismadeupoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
ts:

 Cel
lmembr
ane

 Cy
topl
asm

 Nucl
eus

2.Descr
ibet
hef
unct
ionsoft
hepar
tsoft
hecel
l

 Cel
lmembr
ane - sel
ect
ivel
yper
meabl
etomat
eri
als.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 26
  Nucl
eus - cont
rol
sal
ltheact
ivi
ti
esoft
hecel
l
.
 Cyt
opl
asm - j
ell
y-l
i
kemat
eri
alt
hatf
il
lsacel
l
and
cont
ainsor
ganel
l
eswhi
chper
for
m
f
unct
ions
t
hati
svi
tal
fort
hesur
viv
al.

3.I
dent
if
ydi
ff
erentf
eat
uresi
nthebasi
cst
ruct
ureofanani
mal
cel
landapl
antcel
l
.
Pl
antcel
l
s Ani
mal
cel
l
s

Theyhav
eadef
ini
teshape Theyhav
eani
rr
egul
arshape.
Theyhav
ecel
lwal
l
s. Theyhav
enocel
lwal
l
s.
Somehav
echl
oropl
ast
s. Noneoft
hem hav
echl
oropl
ast
s.
Theyusual
lyhaveal
argecell
vacuole;
if Theyusual
l
yhavenovacuol
es;i
fpr
esent
,
ther
eismorethanonevacuol
e,theyare theyar
esmall
andnumerous.
usual
lyal
lbig.

MATERI
ALSANDENERGY
Composi
ti
onofmat
ter

1.Descr
ibet
hecomposi
ti
onofmat
ter
.
All
mat t
eri smadeupofpar
ti
clescall
edatoms(basi
cbui
ldingbl
ock
ofmatter).Mostat
omscancombi newit
hotheratomst
of orm
molecules.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 27
 Anel
ementi
saf
orm ofmat
termadeupofonl
yoneki
ndofat
om.

2.Descr
ibet
hebasi
cst
ruct
ureofat
oms.
 Nucl
eus(
cent
re)sur
roundedbyel
ect
ronsi
nshel
l
s

3.I
dent
if
ycommonat
omsusi
ngsy
mbol
s
 Car
bon (
C)
 Oxy
gen (
O)
 Copper (
Cu)
 Al
umi
num (
Al)
 Hy
drogen (
H)
 Ni
tr
ogen (
N)
 I
ron (
Fe)

4.Demonst
rat
ethef
ormat
ionofsi
mpl
emol
ecul
esusi
ngmodel
sof
at
oms:
Mol
ecul
es
 Oxy
gen(
O2)
 Hy
drogen(
H2)

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 28
  Wat
er(
H2O)

 Car
bondi
oxi
de(
CO2)

 Ni
tr
ogen(
N2)

A:Anoxygenmolecul
erepresent
edbytwoi denti
cal
spheresjoi
nedtogether
.B:
Anoxygenmolecul
erepresent
edbythenucleusandenergylevelwi
thelectr
ons
forbot
hatoms.Thefourbluebal
lsat(
a)representt
hefoursharedel
ectronsthat
j
ointhetwooxygenatoms.
B
A

C:Ahy dr
ogenmol ecul
erepresent
edbytwoidenti
calspheresj
oined
toget
her.D:Ahydr
ogenmolecul
erepr
esent
edbythenucl
eusandenergy
l
evel

withel
ectronsforbothatoms.Thet
wobl uebal
lsat(
a)r
epr
esentt
het
wo
shar
edelectronsthatj
ointhet
wohydrogenatoms.

D
C

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 29
 E:Anitr
ogenmol ecul
erepresent
edbyt woidenti
calspheresjoined
toget
her.F:Ani
tr
ogenmol
ecul
erepr
esent
edbyt
henucl
eusandener
gylevel
wi
thelect
ronsf
orbothat
oms.Thesi
xbluebal
l
sat(
a)r
epr
esentt
hesi
xshar
ed
el
ect
ronsthatj
oint
hetwoni
tr
ogenatoms.

E F

G: Acarbondioxidemoleculerepr
esent edbyt woidenti
cal r
ed
spheresrepresenti
ngoxygenat omst hatarejoinedbyabl ack
sphererepresenti
ngacar bonatom.H:Acar bondioxidemol ecul
e
represent
edbyt henucleusandener gylevelwithelectr
onsf orbot
h
atoms.Thef ourblueball
sat(a)and( b)representthetwogr oups
offoursharedelectr
onst hatj
ointhetwooxy genatomst othe
carbonatom.

G H

I
: Awat ermol eculerepresent
edbytwoidenti
calwhi
tespheres
representinghydr ogenthatar
ejoi
nedbyar edspher
er epr
esent
ing
oxy gen.J:Awat ermol ecul
erepr
esentedbythenucl
eusandener gy
l
ev elwithelectronsforbothatoms.Thebluebal
lat(a)and(b)

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 30
 repr
esentt
hetwoshar
edel
ect
ronst
hatj
oint
het
wohy
drogen
atomstotheoxy
genatom.

PHYSI
CALCHANGEOFSTATE
1.St
atewhatphy
sical
changei
s?
 Iti
schangef rom onestat
etotheotherwit
hnonew
substancesformed.Examplechangingofi
cet
owateror
watertoice.

2.Descr
ibet
hear
rangementofat
omsi
nthet
hreest
atesofmat
ter
.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 31
 At
omsv
erycl
oset
oget
her At
omsCl
oset
oget
her At
omsspr
ead
f
arapar
t

3.I
dent
if
ythet
emper
atur
eatwhi
chwat
erchangesst
ate.
- Melt
ingpointi
sthet
emperatur
eatwhi
chasol
i
dchanges
i
ntoaliqui
d.Themel
tingpoi
ntofi
cei
s0℃.
- Whenal i
quidisheatedi
tchangesint
oagas.Thi
sprocessi
s
call
edevaporat
ion.Oncethel
iqui
dreachesacer
tai
n
temperat
ureitstar
ts
- toboil.Thetemperatur
eatwhichthi
shappensiscal
l
ed
boil
i
ngpoi nt
.Theboili
ngpointofwat
erundernormal
condit
ionsatsealeveli
s100℃.
-

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 32
 I
nter
pret
ingt
hegr
aph.
A.Thet
emper
atur
eofi
cer
isesst
eadi
l
yasheati
sobser
vedbyi
ce.
B.Iceisbeenconvert
edtowateratthemel
tingpoi
nt.Alt
hough
heatisabsor
bed,
thetemper
atur
eremai
nsconst
antthr
oughthe
change.
C.Addedheatnowincreasest
het
emper
atur
eoft
hel
i
qui
dunt
ilt
he
boi
li
ngpointi
sreached.
D.Attheboili
ngpoint,
thevapourpr essur
eofthewaterequalsthe
ext
ernalatmospheri
cpressure.Addedheatisusedtoovercome
theinter
mol ecul
arfor
ces.Thet emperat
ureremainsconstant
unti
lthel
iquidhascompletel
yv apouri
sed.
E.Thet emperat
ureoft
hest
eam i
ncr
easesst
eadi
l
yast
heheat
i
ncreases.

MI
XTURES
1. Expl
ainwhatami
xtur
eis.
 Subst
ancemadeupoftwoormor
esubst
ancest
hatar
enot
chemical
l
ycombi
ned.
2.I
dent
if
ydi
ff
erentt
ypesofmi
xtur
es:
(
a)Homogeneousmi
xtur
e,exampl
es:
 sugarwat
er(
sugarsol
uti
on)
 Seawat
er
 Ai
r
 Bl
ood

(
b)Het
erogeneousmi
xtur
e,exampl
es
 Soi
l
 Sal
t
 Fr
uitsal
ad
 sandi
nwat
er

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 33
  Mar
bles
 Cor
ks
 Oi
landwat
er
 Soupsandst
ews

3.I
dent
if
ymet
hodsofsepar
ati
ngmi
xtur
es

 Fi
l
trat
ion
Fil
tr
ati
onistheprocessofsepar
ati
ngi
nsol
ublepart
icl
esfr
om l
i
quidsusi
ngf
il
terpaper
,
forexampl
e,separat
ingthesandfr
om ami
xtureofsandandwater
.
Sett
heappar
atusasshowni
nthedi
agr
am bel
ow
 Pourt
hemi
xtur
eint
othef
il
terf
unnel
 Thesol
ventwi
l
lgot
hroughandbecol
l
ect
edi
nthebeakerast
hef
il
tr
ate
 Thei
nsol
ubl
esol
i
dwi
l
lbecol
l
ect
edf
rom t
hef
unnel
ast
her
esi
due

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 34
  Si
mpl
edi
sti
l
lat
ion
I
nsi mpledisti
ll
ati
on,aliquidisboiledt of
orm av apour
,andthencondensedbacktoa
l
iquid.Thisl
iqui
discol l
ected;iscalledthedist
il
late.Di
sti
ll
ati
onremovesthepureli
qui
d
fr
om t hepart
icl
esthatmaybedi ssolvedi
nit;t
hepur eli
quidisr
emovedandcollect
ed.
Thismet hodisprefectfordisti
ll
i
ngseawat er.
Settheappar atusasshowni nthediagram bel
ow
 Turnont heBunsenbur ner
 Thesolventwillevaporateandr i
seasv apori
ntothecondenser
 Thecoldwat ersurroundingthet ubewher ethewaterisint
hecondenserwil
l
makethev aporcondensei nt
ol i
quid
 Thesolventiscollectedinthetubeorbeakeront heothersi
deofthecondenser,
i
t’
scalledthedistil
late.
 Thesoluteiscollectedintheflaskaspowder .
 Thethermomet ermustbewher ethev aporpassesthemeasuretheboil
ingpoint
ofthesolvent.

 Fr
act
ional
dist
il
lat
ion

Fr
acti
onal
dist
ill
ati
onisamet hodofseparati
ngami xt
ureoftwoormorel
iqui
ds
pr
ovi
dedthattheyhavediff
erentboi
li
ngpoints.
 Theapparatusissetasinthediagr
am below
 Whentheheatist ur
nedont hevaporofallt
heli
quidsr
ises
 Theli
quidwiththelowestboil
ingpoi
ntgoesallthewaythr
ought
heglassbeads

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 35
 andint ot hecondenserandoutont heothersi
deasl i
quid.Thetemperaturei
s
constantdur ingthis.
 Theliqui dswiththehigherboi
li
ngpointscondenseont heglassbeads.Whenall
ofthel iquidwit
ht helowestboi
li
ngpointhaveev apor
atedandcol l
ect
ed,the
temper aturestart
sr i
singagai
n.Theli
quidwiththesecondl owestboi
li
ngpoint
evapor atesnow, andgetscoll
ectedontheotherside.Andsoon.
 Thegl assbeadsar etoprovi
deacool l
argesurf
acear eaforcondensat
ion.

 Ev
apor
ati
on
Evaporati
onistheescapeofmolecul
esfrom t
hetopofal i
quidtofor
m agasorvapour.
Asubst ancei
softenrecov
eredfr
om thesol
uti
on.Forevaporati
ontooccur
,thesolut
ion
i
sheat ed.Astheheati
ngconti
nues,t
heli
quid(wat
er)vapori
zes,l
eavi
ngthesubstance
behind.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 36
  Magnet
izat
ion
Magnet i
zationisaseparati
onmethodt hatusestheproper
tyofmagnetism.Magnets
separatemagnet icsubst
ancefrom non-magneti
csubstances.Magneti
zati
onisused
forrecycl
ingmet alsfr
om non-
magnet i
cmet al
sfrom amixtureofcr
apmet al
s.For
example, anelect
romagnetcanseparateironfr
om othermetalsasshowninthe
diagram below.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 37
  Cr
yst
all
i
zat
ion
Crystal
li
sati
onsepar at
esapur esoli
dfr
om asubst ancef r
om animpuresolut
ioni
na
l
iquid.Cryst
all
izati
oninvol
vesheati
ngasol utionunt
ilt
hesubstancesseparat
e.When
theseparatedsolut
ioncools,i
tfor
mscrystals.Thediagram bel
owshowst he
crystal
l
izati
onofcoppersul phat
efrom asol uti
onofcoppersulphat
esolut
ion.

4.Expl
ainsomeoft
hei
ndust
ri
alappl
i
cat
ionsofsepar
ati
ont
echni
ques:

 Maki
ngsugar

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 38
 Separ
ati
on
Cane cr
ushi
ng ev
apor
ati
on Cr
yst
ali
sat
ion
of
sugar
combust
ibl
Rawsugar Raw
Mi
ngl
er Bul
kfr
eight
er Cent
ri
fugal
st
orage sugar (
molasses)
Cent
ri
fug
Raw Cl
ari
fi
cat
ion Fi
l
trat
ion
al I
onexchange
decol
ori
sat
ion
Screeni
ng
of Granul
ated Dr
ying Cent
ri
fugal
Cr
yst
all
i
zat
ion
granul
ated sugarsi
lo

Hcl Noah St
orageofgranul
ated Packingand
sugari
nbins bagging
Li
qui
d Li
qui
d

Li
qui
dsugarshi
pment Bul
kgranul
atedsugar
shipment Packagesshi
pment

 For
mat
ionofsal
tfr
om seawat
er
Saltcanbeextractedfrom seawat er
.Seawat eri
spumpedi ntoopenpans.Theheatof
thesunev apor
atesthewat er,l
eavingthesalti
nthepansforcollect
ion.Sal
tcol
lect
edin
thi
swaycont ainssmall quanti
ti
esofmagnesi um chl
ori
de.Thisisanimpurit
yandmust
ber emoved.Sodium sulphateisadded,whichcausesthesalttodryandnotabsorbany
moi st
ure.
 Separ
ati
onofscr
apmet
als.
Magneti
sati
onisusedforr
ecycli
ngmetal
sandtoseparat
emagneti
cmetal
sfrom non-
magneti
cmet al
sfr
om amixtureofscr
apmetal
s.Forexampl
e,anel
ect
romagnetcan
separ
ateir
onf r
om ot
hermetal
s.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 39
 MASSANDWEI
GHT
1.St
atewhatmassi
s?

- Massi
stheamountofmat
teri
nasubst
ance.

2.Howcany
oumeasur
ethemassofdi
ff
erentobj
ect
s?

- Massi
susual
l
ymeasur
edi
nki
l
ogr
ams(
kg)andgr
ams(
g).

- Wecanmeasur emassusingabeam balance.Asimplebeam bal

ance
employsalr
eadyknownmassest odeterminetheunknownmasses.
Otherbal
ancesusedtomeasurethemassofdi f
fer
entobject
sarethe
tr
ipl
ebeam balanceandthedi
git
alorelectr
onicbal
ance.

Exampl
e:Tomeasur
ethemassofsal
t.

1.Pl
aceanempt
ybeakeront
het
ri
plebeam bal
anceandr
ecor
dit
smassasM1.

2.Pourthesal
tint
hebeakerandr
ecor
dthenewmassasM2(
massofbeaker
andsalt
).

3.Cal
cul
atet
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenM1andM2.Thi
sgi
vest
hemassoft
hesal
t.

4.Repeatt
heexper
imentusi
ngot
hersubst
ancessuchasf
lourorr
ice.

3. St
atewhatwei
ghti
s?

- Wei
ghti
sthepul
lofgr
avi
tyont
hemassofanobj
ect
.

Wei
ght=mass×accel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
ty

W=mg

Wher
em i
smass;
gisaccel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
ty.

Not
e:Accel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
tyi
s10N/
kgonear
thwhi
chi
srepr
esent
edbyg.

4. Howcanwemeasur
ethewei
ghtofagi
venobj
ect
?

Wemeasur eweightwithaspringbal
anceandi t
suniti
sNewt on(N).When
measuri
ngweight,hol
daspr i
ngbalanceorattachi
ttoaf i
xedsurfacebyi
tsring
att
hetop.Att
acht heobjecty
ouwantt oweightothehookatt hebott
om ofthe
bal
ance.Thi
scausest hespri
nginthebalancetostr
etch.Measuretheweightof

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 40
 t
heobjectt
hen.Themarkerontheout
sideoft
hespr
ingbal
ancemov
esdown
t
hescaleofthespr
ingbal
ance.

Aspr
ingbal
ance

5.Cal
cul
atet
hewei
ghtofasubst
ancewi
thagi
venmass.

Example:(
i)Cal
culat
ethewei
ghtofa20kgst
oneonear
th(
accel
erat
ionduet
o
2
grav
ityi
s10m/ s)

Sol
uti
ons

Wei
ght=mass×accel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
ty.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 41
 Wei s2
ght=20kg×10m/

Wei
ght=200N

Exampl
e:(
ii
)Themassofamani
s70kg.Whati
shi
swei
ghtont
heear
th?

Sol
uti
ons

Wei
ght
=mass×accel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
ty.

Wei
ght s2
=70kg×10m/

Wei
ght
=700N

Not
e:Whenanobjecti
stakentoanot
herplanet
,theweightdi
ff
ersfr
om the
wei
ghtonear
th,
whilethemassremainsunchanged.Forexampl
e,grav
ityont
he
moonis1/
6thatoftheear
th.

g=10×16m/
s2(
=1. s2)ont
6m/ hemoon

Thefol
l
owingt
abl
eshowsthechangest
othemassandweightofanast
ronaut
whenhetr
avel
sfr
om t
heeart
htothemooninaspacecr
aft
.

Ear
th Moon

Mass 60kg 60kg

Wei
ght 600N 100N

6.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenmassandwei
ght
.

- Massist
hequant
it
yofmat
teri
nabodywhi
l
ewei
ghti
sthepul
lof
gr
avi
tyonabody.

- Massi
smeasuredwit
habeam bal
ancewhi
l
ewei
ghti
smeasur
ed
wi
thaspr
ingbal
ance.

- Massismeasur
edingrams(
g)orki
l
ogr
ams(
kg)whi
l
ewei
ghti
s
measuredi
nNewton(N).

- Massi
sconst
antwhi
l
ewei
ghtv
ari
esf
rom pl
acet
opl
ace

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 42
 DENSI
TY

1.Expl
aint
hemeani
ngofdensi
ty

Densi
tyi
smassperuni
tvol
umeofasubst
ance.

mass
Densi
ty=
vol
ume

- Theuni
tfordensi
tyi
sgr
amspercubi
ccent
imet
er(
g/cm3)

2.Demonst
rat
ehowt
odet
ermi
net
hedensi
ti
esofdi
ff
erentsubst
ances

(
i) Det
ermi
ningt
hedensi
tyofast
one

- Wei
ghthest
onebypl
aci
ngi
tonabeam bal
ance.Readandr
ecor
dit
s
mass(
m)

- Pourwat
eri
ntoameasur
ingcy
li
nderandr
ecor
dit
svol
umeasV1.

- Tieathinst
ringt
ot hest
oneandgent
lyl
oweri
tint
othewat
erunt
ili
tis
ful
lysubmerged(underwat
er)
.

- Recor
dthet
otal
vol
umeoft
hewat
erandt
hest
oneasV2.

- Nowcal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyoft
hest
oneasf
oll
ows:

Densi
ty= m

v
2–v
1

Thef
igur
ebel
owi
l
lust
rat
eshowt
hedensi
tyofast
onecanbedet
ermi
ned.

t
hinst
ri
ng

St
one

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 43
 (
ii
) Todet
ermi
net
hedensi
tyofwat
erusi
ngeur
ekacan/ov
erf
lowcan

- Gett
hemassoft
hest
oneusi
ngt
hebal
ance.Andr
ecor
dthemassas
(m)

- Pourwat
eri
ntheeurekacanandal
l
owi
ttoov
erf
lowunt
ili
tlev
elst
o
j
ustbel
owtheover
fl
owpi pe.

- Lowerthest
oneint
othewater,
thest
onedispl
acest
hewaterwhi
ch
runsdowntheov
erfl
owpipeint
otheemptymeasuri
ngsy
li
nder.

Thewat
ert
hatr
unsi
ntot
hemeasur
ingcy
li
nderi
sequal
tot
hev
olume
oft
hest
one.

Thi
nst
ri
ng

Ov
erf
lowpi
pe
Wat
er

Measur
ing St
one

(
ii
i) Todet
ermi
net
hedensi
tyofabl
ockofwood.

Dr
awat
abl
efort
her
esul
tsl
i
ket
heoneshownbel
ow.

Mass Lengt
h(L) Wi
dth(
W) Hei
ght(
H) Vol
ume

(
g) (
cm) (
cm) (
cm) cm3)
L×W ×H(

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 44
 - Usingabeam bal
ance,measur
ethemassoft
hebl
ockofwoodand
recor
dyourr
esult
sinthetabl
eabove.

- Measur
eandr
ecor
dthel
engt
h,wi
dthandhei
ghtoft
hebl
ockofwood.

- Cal
cul
atet
hev
olumeoft
hebl
ockofwoodusi
ngt
hef
ormul
a,

V=L×W ×H or V=l
×b×h

- Cal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyoft
hewoodenbl
ockusi
ngt
hef
ormul
a

mass
Densi
ty=
v
olume

(
iv) Todet
ermi
net
hedensi
tyofal
i
qui
de.
g.wat
er.

- Dr
awat
abl
efory
ourr
esul
tsl
i
ket
heoneshownbel
ow

Li
qui
d (
A)Massof (
B)Massof (
C)Massof (
D)vol
umeof
cy
li
nder(
g) cy
li
nder+ wat
er wat
er
M1 water(
g) C=B–A
M2 cm3)
(
(
g)
Mass=M1-M2=

Wat
er

- Caref
ull
ydeter
minethemassoft
heempt
ymeasur
ingcy
li
nderusi
ng
thebeam bal
ance.

- Recor
dthi
sincol
umnAi
nthet
abl
eabov
e.

- Pourwateri
ntot
hemeasur
ingcy
li
nderandr
ecor
dthev
olumeoft
his
wateri
ncolumnD.

- Nowplacet
hemeasur
ingcy
li
nderwi
tht
hewat
eront
hebeam bal
ance.
Recor
dthemassi
ncolumnB.

- Cal
cul
atet
hemassofwat
eri
ncol
umnC.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 45
 - Usethedat
arecor
dedi
nyourt
abl
etocal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyoft
he
water
.

D=M2–M1

3.Demonst
rat
ethatanobj
ectwi
l
lsi
nkorf
loatonal
i
qui
d.

- Denserobj
ect
ssinkandlessdenseobj
ect
sfl
oatinrel
ati
ont
othe
densi
tyofali
qui
d.e.
goil
inwat er
,woodi
nwater
(fl
oatonwat
er)
,st
one
i
nwat er
(st
onesi
nkinwater).

Oi
lWat
er

Wood St
one

Wat
er
Wat
er

4.Descr
ibehowv
essel
sfl
oat
:

- Vessel
sfl
oatbecausetheyhavealar
gervol
umeandar
elessdense.
Thei
raver
agedensityi
slessthant
hatofwater
.

- Vessel
sfl
oatbecauseoft
hei
rshape(
hal
l
ow)whi
chdi
spl
acesan
amountofwaterequal
toi
tsmass.

5.Expl
aint
heef
fect
sofov
erl
oadi
ngv
essel
s.

- I
tcausessi
nki
ngofv
essel
s

- I
tcausesacci
dent
s

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 46
 HEATTRANSFER

1.Demonst
rat
ethet
ypesofheatt
ransf
er.

Thet
ypesofheatt
ransf
erar
econduct
ion,
conv
ect
ionandr
adi
ati
on.

- Conductionist
hetransf
erofheatt
hroughsol
i
ds.I
nconduct
ion,
heat
i
stransferr
edfrom t
hehotregi
ontothecoldr
egi
onbyvi
brat
ionof
par
ticl
es.

- Conduct
ioncanbedemonst
rat
edusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngexper
iment
:

Inthi
sexperiment ,t
hepi nsfal
loffonebyonest art
ingwithpinA.Thisis
becauseparticlesattheendoft hewi r
eint heflamebecomehotandst artto
vibr
atemor est r
ongly.Astheseparti
clesvibrate, t
heyhitotherpart
icl
esnext
tothem andmaket hem v i
brat
easwel l.I
nt hiswayt hehotpart
icl
estransfer
someoft heirheattot hecoolerpart
icl
esnextt ot hem.Thi sconti
nuesuntil
heatreachest heotherendoft hewire.Inthiswaywesayheathasbeen
conductedalongt hewi r
e.

Convect
ionist
hetransf
erofheatthr
oughliquidsandgases.I
nconvect
ion,
heati
scarri
edbytheparti
clesfr
om t
hehotr egiontot
hecoldregi
on.
Convect
ioncanbedemonst rat
edasil
lust
ratedintheexper
imentbel
ow:

I
nthi
sexperi
ment,usedt
eal
eav
esar
espr
inkl
edi
ntot
hewat
erandt
hewat
er
i
sheatedgent
ly.

Obser
vat
ion

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 47
 Whenthewateri
sheatedi
ntheexperi
mentabove,t
hehotpar
ti
clesofthe
wat
eratthebott
om r
isest
othetop.Atthesameti
me,thecol
dparti
clesof
wat
eratthetopmovesdowntothebottom andal
sobecomeheated.

Thisprocessofthehotart
icl
esr
isingandcoldpar
ti
clesmov
ingdownwards
result
sinconvecti
oncurr
entswhichareshownbythemovementoftea
l
eav es.

Radiationisthemethodofheattransf
erfrom thesour
cewithoutr
equiri
ng
parti
clesofasol i
d,l
iqui
dorgas.Theheatr eachi
ngyourhandswheny ouhol
d
them nearaf ir
ereachesthem byradi
ati
on.Heatfrom t
hesunreachesus
alsobyr adiat
ion.

TODEMONSTRATEHEATTRASNFERBYRADI
ATI
ON

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 48
 Mat
eri
alsr
equi
red pr
ocedur
e obser
vat
ion concl
usi
on

i
. Acandl
e. 1.Lightthecandl e Theheat Heat
usingamat chbox. reachesy ou travel
s
i
i
. Mat
chbox. from all from all
2.Holdy ourhand direct
ionsby direct
ionby
somedi stance radiat
ion. radiat
ion.
abovet hef l
ame.
Youwi llfeelthe
heatthathasr i
sen
byconv ect i
onas
theairbecomes
l
ighterandr i
ses.

2.I
nvest
igat
ethemov
ementofheati
nmat
ter
.

- Thefol
l
owingexper
iment
scanbeper
for
medt
oinv
est
igat
ethe
movementofheati
nmatter
.

(
a)I
nsol
i
ds

Mat
eri
alsr
equi
red met
hod r
esul
t Expl
anati
on
ofresul
t

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 49
 i
. Met
alspoon 1.Placethe Recordwhat Explai
nwhy
concaveendof youfeel youwer e
i
i
. Sourceofheat,f
or amet al
.Spoon aboutthe abletofeel
example,acandle overorinthe temperat
ure the
sourceofheat ofthe sensati
on
forsometime. spoon’
s aft
erthe
handl
e. spoonhad
2.Keepyourhand beenheated
onthehandle
ofthespoon.

3.Removeyour
handwhenthe
handl
eis
warm.

(
b)I
nli
qui
ds

Mat
eri
alsr
equi
red pr
ocedur
e Expl
anati
onf
ort
he
acti
vi
ty

1.Fil
lthebeakerwit
h Whent hef l
ui disheat ed,
waternearl
ytothetop thepar ti
clescl osestt he
i
. Bunsen
andcareful
lypl
aceiti
n heatgai nmor eener gy ,
burner
thetopofthetri
pod becomemor eexci tedand
i
i
. Potassium stand. mov ef asterandf arther
permangan apart, causi ngt hel i
qui d
2.Withast r
aw,position toexpandandbecome
atecrystal
s
threet ofourcryst
alsof lessdense.Thi shot ter
i
i
i. St
raw potassi um andl essdensepar toft he
permanganat eatt he fl
uidt henr i
ses.
i
v. Wat
er bottom andcl osethe
v
. 500ml wal l
soft hebeaker Ast hehot terandl ess
beaker towar dsonesi de. densef luidr i
ses, it
createsr oom att he
v
i. Tr
ipod bottom oft hecont ainer ,
st
and whichf orcest hecool er
anddenserpar tofthe
v
ii
. Ri
ng.
fl
uidt osi nk.Asar esul t,
heati st ransf erred
upwar dsbyt her i
si
ng
water .Ther isingoft he
3.Placet heburnerdirecty hot
l terpor ti
onandt he

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 50
 underneaththecry stal
s si
nkingofthecooler
andgent l
ywar mt he port
ionofthefl
uidform
beakerasy ouwat cht he convect
ioncurr
ent.
mov ementoft he
part
icl
esf r
om t he Conv ection,theref
ore,i
s
di
ssolvingcrystal
s, themov ementofheat
whichar eshownbya energyt hroughaf lui
d,
str
eakofpur plecol our whichi nvolvesthef l
owof
thefluiditself.
4.Not et
hepatht hatthe
colour
edwat ertakes
fr
om thesour ceofheat
tothetopoft hewat er
anddownagai n.I
fyou
cannotseewhati s
happeningverywell,
placeasheetofwhi te
paperbehindt he
beaker.

Asinanexper i
mentdescri
bedinquest
ion(1)aboveunderconvect
ion
i
nliqui
ds.Thisexper
imentcanalsobeperf
ormedusingaf ewcryst
als
ofpotassi
um permanganatedroppedi
ntot
hebot t
om ofthebeaker
thr
oughast r
aw.Ther esul
tist
hesame.

(
c)I
nai
r

Mat
eri
alsr
equi
red pr
ocedur
e Expl
anat
ionf
ort
heact
ivi
ty

i
. Ahandpaperbox 1.Fitaboxwit
htwo Whent hecandl ei
sl i
t,i
t
wit
honesidecut chimneyswit
ha heatsupt heairabov eiti
n
open candl
eatthebott
om thechimney .Thisair
ofoneofthem,as expands, becausel ess
i
i
. Tr
anspar
entpl
ast
ic
shownbelow. denseandr i
sesupwar ds
wr
ap
thr
ought hehotchi mney .
i
i
i. Paper Thiscreat esroom forcol d
denseai rtor ushintothe
i
v. Acandl
e boxthrought hecold
v
. mat
chbox chimney ,bringingalong
withitmor esmokef r
om

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 51
 thesmol der
ingpaper.
Thus, hotai
rri
sesoutof
onechi mneyandcoldair
2.Lightthecandleand sinksdownt heother
,
observet hr
oughthe result
inginaconvecti
on
transparentpl
asti
c current.
wr apwhathappens
whenasmol deri
ng
paperisputnearthe
topoft hechimney.

Obser
vat
ion

Thesmokeiscarr
ieddownthecol
dchi
mneyandupt
hehotchi
mneyby
conv
ect
ioncurr
entsintheai
r.

Concl
usi
on

Heatt
rav
elst
hrought
heai
rbyconv
ect
ioncur
rent
s.

APPLI
CATI
ONOFHEATTRANSFER

1.Li
ght -col
ouredclot
hesabsorbandradi
atel
essenergybyradi
ati
onthandark-
colouredclot
hesunderthesun.Al
sowhitecl
othesarewoninhotweatherasthey
arepoorabsor ber
sofheatthandar
kones.Housesinhotcountr
iesar
ealsopaint
ed
whiteforthesamer eason.

2.Thebackofgr
il
lofaref
ri
gerat
ori
spai
nedbl
acksot
hati
tmayeasi
l
yemi
theat
radi
ati
ont
otheatmospher
e.

3.Carradiat
orsareusual
lypai
ntedbl
acksot hatt
heycanemitt
heheateff
ici
ent
lyby
radi
ati
on.Theycooltheengi
newaterthatpassesthr
oughbyradi
ati
onawaytheheat
from t
heenginecooli
ngwater.

4.Aluminium f
oili
susedt
okeepf
oodwar
m becausei
tispooremi
tt
erandgood
refl
ectorofheat
.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 52
 5.Spacecraf
tshaveshi
nyandwhi
tesur
facest
hatar
epooremi
tt
ersandabsor
ber
sof
heatfr
om thesun.

6.Solarwaterheat
ingsy
stemsusef reeheatfr
om thesuntowar m domesti
chotwater
.
Thesunr ayscomethroughtheglassint
othepanel,butt
heycannotescape.The
pipesinsi
dethepanelarepaint
edblack,
asblacktakesin(absor
bs)al
ltheradi
ati
on
thatfal
lsonit
.Thewallsofthe

7.panel
areal
sowel
li
nsul
atedsot
hatt
heheatcannotescape.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 53
 Thestoragetankisfir
stfil
ledwithcoldwaterandthecoldwatertapclosed.Thi
s
wateri
st henpumpedi ntotheblackenedpipesintheglasspanelt
obewar medby
thesunradiat
ion.Thewat erfl
owsintothetankandf l
owsont hemor edensewater
atthebottom ofthetank.Thepumpi ngprocessconti
nuesuntilal
lthewaterint
he
tankhasbeenheat edup.

3.Descr
ibehowav
acuum f
laskwor
ks.

Avacuum f
laski
sadev
icet
hatkeepsl
i
qui
dshotorcol
dbypr
event
ingheat
t
ransf
er.

Mai
npar
tsofav
acuum f
lask

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 54
 Themai ninsul
atorinthev acuum flaskisthei
nnergl asscontai
nerwhichhas
doublesil
veredwalls,namely,innerwallandouterwal l
.Thesesilv
eredwall
s
reduceheatlossbyr adiat
ion.Thisisdonebyt heinnerwal lr
efl
ecti
ngheat
backint
ot heli
quid.Inthiswayahotl i
quidputint
ot heflaskremainshotf
ora
l
ongt i
me.

Heatgainisr educedbytheouterwal lr
efl
ecti
ngheattowardstheouter
housing(outercasing)
.Inthi
swayacol dli
quidputi
ntothefl
askremainscol
d
foralongtime.Bet weentheinnerwallandtheouterwalli
savacuum to
reduceheatlossorgai nbyconvectionorconducti
on.Acorkorplasti
c
stopperi
nt hemout hofthefl
askr educesheatlossorgainbyconvecti
onand
conducti
on.

Theouterhousi
ngprotect
sthegl
assvessel
from damage.Thesealedt
ipon
thei
nnerglasscont
aineri
swheretheai
rwassuckedoutfrom bet
weenthe
wall
s.

HEATANDEXPANSI
ONOFSUBSTANCES

1.Demonst
rat
eexpansi
onofsubst
ances.

- Expansi
oni
sthei
ncr
easei
namountofspaceusedbyanot
herduet
o
heati
ng.

Expansi
onofsol
i
ds

- Dif
ferentsoli
dshavedifferentexpansi
onratesfrom f
astestt
oslowest
;
theratesofexpansionforsomesol idsarealuminum,copper
,brass
andst eel
.Forexample,aluminum expandsmor ethancopperdoes
whent heyareheatedtot hesamet emperature.

- Thi
sdi
ff
erencei
nexpansi
oncanbeshownbyheat
ingabi
met
all
i
c
st
ri
p.

- Abi
met
all
i
cisast
ri
poft
wodi
ff
erentmet
alsj
oinedt
oget
her
.When

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 55
 heatedorcool
ed,onemetal
expandsorcont
ract
sfast
ert
hant
he
other,
causi
ngthestr
ipt
obendasshownbelow.

Br
assandi
ron

Copperandal
l
umi
nium

Copper Copper

Al
l
umi
nium
Al
l
umi
nium

St
eel
andbr
onze

Br
onze Br
onze

St
eel
St
eel

Toi
nvest
igat
ether
mal
expansi
onofv
olume(
thebal
landr
ingexper
iment
)

Mat
eri
alsr
equi
red Pr
ocedur
e Obser
vat
io Concl
usi
o
n n

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 56
 i
. Ametall
icbal
land 1.Fir
stpushtheball The We
r
ingapparat
us. thr
oughtheringtosee metalli
c concluded
i
fitfi
t. ballj
ust thata
i
i
. Bunsenbur
ner passes met all
ic
thr
ougha ball
metal ri
ng expands
atroom when
temper atur heated
e.Whent he and
balli
s contracts
heated, i
t upon
expands cooling.
2.Heattheballusi
ngthe anddoes
Bunsenfl
ame notfitinthe
3.Pushtheballt ough met
hr al ri
ng.
theri
ngagain. Whent he
metal ball
cools,itfi
ts
i
ntot he
metal ri
ng
again

Expansi
onofl
i
qui
ds

Liquidsarekepti
ncontainer
sbecausetheyhav
enofi
xedshape.Toseet
he
i
ncr easeinvol
umeofal i
quidduetoheati
ng,weal
soheatt
hecontai
neri
nwhi
ch
theliqui
dis.Thecont
ainerwil
lal
soexpand

Note:i
ftheli
qui
dlev
el i
nt hecont
ainerr
isesasi
tisbei
ngheat
ed,thentheliqui
d
hasexpandedmorethant hecont
ainer
.Theexper
imentbel
owil
lustr
atesthat
l
iqui
dsexpandwhenheat ed.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 57
 I
nt hi
sexper i
ment,thewaterlevelf
all
satfi
rst,andthenri
sesst eadil
y.Theini
ti
al
dropinthewat erl
eveloccur
sbecauset hefl
askexpandsf ir
st,beforetheheat
reachesthewat er
.Thenextriseinthewaterleveli
sduet othev ol
umeoft he
waterincreasi
ngasi ti
sheated.Wecant herefor
econcludethatl i
qui
dsexpand
whenheat ed.

Expansi
onofgases

Theexpansi
onofgasesissol
argethatwecani gnor
etheexpansi
onofthe
contai
ner
stheyar
estoredi
n.Toshowt hatgasesexpandwhenheated,
the
experi
menti
ssetasshownbelow.

I
nthi
sexperi
ment,
bubbl
esstartcomi
ngoutofthesubmergeddel
iv
erytubei
n
t
hebeakerduet
otheexpansi
onoftheai
rinsi
dethefl
askcausedbytheheat
ing.

2.Descr
ibet
heuseoft
heexpansi
onofdi
ff
erentsubst
ancesi
nev
ery
dayl
i
fe.

- Inthermometers.I
nmostther
mometersthel
iqui
dusedi
smer cur
y
becauseitexpandsqui
ckl
ywhenheated.Ot
herther
mometer
suse
alcohol
.

- Inthermostats:
thermostatsar
edevi
cesusedtomaintai
n
temperaturebetweencertai
nli
mit
sinelect
ri
cal
appli
ancesandi
ndoor
areas.Thesedev i
cesusebimetal
l
icst
ri
psasswi t
ches.

- I
ninter
nalcombust
ionengi
nes:
Inter
nal
combusti
onengi
ne,t
he
mixt
ureoffuel
andairi
sdrawnint
othecyl
i
nderwher
eiti
signi
tedby
asparkfr
om aspar
kplug.

Thi
shotai rnowexpandsrapidl
yandpushesonapi ston,pushingitdown.
Whenthepi st
onmoves,itpushesacrankshaf
tthatt
urnst hewheels.
Mosti
nternalcombusti
onenginesoperateusi
ngfourstrokes,which
r
epeatthemselvesoverandover.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 58
 3 Expl
aint
heef
fectofexpansi
onandcont
ract
ionofsubst
ances.

- Fr
act
ureofbr
idges.

Bri
dgesar ebui
lttoall
owf orexpansi onandcontr
actionoftheirparts
totakeplacewithoutcausingdamage.Somemet albri
dgesare
support
edatoneendbyst eel r
oll
ers,whil
etheot
herendi sattached
toasurface.Thisall
owst her oll
erendofabr i
dgetomov ewhen
expansi
onoccur s.Otherbridgesarebuiltwit
hsli
dingexpansionjoints
whichall
owf ormov ement sforexpansionandcont r
acti
on.

- Br
eakageofgl
asse.
g.wi
ndowpane.

Whenput tingpanesofglassint
owi ndowframes,theglassmustbe2
mm smal lerthantheopeningoftheframe.Thisall
owst heglassto
expandwheni tgetshot
,andnotpressagainstthesidesofthe
windowf rame.Ifthepaneistoobigforthefr
ame, theglasswould
crackwithexpansion.Thepaneissecuredwithputtytokeepi ti
nthe
correctposit
ion,andtoall
owtheglasstoexpand.

- Buckl
i
ngofr
ail
tracks.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 59
 Themet al r
ailsofr ai
lwaystracksexpandwhent hetemperatur
ewhen
thetemper aturei ncr
eases.Theyarelai
di nsecti
onswithexpansi
on
gapsbet weent hem.Thispreventstherail
sfrom buckl
ingorbendi
ng
duet oexpansi on.Slidi
ngjoi
ntsorfishplatesjoi
nthetwoendsof
adjacentrail
s.Fi shplat
eshav eslot
tedboltholeswhichall
ow
mov ement .

REFLECTI
ONANDREFRACTI
ONOFLI
GHT

1.Descr
ibewhatr
efl
ect
ioni
s.

- Ref
lect
ioni
sthebounci
ngofl
i
ghtof
fasmoot
hsur
face.

- Lightthatbouncesof fasmoothsurfacesuchasami rr
orisrefl
ected
i
nar egularwaywhi l
el i
ghtbounci
ngof faroughsurf
aceisrefl
ectedin
anirregularway.Thef i
gur
esbelowil
lustr
ateregul
ar(smooth)
refl
ectionandir
regular(di
ff
used)ref
lecti
on.

2.I
nvest
igat
ethechar
act
eri
sti
csofr
efl
ect
ionofl
i
ghti
nami
rr
or.

Thi
scanbedonebycar
ryi
ngoutanexper
imentasf
oll
ows:

- Placethepl
ainpaperont
hecar
dboar
dandf
ixi
tatt
heedgesusi
ng
papercli
ps.

- Drawahor i
zont
all
i
neonasheetofplai
npaperandt
hendrawa
perpendi
cul
arli
net
othehor
izont
all
i
ne.Thisi
sthenormal
.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 60
 0
- Measur
ea30 angl
etot
heper
pendi
cul
arl
i
neanddr
awt
hel
i
neAB.

- Placeaplai
nmi
rrorupri
ghtont
hehor
izont
all
i
newi
tht
her
efl
ect
ing
surfacef
aci
ngt
henor mal.

- Fi
xthr
eedrawingpinsP.QandRont hel
ineABrepr
esent
ingt
he
i
nci
dentr
ay.Lookintothemir
rorandfi
ndthei
magesP, QandR.

- Fi
xpinsS,
TandUt ot
hepaperi
nli
newi
tht
hei
mageP,
QandR,
as
showninf
igur
ebel
ow.

- Measur
etheangl
esf
ormedt
hatr
epr
esentt
heangl
eofi
nci
denceand
t
he

- angl
eofr
efl
ect
ion.

- Repeatt
heexper
imentusi
ngdi
ff
erentangl
es.

Obser
vat
ion

Theangl
eofi
nci
denceandtheangl
eofref
lect
ionar
eal
way
sequal
,no
matt
erwhatt
hesi
zeoftheangl
eofinci
denceis.

Concl
usi
on

Whenli
ghti
sref
lect
ed,
theangl
eofi
nci
dencei
sal
way
sequal
tot
heangl
eof
r
efl
ect
ion.

3.Descr
ibewhatr
efr
act
ioni
s

- Refract
ioni
sthebendi
ngorchangi
ngofdir
ect
ionofli
ghtray
swhen
theypassfr
om onemater
ial
intoanot
her
.Refr
actiont
akesplaceat
theboundar
yofthetwomedia(si
ngul
ar–medi um).

- Whenli
ghtpassesf
rom alessdensemedi
um t
oadensermedi
um,
it
i
sref
ract
edtowardsthenormal.

- Li
ghtt
rav
ell
i
ngf
rom adensermedi
um t
oal
essdensemedi
um i
s

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 61
 r
efr
act
edawayf
rom t
henor
mal
.

- Howev er
,whetherl
ightisfr
om alessdensemedium t
oadenser
medium,orvi
cev er
sa,refr
acti
onwill
notoccuri
fitst
ri
kest
hesurf
ace
atr
ightangl
esasshowni nfi
gure(
c)below.

4.I
dent
if
yther
eal
andappar
entdept
hsofanobj
ectunderwat
er.

Note:lightfrom poi
ntDisrefract
edawayf rom thenormalatthewat ersur
face.
Li
ghtr eachingtheobserverappearstocomef rom poi
ntB,whichi sdir
ectl
y
abovepoi ntD.theobjectDappear st
obei npositi
onB.thusRBi sitsapparent
depth.Thet rueorrealdept
hi sRDsincethecoinhasnotbeenr aised.The
apparentdept hsarealwayslessthantherealdepthsoftheobject .

5.
Expl
aint
heappl
i
cat
ionofr
efl
ect
ionandr
efr
act
ion.

- Ref
lect
ioni
sappl
i
edi
n:

(
i) Sear
chl
i
ght
s

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 62
 (
ii
) Headl
amps

(
ii
i) Magni
fyi
ngmi
rr
ors

Refr
acti
onisappl
i
edinlensesofi
nst
rument
ssuchascamer
a,bi
nocul
ars,
tel
escope,
spect
aclesandmicr
oscope.

COMPOSI
TIONOFAI
R

1.I
dent
if
ythecomponent
sofai
r.

Thecomponent
sofai
rar
e:ni
tr
ogen,
car
bondi
oxi
de,
oxy
genandwat
erv
apour
.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 63
 2.I
nvest
igat
ethepr
opor
ti
onofeachsubst
ancei
nai
r.

- Thi
scanbedonebyfir
sti
nvest
igat
ingt
hepr
opor
ti
onofoxy
geni
nai
r
asexpl
ainedbel
ow:

- Fixthecandl
efir
ml ytothebot
tom ofadr ytroughandplaceenough
waterinthet
rought ocovert
helowerhalfoft hecandl
e.Lightthe
candleandwhil
et hecandlei
sburning,coveritwit
hadrygasj ar.The
experi
mentissetasshowni n(a)below.

Iti
sobservedthatasthecandleburns,t
helevelofthewat erint hegas
cyli
nderri
sesunti
lthecandl
egoesout .Thewaterrisestor eplacetheair
thathasbeenuseddur i
ngburning(
combust i
on).Thewat errisest oalevel
ofaboutonefift
h(21%)oftheheightofthegascy l
inder.Thisshowst hat
oxygenisthegasthatsupport
scombust ionandthatitmakesabout21%
oftheairi
ntheatmosphere.Intheexperi
ment,thewat erdidnotf il
lthe
wholejarasseenin(b)becausesomeai rwasnotusedi nburning.Wecal l

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 64
 t
histhe(i
nacti
ve)partoft
heairwhichi
sami xt
ureofseveral
gases,the
mainonebeingnit
rogenoccupyi
ngapproxi
matelyf
ourfif
th78%oft he
vol
umeofairaroundus.Airal
socontai
nscarbondioxi
deandwat er
vapourwhi
choccurinv er
ysmallamounts(
1%)

3.Descr
ibet
henat
ureofeachsubst
ancei
nai
r

(
i) Nat
ureofNi
tr
ogen

- I
tiscol
orl
ess

- I
tisodour
less(
hasnosmel
l
)

- I
tissl
i
ght
lysol
ubl
einwat
er

- I
thasal
mostt
hesamedensi
tyast
hatofai
r

(
ii
) Nat
ureofOxy
gen

- I
tiscol
orl
ess

- I
tisodour
less

- I
tissli
ght
lysol
ubl
einwat 100cm3ofwat
er( ercont
ainsabout4cm3of
oxygen

- I
tsdensi
tyi
sappr
oxi
mat
elyt
hesameast
hatofai
r

(
ii
i) Nat
ureofcar
bondi
oxi
de

- I
tiscol
orl
ess

- I
tissol
ubl
einwat
er

- I
tisdensert
hanai
r

- I
tisodour
less

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 65
 (
iv) Nat
ureofhy
drogen

Hydrogenisthelightest,
si mplestandmostabundantelementinthe
univer
se,whichdoesnotnor mall
yexistasafr
eegasbutpresentin
compounds, suchaswat er,ammoni aandammoni um compounds,f
or
example,inart
ifi
cial
f er
ti
lizers.Hydrogenhoweverhasthef
oll
owing
propert
ies:

- I
tiscol
orl
ess

- I
tisodour
less

- I
tisl
essdenset
hanai
r

4.Descr
ibet
heusesofeachsubst
ancei
nai
r

(
a)UsesofNi
tr
ogen

- I
tpr
ovi
desanon-
react
ive(
iner
t)env
ironment
,forexampl
e,

 I
nsi
deanincandescent(
ordi
nary)l
i
ghtbul
btopr
eventt
he
f
il
amentf
rom reacti
ngwithoxy
geninair
.

 Toprotecthist
ori
caldocument
sbyprevent
ingpaperandi
nkf
rom
react
ingwithoxygeninair
.Thi
sst
opsthedocument
decomposing(rott
ing)
.

 I
tisusedtofreezemat
eri
alsandkeept
hingscol
ddur
ing
t
ranspor
tat
ion.

 I
tisusedinthepr
epar
ati
onofammoni
awheni
tismadet
oreact
wi
thhydrogen

 Iti
sani
mport
antelementt
hati
sfoundi
nfer
ti
li
zer
ssuchas
ammoni
um ni
trat
e.

 Plant
swi thnodul
escont
aini
ngbacter
iasuchaslegumescan
convertnit
rogeni
ntoni
tr
atesther
ebyenri
chi
ngthesoilf
orgood
pl
antgr owth.

(
b)UsesofOxy
gen.

Theusesofoxy
genwi
l
lbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntomedi
cal
indust
ri
aland

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 66
 ot
her
s.

(
i) Medi
cal
usesofoxy
gen

 I
tisusedi
nincubat
orsf
orpr
emat
urebabi
es

 I
tisusedi
nvent
il
ator
sforpat
ient
sonl
i
fesuppor
tsy
stem

 Oxygenther
apyi
susedt
otr
eatsomei
nfect
ions,
diseasesand
di
sorder
s

 Oxygensuppl
ement
ati
oni
ncr
easest
heoxy
genl
evel
sin
pat
ient
’sbl
ood

(
ii
) I
ndust
ri
alUsesOfOxy
gen

 I
tisusedi
noxy
-acet
ylenef
lamesf
orwel
dingandcut
ti
ngof
metal
s

 I
tisusedformanufacturi
ngsteelf
rom i
ronbyoxidi
zing
i
mpur i
ti
essuchascarbon,sculpt
ureandphosphorous
whicharef
oundini
r on.Thesteeli
sthenpure.

 Iti
simport
anti
ncombust
ionpr
ocesssuchasthemotor
carengi
neandr
ocketf
uel
inwhi
chiti
smi xedwit
hthefuel

 I
tisusedi
nthepur
if
icat
ionofwat
er

 Iti
susedi
nthechemi
cali
ndust
ryf
ort
hemanuf
act
urerof
somechemical
compounds.

(
ii
i) Ot
herUsesOfOxy
gen

 I
tisusedbybot
hanimalsandpl
ant
stopr
oduceener
gy
dur
ingaer
obi
crespi
rat
ion

 Iti
susedbydeepseadiv
ersandmount
aincl
i
mber
sto
assi
stthem i
nbr
eathi
ng

(
c)UsesofCar
bondi
oxi
de

 I
tisusedi
nfi
reext
ingui
sher
s,t
hisi
sbecausei
tdoes

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 67
 notsuppor
tcombust
ion,
andi
tisnon-f
lammabl
eand
i
sdenserthanai
r.

 I
tisusedt
omakecar
bonat
ed(
fi
zzy
)dr
inks.

 I
tisusedasarefr
iger
antbecausei
tcanbemadei
ntoa
whit
esoli
d(dr
yice).

 I
tisusedi
nbakerieswhereiti
sproducedthr
ough
fer
mentat
iont
herebycausingthedoughtori
seasthe
gasbegi
nstoescape.

 I
tisusedbygr
eenpl
ant
sfort
hepr
ocessof
phot
osynt
hesi
s.

(
d)UsesofHy
drogen

 I
tisusedi
nthepr
oduct
ionofammoni
a

 I
tisusedf
orr
emov
ingi
mpur
it
iesi
nref
ini
ngpet
rol

 I
tisusedi
next
ract
ingmet
alssuchasi
ronf
rom
oxi
deores

 Iti
susedi
ntheproduct
ionoff
ert
il
izer
ssuchas
ammoniacompounds

 I
tisusedforhar
deni
ngveget
ableoi
ls,
changi
ng
t
hem int
osoli
dsatur
atedf
actssuchasmargari
ne.

GRADE9

THEHUMANBODY

SUB-
TOPI
C:CI
RCULATORYSYSTEM

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 68
 1.Descr
ibet
hebl
oodci
rcul
ator
ysy
stem?
ANS

Thebloodcircul
ator
ysyst
em inv
olv
esthemovementofbl
oodinv
essel
sar
ound
thebody.I
tinvol
vesthehear
t,bl
ood,bl
oodv
essel
sandlungs

2.I
dent
if
ythecomponent
sofbl
oodandt
hei
rfunct
ions?
ANS

- Redbl
oodcel
l
s
- Whi
tebl
oodcel
l
s
- Pl
atel
ets
- Bl
oodpl
asma
FUNCTI
ONS

- Redbl
oodcel
l
s:t
ranspor
toxy
genandcar
bondi
oxi
de
- Whi
tebl
oodcel
l
s:f
ightdi
seases
- Pl
atel
ets:
forbl
oodcl
ott
ing
- Plasma:t
ranspor
tswat
er,
bodywast
es,
foodnut
ri
ent
s(gl
ucose,
ami
noaci
ds,
l
ipids)

3. Descr ibethe
i
nternal
structur
eof
theheart
.

ANS

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 69
 ROLES/FUNCTI
ONS

Thehear
tconsi
stsof4chambers,t
helef
tAtri
um andt heri
ghtatr
ium (
plur
al:at
ri
a)at
thet
opandthelef
tvent
ri
cleandtheri
ghtvent
ri
clebelow.Ventr
icl
eshavethick
muscul
arwall
sbecausetheypumpbloodathi
ghpr essure.

Lef
tat
ri
um-
recei
vesoxy
genat
edbl
oodf
rom t
hel
ungst
hrought
hepul
monar
yvei
n.

Rightat
ri
um-
recei
vesdeoxy
genat
edbl
oodf
rom t
her
estoft
hebodyt
hrought
hev
ena
cava.

Lef
tvent
ri
cle-
Pumpsbl
oodt
oal
lpar
tsoft
hebodyt
hrought
heaor
ta.

Ri
ghtv
ent
ri
cle-
Pumpsbl
oodt
othel
ungst
hrought
hepul
monar
yar
ter
y.

Bi
cuspi
dval
ve-
prev
ent
sbackf
lowofbl
oodf
rom t
hel
eftat
ri
um.

Tr
icuspi
dval
ves-
prev
ent
sbackf
lowofbl
oodt
other
ightat
ri
um.

Semi
l
unarv
alv
es-
prev
ent
sthebackf
lowofbl
ood.

4.I
ll
ust
rat
ethemov
ementofbl
oodi
nthedoubl
eci
rcul
ator
ysy
stem.
ANS

A.Pul
monar
yci
rcul
ati
on.
Thepul
monar
yci
rcul
ati
oni
nvol
vest
hepumpi
ngofbl
oodf
rom t
hehear
tto

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 70
 t
hel
ungsandbackf
rom t
hel
ungst
othehear
t.

Hear
t—>Lungs—>Hear
t.

B.Sy
stemi
cci
rcul
ati
on
I
nthisci
rcul
ator
ysyst
em,bloodi
spumpedf
rom t
hehear
ttot
her
estoft
he
bodyandbacktothehear
t.

Body—>Hear
t—>Body
.

5. I dent
if
ytherol
eofthe
hear
t,l
ungsandbloodvessel
in
bl
oodcircul
ati
on?

ANS

Thehear
tpumpbl
oodt
oal
lpar
tsoft
he
body

Thev
alv
espr
eventbackf
lowofbl
ood.

Thel
ungsaddoxygentothebloodandremov
ecar
bondi
oxi
def
rom t
hebl
ood.(
it
i
swheregaseousexchanget
akeplace)
.

Ar
ter
iescar
rybl
oodf
rom t
hehear
ttot
hebodywhi
l
evei
nst
akebl
oodt
othehear
t.

All
vei
nst
ranspor
tdeoxy
genat
edbl
oodbackt
othehear
texceptt
hepul
monar
y
vei
n.

All
art
eri
estr
anspor
toxy
genat
edbl
oodt
oal
lpar
tsoft
hebodyexceptt
he
pul
monaryart
ery
.

RESPI
RATORYSYSTEM

1. I
dent
if
yor
gansoft
her
espi
rat
orysy
stem ofahumanbei
ng?

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 71
Mouth,nose,
trachea,
bronchi
,br
onchi
ole,
lungs(
airsacs)
,ri
bs,
diaphr
agm,
int
er-
cost
al
muscles.

2.Expl
aint
hef
unct
ionsoft
heor
gansoft
her
espi
rat
orysy
stem?
ANS

Mout
h:i
tisusedf
orbr
eat
hingwhent
henosei
sbl
ockedduet
ofl
u.

Nose: hastwonost
ril
sthroughwhichtheairf
rom out
sidei
sal
lowedtopassi
nto
thelungs.Thenost
ril
scontainsmall
hairswhichhel
ptrapt
hedustpar
ti
clesf
rom
airbeforei
tent
ersthelungs.

Tr
achea:i
tact
sasapassageforai
randhascil
i
aandmucusthatt
rapdust
.Iti
sa
cy
li
ndri
calt
ubeli
nedwi
thri
ngsofcart
il
agetoprev
entcol
l
apsi
ng.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 72
 Br
onchi
:di
rect
sai
rtot
hel
ungs.

Lungs:
thi
siswher
egaseousexchanget
akespl
ace.

Ri
bs:
giv
ephy
sical
prot
ect
ionoft
hel
ungs.

Diaphr
agm:isatoughsheetofmuscl
est
hatsepar
atest
hechestcav
ityf
rom t
he
abdominal
cavi
ty.

Ai
rsacs:
iti
sthesi
tef
orgaseousexchange(
makeupt
hel
ungs)
.

3.Demonst
rat
ethemechani
sm ofv
ent
il
ati
oni
nahumanbei
ng?
ANS

Mechani
sm ofv
ent
il
ati
on(
breat
hing)i
nvol
vest
wopr
ocesses.

1.I
nhal
ati
on/i
nspi
rat
ion
- Di
aphr
agm muscl
escont
ractandf
lat
tens
- Ext
ernal
int
ercost
almuscl
escont
ract
- Ri
bsmov
eupwar
dsandout
war
ds
- Vol
umeofchestcav
ityi
ncr
eases.
- Lungsi
nfl
ate
- Ai
risdr
awni
nsi
de.
2.Exhal
ati
on/expi
rat
ion
- Di
aphr
agm r
elaxandmov
esupwar
d(becomesdomeshaped)
- Ext
ernal
int
er-
cost
almuscl
esr
elax
- Ri
bsmov
edownwar
dsandi
nwar
ds.
- Vol
umeofchestcav
itydecr
eases.
- Lungsdef
lat
e
- Ai
risdr
awnout
side

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 73
 4.Descr
ibet
heexchangeofoxy
genandcar
bondi
oxi
dei
nthel
ungs?
ANS

Oxygendi
ff
usesi
ntot
hebl
oodst
ream andcar
bondi
oxi
dei
ntot
hel
ungsf
rom t
he
bl
ood.

5.Expl
aint
issuer
espi
rat
ion?
ANS

Tissuer
espi
rat
ionorcell
ularr
espir
ati
onisachemical
processincell
sbywhi
ch
energyi
srel
easedfrom f
ood(glucose)
.Gl
ucosecombineswit
hoxy gent
orel
ease
carbondi
oxi
de,waterandenergy.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 74
 WORDEQUATI
ON

Gl
ucose+oxy
gen-
>Car
bondi
oxi
de+wat
er+Ener
gy

6.Expl
aint
heef
fectofci
gar
ett
esmoki
ngont
her
espi
rat
orysy
stem?
ANS

Causes,

- Lungcancer
- Br
onchi
ti
s
- St
omachul
cer
s
- Bl
addercancer
- Ost
eopor
osi
s(br
it
tl
enessoft
hebones)
- Emphy
sema

HEALTH

SEXUALLYTRANSMI
TTEDI
NFECTI
ONS

1.I
dent
if
ythecommonsexual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
edi
nfect
ions?
ANS

HI
VandAI
DS,
Syphi
l
is,
Gonor
rhea,
Geni
tal
War
ts.

2.Expl
aint
ransmi
ssi
onofSexual
l
yTr
ansmi
tt
edI
nfect
ions.
Sexual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
edi
nfect
ionsar
etr
ansmi
tt
edt
hrough

- Unpr
otect
edsex
- Bl
oodt
ransf
usi
onwi
thcont
ami
nat
edbl
ood
- Hav
ingmul
ti
plesexual
par
tner
s

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 75
 3.Descr
ibet
hepr
event
ionofSTI
s?
- Cor
rectandconsi
stenceofcondom use
- St
ickt
oonef
ait
hful
par
tner
- Av
oidcasual
sex
- Abst
inencef
rom sex
.
- Av
oidshar
ingshar
pinst
rument
s,i
.e.needl
es,
razorbl
ades.

4.Expl
aint
hei
mpactofHI
VandAI
DSont
hepopul
ati
on?
- Br
ingspov
ert
y
- I
ncr
easeofor
phans
- Pr
essur
eofheal
thser
vices

THEENVI
RONMENT

CYCLESI
NTHEBI
OSPHERE

1.Descr
ibewhatOxy
genandCar
boncy
clear
e?
- Oxy
gency
clei
stheci
rcul
ati
onofoxy
geni
ntheat
mospher
e
- Car
bondi
oxi
dei
stheci
rcul
ati
onofcar
bondi
oxi
dei
ntheat
mospher
e

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 76
 - Carbondioxi
deandoxy
gency
clesar
ebal
ancedbyr
espi
rat
ionand
photosy
nthesi
s.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 77
 Oxy
gency
cle

Fr
eeat
mospher
ic
Fi
re oxygen

Phot
osy
nthesi
s
Decomposi
ti
on Cell
ular
respi
rat
io
Componentsof
Li
vi
ngor
gani
sms theear
th’
scrust
Di
ff
usi
on
Deat
h
Decomposi
ti
o
nn
deat
h
Cel
l
ularr
espi
rat
ion
Phot
osy
nthesi

Oxy
gendi
ssol
vedi
nwat
er

- Carbondi
oxideisremov
edi
ntheat
mospher
ebyphot
osy
nthesi
sandi
tis
addedbyrespi
rati
on
- Oxy
genisaddedt
otheatmospher
ebyphot
osy
nthesi
sandi
sremov
edf
rom
t
heatmospher
ebyrespi
rat
ion.

2.I
dent
if
yfact
orsaf
fect
ingOxy
genandCar
boncy
cle?
- Pl
ant
stakei
ncar
bondi
oxi
dedur
ingphot
osy
nthesi
sandgi
veof
foxy
gen.
- Ani
mal
stakei
noxy
genandgi
veof
fcar
bondi
oxi
dedur
ingr
espi
rat
ion

3.Descr
ibet
heni
tr
ogency
cle?
- Li
ght
eni
ngconv
ert
sni
tr
ogeni
ntheat
mospher
etoni
tr
ates
- Ni
trogenf
ixi
ngbacter
iaconv
ertf
reeni
tr
ogent
oni
tr
atesi
nthesoi
l
.(f
ix
ni
tr
ogeninthesoi
l)
- Legumepl
ant
se.
g.beansi
ncr
easet
heamountofni
tr
ogeni
nthesoi
l
.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 78
 - Ni
tr
ogenr
ichf
ert
il
izer
sincr
easet
heamountofni
tr
ogeni
nthesoi
l
.

4.Expl
aint
henat
ural
bal
anceofgasesi
ntheat
mospher
e.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 79
 Car
bon
di
oxi
de

Ni
tr
ogen

- WATERMANAGEMENT
1.Descr
ibet
hei
mpor
tanceofwat
ermanagementi
nourdai
l
yli
fe.
- Gener
ati
ngel
ect
ri
cit
y
- I
rr
igat
ion
- washi
ngandcl
eani
ng
- mi
xi
ngchemi
cal
s
- cooki
ngf
ood
2.Descr
ibeef
fect
ivewat
ermanagementsy
stem.
- Const
ruct
ionofdams
- Wat
err
eser
voi
rs
- Pur
if
icat
ionofwat
er,
inv
olv
est
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ocess
- Scr
eeni
ng
- Sedi
ment
ati
on
- Fi
l
trat
ion
- Di
si
nfect
ion(
chl
ori
nat
ion)

PLANTSANDANI
MALS

CONSERVATI
ONOFANI
MALSANDPLANTS

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 80
 1.Expl
aint
hei
mpor
tanceofdomest
icat
ingani
mal
sandpl
ant
s.
PLANTS

- Ar
easour
ceoff
ood
- Pr
ovi
debui
l
dingmat
eri
alsl
i
kepol
esandt
imber
- Somepl
ant
sar
emedi
cal
henceusedt
ocur
ecer
tai
ndi
seases.
- Pr
ovi
debeaut
yandshadeathome
- Cont
rol
soi
ler
osi
onbycov
eri
ngt
hegr
ound
- Pr
ovi
demanur
eandbi
ogas
- Somepl
ant
swi
thni
cef
lower
smaypr
ovi
dei
ncomewhenf
lower
sar
esol
d.
ANI
MALS

- Maj
orsour
ceofpr
otei
n(f
ood)
- Ani
malproduct
ssuchashi
ndsandski
nsar
eimpor
tanti
nmaki
ngl
eat
her
pr
oduct
s
- Ani
mal
sar
ekeptaspet
stobeaut
if
ythehomes
- Someani
mal
sli
kedogsar
ekeptf
orpr
otect
ionpur
poses
- Somef
orr
ecr
eat
ione.
g.ani
mal
sinnat
ional
par
ksandzoos
- Someani
mal
susedasdowr
ydur
ingmar
ri
age.
- Someani
mal
sar
eusedf
ort
ranspor
tandcul
ti
vat
ion.

2.Expl
ainway
sofi
mpr
ovi
ngdomest
icbr
eedsofani
mal
sandpl
ant
s.
- Bycr
ossingani
malsandplant
st hathavedesi
rabl
echar
act
eri
sti
cst
opr
oduce
of
f-
spri
ngswithdesi
rabl
echaracter
ist
ics
- I
nplantsbycr
osspol
li
nati
on(
transf
erofpol
l
engr
ainsf
rom t
heant
her
sofone
pl
anttothest
igmaofanot
herplant
)
3.I
dent
if
yani
mal
sandpl
ant
sthr
eat
enedbyext
inct
ion.

ANI
MALS

Wi
l
ddogs,
blackr
hino,
ant
elopes,
honeybadger
,el
ephant
s,cr
ocodi
l
es.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 81
 PLANTS

Mut
ondo,
mukwaandmukul
a

4.Descr
ibet
hei
mpor
tanceofpr
otect
ingendanger
edani
mal
sandpl
ant
s.
- Sour
ceoff
ood,
medi
cinesandi
ndust
ri
alr
awmat
eri
al
- Fori
ncome
- For
eigncur
rencyf
rom t
our
ist
s
- Pl
ant
sreducesoi
ler
osi
on
- Forf
utur
egener
ati
on
- Foraest
het
ic/beaut
y
- Pl
ant
spr
oduceoxy
genf
orphot
osy
nthesi
s.
5.Expl
ainmet
hodsofpr
otect
ingendanger
edani
mal
sandpl
ant
s.
- Useofappr
opr
iat
efar
mingpr
act
icessuchascr
opr
otat
ion
- Gamecr
oppi
ng
- Set
ti
ngupofconser
vat
ioneducat
ionpr
ogr
ammesi
nthecur
ri
cul
um
- Cont
rol
l
ingbur
ningofchar
coal
- Cr
eat
ionofgamemanagementar
ea,
for
estr
eser
vesandgamepar
ks

PHOTOSYNTHESI
S

1.I
dent
if
ythecondi
ti
onsnecessar
yforphot
osy
nthesi
s.
-
sunl
i
ght
,car
bondi
oxi
de,
wat
er,
temper
atur
eandchl
orophy
ll

2.I
dent
if
ythepr
oduct
sofphot
osy
nthesi
sinal
eaf
.
Gl
ucose(
sugar
)andoxy
gen

Exper
iment

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 82
mat
eri
als AI
M

- Plantsuchasa Toshowthatst
archi
spr
esenti
nagr
eenl
eaft
hathasbeen
gerani
um phot
osynt
hesi
zi
ng.

- Bunsenburner METHOD
orother
1.Pickasoft,greenleaff
rom aplantthathasbeeni
n
sourcesofheat
sunli
ghtforal ongti
me.Thisensuresthat
- Tri
pod photosynthesi
shasoccurredintheleaf.

- Twobeakersor
small
saucepans

- Testtubes,
fl
askorheat-
resi
stantgl
ass

- Tweezer
sor
for
ceps

- Wat
er

- Alcohol
(ethanolor
met hyl
ated
spiri
ts)

- Dr
opper

- I
odi
nesol
uti
on

- Petr
idi
shor
saucer
2.Pl
acetheleafi
ntoabeakerofboil
i
ngwaterfor5
mi
nutes.Thiswi
llbr
eakdownt hecel
lwal
ls.

NOTE 3.Tur
noffthefl
ame.Removet
hel
eaff
rom t
heboi
l
ing
wat
er.Gentl
ydryt
heleaf
.

4.Pl
acet
hel
eafi
nabeakerwi
thal
cohol
.
Thealcoholr
emovesthe
chl
orophyl
lfr
om t
heleaf
. 5.Pl
acet
hebeakerwi
tht
hel
eafandal
cohol
int
oal
arge

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 83
 beakerwit
hboil
ingwat
er.Thewaterbat
hishotenough
toheattheal
coholt
oit
sboili
ngpoint
.
Caut
ions
6.Removethel
eaff
rom t
heal
coholoncei
thast
urned
1. Useforcepsor whi
te.Ri
nset
heleafi
nwarm wat
ertosof
teni
t.
tweezersto
remov etheleaf 7.Remov
ethel
eaff
rom t
hewat
eranddr
yit
.
from hotwateror
8.Placethel
eafi
nashall
owdish.Testf
orstar
chby
alcohol
addingtwoort
hreedr
opsofiodi
nesolut
ion.
2.Keepethanol away
9.Not
icet
hecol
ourchangeoft
hel
eaf
.
fr
om thef l
ames.
Ethanolcatches
fi
reveryeasily
.
obser
vat
ions

Theleaft
urnsabl
ue-
blackcol
ourwheny
ouappl
ythei
odi
ne
sol
utiont
oit.

Resul
t

Thi
sobser
vat
ioni
saposi
ti
ver
esul
tfort
hest
archt
est
.

Concl
usi
on

Theblue-
blackcolouroft
hel
eafshowsthattheleafcont
ains
st
arch.Thi
sr esul
tshowsust
hatphotosynt
hesishastaken
pl
aceintheleaf.

3.Rel
atet
hepr
ocessofphot
osy
nthesi
stor
espi
rat
ion

Phot
osy
nthesi
s Respi
rat
ion
o Occur
sonl
yingr
eenpl
ant
s. o Occur
sinbot
hpl
ant
sandani
mal
s.
o Pr
oducessugarbyuseofener
gy o Bur
nssugart
orel
easeener
gy.
o Usescarbondioxi
defrom ai
rwhi
ch o Releasescar
bondi
oxi
dewhichi
s
i
sr el
easedbyanimalsandhuman usedbyplantst
omakefooddur
ing
beingsduri
ngt
hepr ocessof theday.
respir
ati
on
o St
oresener
gy o Rel
easesener
gy

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 84
 o Producesoxygenwhi
chisusedby o Usesoxygenfrom ai
rwhichis
animalsandhumanbeingsf
or rel
easedbyplantsduri
ngthe
breat
hingin. processofphotosy
nthesi
s
o Takespl
acedur
ingt
heday o Takespl
acebot
hdur
ingt
heday
andatni
ght.

TRANSPI
RATI
ON

1.Descr
ibet
hepr
ocessoft
ranspi
rat
ion?
Tr
anspi
rat
ioni
sthel
ossofwat
er-
vapourbypl
ant
sthr
ought
hel
eav
es(
stomat
a)

2.I
nvest
igat
ethef
act
orst
hataf
fectt
her
ateoft
ranspi
rat
ion?
- Def
orest
ati
oncompl
etel
yremov
alofv
eget
ati
on
- Li
ghti
ntensi
ty:
li
ghti
ntensi
tyi
nfl
uencesst
omat
aopeni
ng
- Humi
dit
y:t
heamountofwat
er-v
apouri
ntheat
mospher
e
- Temperat
ure:hightemper
atur
eincreasestherat
eoftranspi
rat
ionwhil
elow
temper
aturereducesther
ateoftr
anspirat
ionbecausewaterwil
ltakel
ongto
tur
nint
ov apourwind.
St
ruct
ural
fact
ors

- St
omat
a
- Cut
icl
e
- Leafsi
zeandl
eafshape

3.Expl
aint
hei
mpor
tanceoft
ranspi
rat
ioni
npl
ant
s?

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 85
 I
thelpsi
ntr
anspor
tat
ionofwaterandmi
ner
alsalt
sfr
om root
st ot
heupperpar
t
oft
heplant
.Thedi
agram bel
owshowsthet
ranspi
rat
ionofwateri
naplant
.

MATERI
ALSANDENERGY

CHEMI
CALREACTI
ON

1.Descr
ibewhatchemi
cal
react
ioni
s?
Achemical
reacti
onisonewher
eanewchemi calsubst
ancei
sfor
medf
rom t
he
or
igi
nal
substance.E.
gburni
ngofpaper
/gr
ass/baki
ng.

2.Descr
ibet
henat
ureofchemi
cal
react
ions?
- Dur
ingexot
her
micr
eact
ionheati
sev
olv
ed(
giv
enout
)tot
hesur
roundi
ngs
- Dur
ingendot
her
micr
eact
ionheati
sabsor
bedf
rom t
hesur
roundi
ngs.
3.Cl
assi
fydi
ff
erentt
ypesofchemi
cal
react
ions?
- Sy
nthesi
s.
- Decomposi
ti
on.
- Si
ngl
erepl
acement
.
- Doubl
erepl
acement
.

4.Descr
ibet
hechemi
cal
react
ions.

- Synt
hesi
s:i
sthecombi
nat
ionoft
woormor
eel
ement
stof
orma
compound.
e.
g.i
ron+sul
phurI
ir
on(
ll
)sul
phi
de

- Decomposi
ti
on:
ist
hebr
eaki
ngdownofasi
ngl
ecompoundi
ntot
woor

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 86
 moresimplersubst
ancese.g.heatingcopper(
ll
)car
bonat
ebr
eaksi
tto
copper(
ll
)oxideandcarbondioxide.
Copper(
ll
)car
bonat
e copper(
ll
)oxi
de+car
bondi
oxi
de

- Singl
erepl
acement
:isat
ypeofachemicalreact
ionwhereanel
ement
react
swithacompoundandt
akestheplaceofanotherel
ementi
nthat
compound.
e.
g.AB+CA+BC.Chl
ori
de+Pot
assi
um i
odi
dePot
assi
um chl
ori
de
+I
odine

- Doubl
erepl
acement:dur
ingadoubl
ereplacementr
eact
ionat
omsori
rons
fr
om t
wodiffer
entcompoundrepl
aceeachothere.
g.AB+CD AD+CB
Bar
ium ni
tr
ate+sodi
um sul
phat
eBar
ium sul
phat
e+Sodi
um ni
tr
ate.

4.Demonst
rat
ethechemi
cal
react
ionofwat
erwi
thel
ect
ri
cit
y?
Theelectr
olysi
sofaci di
fi
edwater(dil
utesulphuri
cacid)isanexampleofa
decompositi
onr eact
ion.Whenadi r
ectcurrentispassedthroughtheaci
dif
ied
water(H2O),i
tdecomposesi nt
oitscomponent swhi chareoxygen(O2)and
hydrogen(H2)(twiceasmuchhy drogenasoxy gen)bymeansofanel ectr
ic
curr
ent.Thediagram belowshowsel ect
rol
ysisofwat er
.

Oxy
gen Hy
drogen

\
\

5.Expl
aint
hel
awofconser
vat
ionofmat
ter
?
Thet
otal
massofsubst ancesbeforeachemical
reacti
onisequalt
othet
otal
massofthesubst
ancesthatareproducedormattercannotbemadeor

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 87
 dest
roy
eddur
ingachemi
cal
react
ion

LI
GHTANDI
TSNATURE

1.Descr
ibet
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesofl
enses?
- AConver
gingl
ensisalsoknownasaconv exlens.I
tist
hickeri
nthe
middl
eandthi
nnerattheedges.I
tmakesparall
elli
ghtr
ayspassing
t
hroughi
ttobendinwardsandmeet(conv
erge)atapoint.

Conv
ergi
ngl
ens Concav
elens
- Aconcavelensisal
soknownasadi ver
ginglens,i
sthi
ckerattheedges
andthi
nnerinthemiddl
e.Thi
slensmakesabeam ofpar al
lell
i
ghtrays
passi
ngthroughitt
odiver
ge(orbendasitspreadsout
wards)from apoi
nt.
2.Demonst
rat
ethel
ocat
ionoft
hef
ocal
poi
ntandf
ocal
lengt
hofal
ens?

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 88
KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 89
 Opt
ical
cent
er

Pr
inci
pal
axi
s

Focal
lengt
h

Focal
l
ength

Opt
ical
cent
er

Pr
inci
pleaxi
s

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 90
 - Thedi
stancebetweenthefocal
pointandt
hecent
reoft
hel
ens(orf
ocus
oft
helens)iscall
edthefocall
ength.
- Thepr i
ncipal f
ocusorf ocalpoi
nti
sthepointatwhichray
sparal
lel
tothe
pri
ncipalax i
seitherconvergeorappeart
obedi v
ergingaf
terr
efr
acti
onor
ref
lecti
ont hroughthelens.
3.Expl
aint
hemechani
sm ofaconv
ergi
ngl
enst
opr
oducer
eal
andv
irt
uei
mages?

Obj
ectout
sidef
ocal
poi
nt

Real
image

Focal
lengt
h

4.-Ar eali
mageistheimagefor
medwher etheli
ghtray
sarefocused.Reali
mages
occurwhenobjectsarepl
acedoutsidethefocall
engthofaconvergi
nglensor
outsidethef
ocall
engthofaconvergingmirr
or.

Obj
ecti
nsi
def
ocal
poi
nt

Vi
rt
ual

Focal
lengt
h

5.-Av i
rt
ual i
mageisformedatal
ocat
ionfrom wher
eli
ghtr
aysappeartohav
e
converged.Conver
gingl
ensesf
ormvir
tueimagesift
heobj
ectdi
stancei
sshor
ter
thanthefocall
ength.
6.Expl
aint
heusesofconv
ergi
nganddi
ver
gingl
enses?
Conv
ergi
nganddi
ver
gingl
ensesar
eusedi
n:

- ami
croscope

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 91
 - amagni
fyi
ngGl
ass

- camer
afi
l
m pr
oject
or

- Spect
acl
es.

7.Demonst
rat
ethepr
oduct
ionofaspect
rum f
rom whi
tel
i
ght
?

- Aspectr
um (pl
ural
:spectr
a)isacompleter
angeofcol
our
sasseenina
rai
nbowint
owhi chwhit
elightcanbesepar
atedwheni
tpassest
hrougha
pri
sm.
8.Demonst
rat
ethecombi
nat
ionofcol
our
soft
hespect
rum t
opr
oducewhi
tel
i
ght
?
- Asecondt r
iangul
arpri
sm canusedt ocombinethedif
fer
entcol
oursof
thespectr
um toform whit
eli
ghtagain.Thesecondpri
sm,ofthesame
sizeasthefir
stone,i
splacedinaninvert
edorrever
sedorder
.

Secondpr
ism

Colour
Li
ght pr
ism

Li
ght

Fi
rstpr
ism

9.Descr
ibet
hepr
oduct
ionofar
ainbow?

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 92
 - Ar ainbowisagr oupofalmostcir
culararcsofcol our
s,al
lhav
inga
commoncent re.Rainbowsarefor
medf rom refracti
onofsunl
ightr
aysas
theyent erf
ail
i
ngdr oplet
sofwatersuspendedi ntheatmosphereandthe
refracti
onofli
ghtf r
om thebackofthedroplet.

10.
Expl
ainwhysunset
sandsunr
iseappearr
ed.
- Sunsetsandsunr i
seappearr
edbecausetheredl
ightwhichhasalonger
wavelengthandmuchst r
ongerpenetr
ati
ngpower,easi
l
ypassesthrough
thi
slargerdi
stanceanddustpart
icl
e,t
hustheskyappearsredt
oourey es
atsunsetandsunr i
se.
COLOURFI
LTERS

1.Expl
aint
hatcol
our
sofanobj
ectdependont
hecol
ourofl
i
ghti
tref
lect
s?
- Thecolourofanobj
ectdependsont
hesour
ceoft
hel
i
ghtandt
hel
i
ghti
t
ref
lect
s.

Ther edli
ghtisref
lect
ed
Whit
elightfr
om thesun, andwheni tentersa
whi
chcont ai
nsallt
he person’seyes,t
heobjecti
s
col
oursinthespectr
um, seenasr edincolour
shi
nesontotheobject Theobjectabsorbsal
lthe
col
oursexceptred

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 93
 2.Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofcol
ourf
il
ter
sonl
i
ghtr
ays.

- Afi
lt
erabsor
bsorr
efl
ect
sot
hercol
ourl
i
ghtandonl
ytr
ansmi
tst
hecol
our
oft
hefi
lt
er.
(
Onl
ybl
uel
i
ghtcanpasst
hrought
hebl
uef
il
ter
)

Onl
yref
lect
sredl
i
ght
,absor
bsal
lthecol
our
s

(Whitecolour
containsallt
he
col
our sinthe
spectrum)

ELECTRI
CCURRENTANDVOLTAGEI
NCI
RCUI
T

1.Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenel
ect
ri
ccur
rentandv
olt
age.
ANS

El
ectr
iccur
rentistherat
eoff l
owofel ect
ri
calchargedpart
icl
es.Whil
ev ol
tagei
s
el
ectr
omoti
v eforceorpotent
ialdi
ff
erenceexpressedinvol
ts/potenti
al
di
ff
erencei
swor kdoneinmov i
ngtheelectr
icchargefr
om onepointtoanother
.

2.Demonst
rat
etheuseofanammet
ert
omeasur
eel
ect
ri
ccur
rent
sinaci
rcui
t.
ANS

Anammet erisaninst
rumentusedtomeasur et
heelect
ri
ccurrentf
lowi
ngina
ci
rcui
t.Theammet eri
nacircui
tisconnect
edinseri
esinordertomeasur
ethe
curr
entfl
owingthr
oughacomponenti nacircui
t.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 94
 3.Demonst
rat
ehowt
omeasur
epot
ent
ial
dif
fer
encei
naci
rcui
t.
- Volt
ageismeasur edi
nv olt
susingani nst
rumentcal
l
edv ol
tmeter
.The
symbolforvol
tsis.Avoltmeterisconnectedi
nparal
lel
acrossthe
componentstomeasur einaci r
cuit
.Thenumberofcell
saf f
ect
sthe
vol
tageacrossthem.Themor ethenumberofcell
sthehighert
hev ol
tage.

Vol
tmet
er

4.Descr
ibet
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenpot
ent
ial
dif
fer
enceandcur
rent
.
- Therel
ati
onshipi
sohmslawwhi chstatesthatt
hecurrent(l
)fl
owing
thr
oughamet alwi
rei
sdirectl
ypr opor
ti
onal t
ovolt
age( v
)(provi
dedthe
temper
aturer
emainsconstant)
.Summar yofohmsl awR=V/ I
5.Expl
aint
heuseofel
ect
ri
ccur
renti
nthel
ocal
env
ironment
.
- Li
ght
ingi
nlamps
- Heat
ingi
nel
ect
ri
cir
ons
- Heat
ingket
tl
es

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 95
 - Cooki
ngandel
ect
ri
ccooker
s

PRESSURE

1.St
atewhatpr
essur
eis?
- Pr
essur
eist
heamountoff
orceact
ingperuni
tar
eaofasur
face.
- Pr
essur
e=i
smeasur
edi
nN/
M orPascal
(Pa)
- Pr
essur
eisgi
venbyP=F/
A

2.I
dent
if
yfact
orsaf
fect
ingpr
essur
eingases?
- Fact
orsaf
fect
ingpr
essur
ear
etemper
atur
e,amountoft
hegasand
vol
ume.
- Temper
atur
e
- Vol
ume
- Amountofgas/amountofgaspar
ti
cles

ENERGYANDI
TSCONSERVATI
ON

1.Expl
ainwhatener
gyi
s?
- Ener
gyi
stheabi
l
ityt
odowor
k.
- Ener
gyi
smeasur
edi
nJoul
es(
J)
2.I
dent
if
ydi
ff
erentf
ormsofener
gy?
- Pot
ent
ial
ener
gy
- Ki
net
icener
gy
- Chemi
cal
ener
gy
- El
ect
ri
cener
gy
- Heatener
gy

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 96
 3.Descr
ibehowdi
ff
erentf
ormsofener
gycanbechanged?
- Combustionoffuelsinmotorvehi
cles,witht
hehelpofel ect
ri
cenergy
fr
om abat t
ery
,result
sintheconversi
onsofchemi calenergyint
okinet
ic,
heatandli
ghtenergy.Intheel
ectr
icstoragebatt
ery,chemicalener
gyis
conver
tedtoelectr
icalener
gyandlaterconvert
edtol i
ghtandsound
energy
.

Tabl
eshowi
ngdi
ff
erentf
ormsofener
gy

For
m ofener
gy expl
anat
ion
Ki
net
icener
gy  Thi
sisener
gythatabodyhasbecausei
tisi
n
moti
on(moving)
.
Pot
ent
ial
ener
gy  Thi
sisener
gythati
sst
oredi
nabodyt
hati
s
notdoi
ngwork.
Chemi
cal
ener
gy  Thisisenergythati
sst
oredi
nf uelorf
ood
andisreleasedwhenachemicalreact
ion
takesplace.
El
ect
ri
cener
gy  Thi
sisenergycar
ri
edbymov
ingel
ect
ronsi
n
anel
ectr
icconduct
or.
Heat(
ther
mal
)ener
gy  Thi
senergythatanobj ecthasduetothe
act
ivi
tyofit
sat omsormol ecul
es.Inhot
obj
ects,t
heat omsormol ecul
esareexcit
ed
andmov equickly.Iacoolobj
ect,
atomsor
molecul
esarel essexcit
edandmov eslowly
.
Mechani
cal
ener
gy  Thisist
heamountofpotent
ial
andkinet
ic
energyt
hatanobj
ecthastodowork.Iti
sthe

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 97
 amountofener
gyi
nanobjectbecauseofi
ts
posi
ti
onormovement
,orboth.
Soundener
gy  Thisisthemovementofenergythr
oughan
objecti
nlongi
tudi
nalwaves.Soundi
s
producedwhenaf or
cecausesanobjectt
o
vi
brate.
Radi
antener
gy  Thisi
senergythatoccursinelect
romagnet
ic
waves.I
tisaform ofenergythatcantr
avel
thr
oughspace.
Gr
avi
tat
ional
ener
gy  Thisisener
gythatobj
ecthasduetoit
s
posit
ionorhei
ghtabovethesur
faceofthe
eart
h.
Nucl
earener
gy  Thisistheamountofener
gyst
oredi
nthe
nucleusofanat
om.
Li
ghtener
gy  Thi
sisener
gythatistransf
err
edbymeansof
wavesandpar
ti
cles,call
edphotons.

4.Expl
aint
hel
awofener
gyconser
vat
ion?
- Ener
gyisneit
hercr
eatednordestroyed,
alt
houghitmaybeconv
erted
fr
om oneformtoanother.Ener
gycanchangeform butt
het
otalamountof
ener
gyintheuni
verseremainsthesame.

5.Expl
aint
heef
fect
sofener
gypr
oduct
ionont
heenv
ironment
?
- Depl
eti
onofr
esour
ces
- Damaget
onat
ural
geot
her
mal
feat
ures.
- Gl
obal
war
mingandcl
i
mat
echange.
- Wat
erpol
l
uti
on.
- Ai
rpol
l
uti
on.
- Landdegr
adat
ion.
- Wi
l
dli
feandhabi
tat
sloss.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 98
 6.Expl
ainway
sofconser
vingener
gy?
- Repl
aci
ngl
i
ghtbul
bswi
thf
luor
escentbul
bsorLEDbul
bs.
- Reduci
ngt
heuseofout
doorl
i
ght
sforsecur
it
ypur
poses.
- Swi
tchi
ngof
fal
lel
ect
ri
cal
appl
i
ancesandl
i
ght
ingequi
pment
- Usi
ngnat
ural
li
ghtf
rom t
hesunt
obr
ight
enhomes.
- Reducingexcessi
veheat
ingandcool
i
nginsummerandwi nt
er
respecti
vel
yinhomeswithsummercool
i
ngandwinterheati
ngsy
stems.
- Conser
vingf
uel
s.
- Hi
gheruseofr
enewabl
eener
gysour
ces.
- Pr
act
icet
he3Rs(
reduce,
reuseandr
ecy
cle)
- Wor
kingi
nwi
thot
her
s.
COMMUNI
CATI
ON

1.I
dent
if
yway
sofsendi
ngandr
ecei
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionov
erl
ongdi
stances.
Communi
cat
ioncanbesentorr
ecei
vedbyt
heuseof
:
- Tel
ephones
- Radi
os
- t
elev
isi
on
- Emai
l
s

Met
hodofSendi
ng Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages
i
nfor
mat
ion

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 99
 Textmessagi
ng  Cheapert
hana  Li
mi t
edstor
age
phonecal
l capacit
y
 Goodforrecor
ding  Lengt
hofmessage
messagesandtheir mustbeshor
t
cont
ents
 Messagecanonl
y
 Messagescanbe hav
etext
r
eadatanytime
 Notsuit
abl
ein
 Canrespondaty
our emergenci
es
conv
enience
 Lackof
pri
vacy
/secur
it
y
 Dependsonnet
wor
k
avai
labi
l
ity
Emai
l  Ex
tremel
yfast  Requi
resaccesst
o
i
nter
net
 Cansendorr
ecei
ve
atanyt
ime  Vi
rusescanspreadvi
a
emailat
tachments
 Cansendt oor
receiv
ef r
om adev
ice  Phi
shi
ng/scams
wor l
dwide
 Spam
 Cheapandeasyt
o
 I
nfor
mat
ionov
erl
oad
use
 I
mper
sonal
 Cansendtomore
thanoneper
sonat  Bot
hparti
esmusthav
e
anyti
me email
addresses
 Easytostor
eand  Emailaddr
essescan
ref
erence change
 Canat
tachf
il
esand  Dependsonnet
wor
k
i
mages avai
labi
l
ity
 Canrequestproofof
recei
ptorreadi
ng
I
nst
antmessenger  Canusei
twor
ldwi
de  I
mper
sonal
 Cancommuni
cat
ein  Cannotconfi
rm
real
time i
denti
tyofother
par
ty/par
ti
es
 All
owsv i
rt
ual
confer
enci
ng  Exposesdevi
cet
o
vi
rusinf
ecti
on
 Canconduct

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 100
 busi
nesswi
thi
t  Canbeabuseddur i
ng
businesshoursf
or
personaluse
 Dependsonnet
wor
k
avai
labi
l
ity

Cel
l
phones  Hel
pinemer
genci
es  Possi
blenegat
ive
ef
fect
sonhealth
 Cancommuni catein
dif
fer
entways:  Hi
ghcost
speech,
text
,emai l
,
 Hi
ghexposur
eto
i
nstantmessaging
t
elesal
es
 Conv
eni
ent
 Canbedist
ract
ingi
n
 Provi
desmobil
e publ
i
cplaces
accesst
oint
ernet
 Incr
easetr
aff
ic
 Amedium f
or acci
dents
adv
ert
isi
ng
 Dependonnet
wor
k
 Cangetmostuse avai
labi
l
ity
fr
om avai
l
abl
etime
 Canuseas
el
ect
roni
cdiar
y
Sky
pe  Worl
dwi
de  Nocommuni cat
ion
communi
cat
ion out
sidesky
penet wor
k
 Cost
-ef
fect
ive  Communicat
ion
dependsonbei
ng
 Freecomputerto
l
oggedon
computerconnecti
on
 Se
 Canhaveli
vevideo
conv
ersat
ions
 Canleav
echat
messageifr
eci
pient
i
sloggedon
 Cam communicate
wit
hmor ethanone
useratati
me
 Candownl
oadskype
ont
ocomputer
s,

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 101
 smartphones,
i
phonesandi pads
 Compati
blewi
thmac
andpc
Radi
os  Cheapert
hanot
her  Onl
yanaudi
omedi
um
for
msofmedia.
 Li
stenersarespr ead
 Usefulforsemi overmanyst ation,so
–l
iterat
epeople advert
isement sare
heardsimult
aneousl y
 Canusedi nmany
onmanyst ations
placesbusinesses
cant ar
get  Li
stener
scannotr
efer
adverti
sing backtoimpor
tant
point
s
 Businessescan
createident
it
yusing  Advertisement
sare
soundsandv oices repeatedwithi
na
programme.

2. Descr
ibet
headv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesoft
hedi
ff
erentway
sofsendi
ng
messages?
Adv
ant
ages

TELEPHONE

Thi
sist
hemostpopul
armet
hodofsendi
ngi
nfor
mat
iont
hathasbeenexi
sti
ngi
n
di
ff
erent
For
msf
ort
hepasty
ear
sinbot
hhomesandbusi
nesscont
act
s.Howev
ermobi
l
e
phones
Arenowt
hepr
efer
redmet
hodsofcommuni
cat
ion.Mobi
l
ephonesar
eal
so
knownas
Acel
l
ularphonei
saphonet
hatcanmakeandr
ecei
vet
elephonecal
l
swhi
l
e
mov
ing
Ar
oundawi
degeogr
aphi
cal
area.I
tisahandhel
ddev
iceandi
saf
astwayof
sendi
ng
Regar
dlessofwher
eyouar
e.
Adv
ant
ages

- I
tpr
ovi
desf
ort
wo-
waycommuni
cat
ionandoneononecommuni
cat
ion.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 102
 Yougeti
mmedi
atef
eedbackdur
ingt
hecommuni
cat
ion.
- Tel
ephonespr
ovi
decur
rentandt
imel
yinf
ormat
ion.
- Theconv
ersat
ioni
srel
ati
vel
ypr
ivat
ebet
weent
hepeopl
ecommuni
cat
ing.
Di
sadv
ant
ages

- Tel
ephonesar
eexpensi
vet
obuyandt
oinst
all
.
- Thepersonmustbewi
thi
nthepr
emi
sesorav
ail
abl
etopi
ckupa
tel
ephonecal
l
.
I
ftheyar
enotav
ail
abl
e,communi
cat
ionwi
l
lnott
akepl
ace.

- Theuseoft
elephonesandmobi
l
ephonesr
equi
resacer
tai
namountof
l
it
eracy
.
RADI
O

Forav er
ylongti
me,radi
ohasbeent hefastestandmosttechnol
ogical
l
y
advancedmeansoft r
ansmi
tti
nginformation.Radi
ocommuni cat
ion
i
nvolvestheconver
ti
ngofsoundsintoelectri
calsi
gnal
sknownasaudi o
si
gnal.

Adv
ant
ages

- I
tist
hecheapestf
orm ofmedi
aint
ermsofener
gyuse,
wei
ghtandcost
.
- Peopl
ecanli
stent
oradi
ointhebackgr
oundwhi
l
edoi
ngot
herwor
k,f
or
exampl
e,whi
ledri
vi
ngtoandfr
om work.
- I
thastheabi
li
tytoreachspecif
icaudiencethroughspecial
i
zed
pr
ogramming.Thatway ,
iti
spossibl
et ohaver adi
ostat
ionsusi
ngl
ocal
l
anguagessotheli
stenerscaneasil
yunderstandthemessage.
Di
sadv
ant
ages

- Radi
oal
l
owsonlyonewaycommunicati
on.Thesendercanonl
ysend
i
nfor
mat
ionbuti
nmostcasest
her
ei snofeedback.
- Radi
oscanonl
ysendr
adi
osi
gnal
swi
thoutv
isual
signal
s.
- Radiosi
gnal
saresuscept
ibl
etoi
nter
fer
encesoi
tcansomet
imesbehar
d
torecei
veacl
earsi
gnal.
TELEVI
SION

Tel
evi
si
oni
soneoft
hepopul
arway
sofsendi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionar
oundt
he
wor
ld

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 103
 Nowaday
s.I
tisv
eryef
fect
ivebecausei
tcombi
nesbot
haudi
oandv
ideo
si
gnal
s.

Adv
ant
ages

- Tel
evi
sionisabl
etocombinebot
hsoundandpi
ctur
est
husmaki
ngt
he
communicati
onprocessmoreef
fect
ive.
- I
thasawi
degeogr
aphi
cal
cov
erageandbr
oadaudi
ence.
- Televi
sionkeepstheaudi
encewel
li
nfor
medofcur
rentaf
fai
rsand
breaki
ngnewsar oundtheworl
d.
Di
sadv
ant
ages

- Iti
sanexpensi
vemethodofcommuni
cat
ion.Buy
ingat
elev
isi
onf
or
exampl
e,canbever
yexpensi
ve.
- Thepr
ogr
ammesar
enotai
redataconv
eni
entt
imef
ort
hev
iewer
.
- Unli
ket
heradi
o,onecannotwatchtelevi
sionwhil
edoi
ngsomet
hingel
se,
suchasdr
ivi
ngsincei
trequi
resthefull
attent
ionoft
hevi
ewer
.

EMAI
L

Emailst
andsf
orelect
roni
cmail
.Itenabl
esaper
sontosendwel
lar
ranged
t
extf
il
esandpict
urestoanot
herperson’
se-mai
laddr
ess.

Adv
ant
ages

- Email
sarefast.Theyar
edel
iver
edatoncear
oundt
hewor
ld.Noot
her
for
m ofwri
ttencommunicat
ionisasf
astast
heemail
.
- Asi
defrom t
hecostofi
nter
netconnect
ions,emaili
sfr
ee.Onecansendas
manymessages,f
il
es,vi
deos,
document sandpresent
ati
onsasheorshe
wantswit
houthav
ingtopayanyt
hing.
- Thousandsofemailmessagescanbearchiv
edint
ofol
dersonyour
computerorhandhel
dcommuni cat
iondev
icesuchasacell
phonetobe
ret
ri
evedwheny ouneedthem.
Di
sadv
ant
ages

- Emailscancarryvi
ruseswhi chcanaf
fectt
hecomputersyst
ems.They
canready ouremai
l addressbookandsendthemsel
vestoanumberof
peopl
ear oundthewor l
d.
- Manypeopl
esendunwant
edemai
l
stoot
her
s.I
tcoul
dtakeal
otoft
imet
o

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 104
 them outandsomet
imesi
mpor
tantmessagesgetl
osti
nthemany
unsol
icit
edemail
s.
- Sendinganemailrequi
resbot
hthesenderandt
hereci
pientt
ohav
eemai
l
addressesandaccesstothei
nter
netorcomput
er.
3.Descr
ibet
het
ransmi
ssi
onofr
adi
oandt
elev
isi
onsi
gnal
s?
- Radi
oandt el
evi
sionsi
gnalsbr
oadcastist
heprimar
ymeansbywhich
i
nformati
onandentert
ainmentreachthepubl
i
ci nv
irt
ual
l
yev
erycount
ry
ornati
onaroundtheworld.
4.Expl
aint
heampl
i
ficat
ionofsound?
- Ampli
fysoundistoincr
easethestr
engthofanelectr
icsi
gnal
bymeansof
anampli
fi
er.Oritmakesthesignal
biggerorst
ronger.
5.Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erencebet
weendi
git
alandanal
oguet
ransmi
ssi
oni
nfor
mat
ion?
Anal
ogue di
git
al
 Anal
oguet r
ansmissionconv eys  Digital
transmi ssioni sthe
voi
ce,datai
mage, signal,
orv i
deo transmissionofsi gnalsina
i
nformati
onusingani nformation form ofast ream ofbi nary
si
gnalthati
scontinuouslyvarying number s( combi nationsofzeros
andones) .Adi gitalsignaluses
discret
e( discontinuous)v al
ues.

6.Expl
aint
heuseofsat
ell
i
tei
nlongdi
stancecommuni
cat
ion?
- Acommuni cationsat el
li
teisanar t
ifi
cialbodyorspacecr aftpl
aced
i
ngeost at
ionaryorsy nchronousorbitsaroundtheear thormoonor
anotherplanetinor dertocollectandtransmi ti
nformationorfor
communi cation.Italsosendssi gnalsfrom radi
o, t
elevi
sion,
tel
ephone.Insat elli
tecommuni cat
ion,communi cationssatell
i
te
recei
vessignalsf rom diff
erentstati
onsont hegr oundcal l
edEart
h
Stati
onsorGr oundSt ati
ons.

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 105
 7.Descr
ibet
hetransmissi
onofal
i
vebr
oadcastofanev
entf
rom Af
ri
cat
oEur
ope
usi
ngrawblockdiagr
ams?

ANSWER

Li
vefootbal
l Soundandv i
deoact i
ons Smallt
ransmit
teron
matchatheroes recor
dedbymi crophoneand mobil
etelev
isi
onv an
st
adium i
nLusaka camerarespecti
vely (TV)

Satel
l
iteabove Ear
thstati
onatMwembeshi Powerful
transmit
ter
s
I
ndianoceanpi ck i
nZambi apicksupt
hesi
gnal atBBCmai nstudi
o
upthesignalsand andtr
ansmi tt
hem stat
ionpi
cksupsignals
tr
ansmitsthem andsendst hem

Eart
hstationi n Maintr
ansmi
tteri
nPari
s Tel
evisi
onstransmitt
ers
Pari
s,Europepi cks pi
cksupthesi
gnalsand att
elevisi
onsstat
ionsin
upthesignal sand tr
ansmitt
hem Pari
spicksupsignals
tr
ansmitst hem andtransmit
sthem

Transmit
terin Repeaterstat
ionspi
cksup Maintr
ansmitt
eri
nPar
is
provi
nci
al thesignal
sandt r
ansmit pi
cksupsignal
sand
headquart
erspicks them tr
ansmit
sthem
upsignal
sand
tr
ansmitsthem

Telev
ision(TV)set Viewerwatchesal
i
vemat
ch
i
nahomepi cksup footbal
lmatch
thesignal

KI
TWEDI
STRI
CTDEBS@2018 106