Mix design

Nominal mix(upto grade M20)

IS Code-IS 456:2000

Design mix(above gradeM20)

IS code -IS 20262:2009

Material selection

All material is selected as per design mix requirement and type of work

Cement- ( opc,ppc ,rhc,qsc, sulpher resistant etc)

Sand- ( maybe coarse sand, river sand, zone-1 zone -II zone _III sand etc)

Coarse aggregare- ( mazmium size of aggregate depend upon type work and should be well gap
graded

Admixture- accelerator, retarder, air entrainer

Water- ph vale

Batching

Controlling the quantity of each material required for making concrete mix in each batch

Aggregate , water, admixture should be measured with an accuracy of +/- 3% of batch quantity.

Cement should be measured with accuracy of +/- %2 of batch quantity

Volume batching

Suitable for small job, gauge box is used for measurement, correction for bulking for sand is applied,
amount of each solid ingredient is measured by loose volume(not compacted)

Weigh batching

Recommended for all important job

CEMENT IS ALWAYS MEASURED BY WEIGHT IRRESPECTIVE OF THE METHOD OF BATCHING

MIXING

Objective to obtain a homogeneous, uniform, consistent concrete mix.

As per IS: 456 mixing time is at least 2mintues

Generally, 20 nos. revolution/minutes of the mixture is needed.

If mixing time increased up to 2 mins the comp strength of concrete is increased but prolonged /
longer mixing may cause segregation leading to loss of strength and workability.

10% extra cement is added for hand mixing in small jobs

Hand mixing,batching mixing, machine mixing are type of mixing.

Concrete mixer are specified by volume of discharge concrete in cum.1.0/7.5 means 1cum of
unmixed raw materials gives 0.75 cum of mixed concrete in each batch

Tranportation

PANS suitable for small jobs

WHEEL BARROW hand cart used for road construction

CHUTES are steel shafts used for depositing concrete below GL at higher depth

CONCRETE PUMPS is commonly used for continuous conveying at inaccible location . pumping is the
best method for transportation.

Dia of pipe -100-200mm

Horizontal serve -400m

Vertical serving-80m

For pumping compacting factor should be 0.90-0.92

TRANSIT MIXER

BELT CONVEYOR used for contibuous transportation in anaccessible area

PLACING

Means dumping the concrete at desired location

Delayed placing of concrete gives gain in ultimate compressive strength if properly compacted

As per IS :456 maximum permissible free fall of concrete is 1.5m, otherwise segregation happens

Tremie pipe used for under water concreting

COMPACTION

Removal of entrapped air from the concrete mix to gate a homogenous dense mass

5% to 10% voids in hardened concrete (due to imperfect compaction) resulting indecreased

compressive strength by 30%-60% respectively

Types of vibrator used

Internal vibrator(neddle/immersion/pokar)

Surface vibrator (screed board)

Form vibrator(shutter/external)

Vibrating table

pressure and joint vibrator

spinning

FFINISHING

Process of smoothing ane levelling off the top surface of freshly freshly placed concrete for good
appearance

Screeding-to maintain proper grade up top surface and to remove ham and hollows the striking of
excess concrete

Floating-remove irregularities on the surface of concrete by wooden float

Trowling-final operation of finishing for smooth finish

horse meat gives resistance to finish

CURING

Process of preventing the loss of moisture from the concrete while maintaining a satisfactory
temperature by supplying additional moisture or heat to accelerate the gain of strength curing result
in increase the strength and decreased permeability and it promotes process of hydration of cement

curing shoot start after 24 hours of casting and should contain generally for minimum 7 days to 2
maximum 28 days

Maturity of concrete

strength of concrete depends on the boat period of Curie and temperature during hydration it
measured in degree Celsius

maturity of concrete= TIMEX TEMPERATURE

yield of concrete--It's it's thumb Rule to find out the yield of concrete from a given concrete mix
cement:sand:coarse agg= a:b:c then the produced concrete will have volume of 2/3(A+B+C)

Form work removal