1. Define fluids. Explain the classification ad properties of fluids.

Fluids undergo continuous deformation, i.e. fluids always keep flowing. To define fluid, it is
a substance that does not possess a definite shape and easily yields to external pressure. Fluid
is any liquid or gas or any material that is unable to withstand a shearing or tangential force,
when at rest. When the said forces are applied to the fluid, it goes through a continuous
change in shape. Fluids are substances with zero shear modulus, i.e they cannot resist the
shear force applied to them.

Classification of Fluids
Fluids are classified into four types depending on its flow, they are:

1. Steady or unsteady
2. Compressible or incompressible
3. Viscous or non-viscous
4. Rotational or irrotational

Steady fluid: It is the fluid whose density remains constant at each and every point while
flowing.
Unsteady fluid: It is the fluid whose velocity differs between any two points while flowing.
Compressible fluid and incompressible fluids: These are classified based on the mach
number. The incompressible fluid has mach number<0.3 and the compressible fluid has mach
number between 0.3 and 1.
Viscous or Non-viscous
Fluids with more thickness or viscosity are known as viscous fluids, they are generally very
gloppy fluids. Examples: shampoo and motor oil.
Fluids with comparatively less thickness or viscosity are known as non-viscous fluids. These
are the fluids with no resistance or negligible resistance to internal friction. Non-viscous
fluids flow without any loss of kinetic energy.
Example: Superfluid liquid helium
Rotational or irrotational
If the angle between the two intersecting lines of the boundary of the fluid element changes
while moving in the flow, the flow is a rotational flow. Depending on the angular motion of
the fluid, it is classified into rotational fluid or irrotational fluid.
If the fluid rotates as a whole with no change in angles between the boundary lines, the flow
of the fluid is classified as irrotational flow.
Based on the study of fluids, they are classified into two types, they are:
Fluids statics: It is the mechanism of fluids at rest or non-motion, and the pressure in fluids
exerted by fluids on anybody.
Fluids dynamics – It involves the study of the flow of fluids at motion. Popular branches like
aerodynamics and hydrodynamics are part of fluid dynamics.

Properties of Fluids
1. Density
2. Viscosity
3. Temperature
4. Pressure
5. Specific Volume
6. Specific Weight
7. Specific Gravity
8. Surface Tension
9. Vapour Pressure
10. Capillarity
11. Cavitation
Density
Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a fluid. The density of a substance varies as
per the volume of a substance. The SI unit of density is
Viscosity
Viscosity determines the amount of resistance offered by the fluid to shear stress. A fluid that
offers no resistance to shear stress is called an inviscid fluid.

Temperature
The degree of hotness or coldness of the body is determined by the temperature. The
temperature of the fluid is measured using Kelvin or Celsius or Fahrenheit. According to the
International System of Units, the Kelvin scale is used.
Pressure
The pressure of a fluid is the force applied by it per unit area. Fluid pressure takes place in
two conditions: open condition and closed condition. The pressure at any given point of a
static fluid is called hydrostatic pressure.
Specific Volume
It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the material to its mass. Specific volume is the
reciprocal of the density of the material. Specific volume is inversely proportional to density.
The SI unit of specific volume is
Specific Weight
The specific weight (γ) of a fluid is defined as the weight per unit volume. The SI unit of
specific weight is
.

Specific weight is related to density as γ = ρg. The specific weight of fluid varies with
temperature.
Specific Gravity
It is the ratio of the specific weight of the given fluid to the specific weight of standard fluid.
Specific Gravity is also known as relative density. It is represented by the letter ‘S’ and has
no unit.
Surface Tension
It is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink in minimum surface area. Surface tension is
caused by cohesive forces between the liquid molecules.
Note: Surface tension is the main reason for most insects to float on the water despite being
denser than water.
Vapour Pressure
The vapour pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapour above its liquid. The
vapour pressure of a liquid varies with temperature. As the temperature increases, the vapour
pressure also increases.
Cavitation
The process of cavitation happens when bubbles or voids form within a fluid. This process
takes place when the pressure drops instantaneously below the vapour pressure.
After knowing the properties of fluids, let us know various types of fluids.

Types of Fluids
After learning the properties of fluids along with its classification, let us learn the types of
fluids.

 Ideal fluid
 Real fluid
 Newtonian fluid
 Non-Newtonian fluid
 Ideal plastic fluid
 Incompressible fluid
 Compressible fluid
Ideal fluid: It is a fluid that does not have viscosity and cannot be compressed. This type of
fluid cannot exist practically.
Real fluid: All types of fluids that possess viscosity are classified as real fluids. Examples:
Kerosene and castor oil.
Newtonian fluid: A real fluid that abides by Newton’s law of viscosity is known as a
Newtonian fluid. Example: Hydrogen and water
Non-Newtonian fluid: Fluids that do not abide by Newton’s law of viscosity are known as
Non-Newtonian fluid. Example: Oobleck and flubber
Ideal plastic fluid: If the shear stress is directly proportional to the velocity gradient, and if
the value of shear stress is greater than the resultant, it is referred to as ideal plastic fluid.
Incompressible fluid: If fluid’s density does not vary on the application of force, it is known
as an incompressible fluid. Example: The stream of water flowing at high speed from a
garden hose pipe.
Compressible fluid: If fluid’s density varies on the application of force, it is called a
compressible fluid. Example: gas, vapour, and steam.

2. Discuss the compressible fluid flow and multiphase flow concepts.

19.Explain Isothermal process, Adiabatic process, Isobaric process

a) isothermal process: It is defined as one in which the temperature of the system remains
constant, during the change from its initial to final states.

(b) Adiabatic process: It is def’ined as one in which there is no exchange of heat (q) between
the system and surrounding during operations.

(c) Isobaric process: It is defined as one in which the pressure of the system remains constant
during its change from the initial to final state.
(d) Isochoric process: It is defined as one in which the volume of system remains constant
during its change from initial to final state of the process.