Fluids

What is fluid?

Basically anything that flows.

- Water
- Air
- Syrup, etc.
What is fluid?

Fluids divided into liquid and

gases. Liquid is hard to compress as it
follows the shape of its container with
an upper free surfaces. Gas is easy to
compress as it also expands to fill its
container where there is no free
surface.
Why do we need to study about fluid/s?
Because…

Fluid mechanics is the study of fluid

behavior (liquids, gases, blood, and plasmas)
at rest and in motion. Fluid mechanics has a
wide range of applications in mechanical and
chemical engineering, in biological systems,
and in astrophysics.
Characteristics of
Fluid
● Compressibility
● Density
● Pressure
● Buoyancy
● Viscosity
Compressibility
● Applying pressure to a fluid in order to
put greater mass into a small container
● Gases and liquids vary in this
characteristic
● Gas is more compressible than liquid
● Some liquids are considered
incompressible.
Density
● is a very common and important
property of matter. For a liquid, density
is defined as the mass contained in a unit
volume. The more precise name for
density is volumetric mass density
Density
● The density of a liquid equals the mass of
the liquid divided by its volume.

ρ=m/V
Where: SI Unit: kg/m^3
ρ = density English Unit: slug/ ft^3
m = mass
V = Volume
Pressure
● Fluid pressure is a measurement of the
force per unit area on a object in the
fluid or on the surface of a closed
container. This pressure can be caused
by gravity, acceleration, or by forces
outside a closed container.
Pressure
● Pressure is defined as force divided by
the area on which the force is pushing.
● Basic formula can be written as:
P = F/A
Where:
P=Pressure
F=Force
A = Area
 A Manometer is a
device to measure
pressures. A
common simple
manometer consists
of a U shaped tube
of glass filled with
some liquid.
Typically the liquid is
mercury because of
its high density.
Buoyancy
● It is the tendency of a body to float or
to rise when submerged in a fluid
testing an object's buoyancy.
● The power of a fluid to exert an upward
force on a body placed in it the
buoyancy of water also : the upward
force exerted.
Buoyancy
● Formula of buoyancy

Where:
Fb= buoyant force
ρ = fluid density
g = acceleration due to gravity
V = fluid volume
Viscosity
● Viscosity is a fluid’s resistance to flow.
The more viscous a fluid is, the harder it
is to make a fluid flow.
● The thicker the fluid the greater its
viscosity, less viscous fluids are easier to
flow.
Viscosity
● Viscosity formula

Where:
τ = shear stress
du/dy = shear strain or rate of shear deformation or
velocity gradient
Types of Fluids
Ideal Fluid

An ideal fluid is incompressible and it is an

imaginary fluid that doesn’t exist in reality.
Also, it doesn’t have viscosity.
Real Fluid
A fluid which possesses at least some
viscosity is termed as real fluid. Actually, all
the fluids existing or present in the
environment are called real fluids. Some of
its examples are petrol, air etc.
Newtonian Fluid
The fluid whose viscosity remains constant is
known as the Newtonian fluid. These fluids are
independent of the amount of shear stress applied
to them with respect to time. The relationship
between the viscosity and shear stress of these
fluids is linear. Some of its examples are water, air,
alcohol, glycerol, thin motor oil etc.
Non-Newtonian Fluid
If the real fluid does not obey Newton’s law
of viscosity i.e. if the shear stress is not
proportional to the shear strain or velocity
gradient then it is called Non-Newtonian
fluid. Some of its examples blood, saliva,
Soap solutions, cosmetics, and etc.
Ideal Plastic Fluid

When the shear stress becomes

proportional to the velocity gradient and
more than the yield value, the fluid is said
to be the ideal plastic fluid.
Incompressible Fluid
When the density of the fluid remains invariant
with the application of external force, it is said to be
incompressible fluid.

Compressible Fluid
When the density of the fluid varies with the
application of external force, it is a compressible
fluid.
Z