COMBINING APPRAISAL THEORY AND CDA TO ANALYZE

GENDER STEREOTYPES IN FOLKTALE BOOKS

Ave Angela Michelle Sudoyo

18202244049

Abstract

This paper aims to examine gender stereotype issue that lies beneath the Indonesian folktales.
There are five Indonesian folktales that were analyzed. They are Jaka Tarub, The Molek,
Princess Pukes, Malin Kundang, and The Legend of Ship Island. The folktales were gained
from five children books. This paper utilized Martin’s theory of Appraisal and Fairclough’s
Framework of Critical Discourse Analysis to do the analysis. The finding showed the
percentages of attitude in the five folktales are 17% positive attitude to women, 33% positive
attitude to men, 25% negative attitude to women, and 25% negative attitude to men. In the
discussion, the author interpret that women were seen as weak, passive, and easy to be fooled
creatures and men were seen as independent, dominant, and rude creatures. The readers are
suggested to be more aware about gender stereotypes issue in Indonesian folktales. It is
suggested for future researches to do research about gender stereotypes in folktales using
more controlled trials and provide a better understanding of victim feminism.

Key words: SFL, appraisal, gender stereotype, CDA

INTRODUCTION examination on folk and fairy tales are

varied from different perspectives such as
The literature on folktale analysis
structuralist, psychological, and feminist.
has highlighted several issues about gender
It could be a little doubt that the most
stereotypes. Hallett and Karasek in their
intense field of the criticism is feminist. It
book, "Folk and Fairy Tales" (2011),
began with the publication of Alison
emphasizes that serious critical attention to
Lurie’s essay entitled “Fairy Tale
the folk and fairy tale is essentially a
Liberation” in 1970. Then Marcia K.
phenomenon of the twentieth century. In
Lieberman responded to Alison’s essay
the book, they informed that critical
with her study, “Some Day My Prince will
Come: Female Acculturation through Fairy
Tale”. Other feminists continued
analyzing fairy tale in such view then, they
also analyzed folktales. There are some
critical examinations for some Indonesian
folktales. One of notable perspectives of
folktales criticism is feminist. Few
feminist studies discovered subtle
complexities that lie beneath the
Indonesian folktales (Nurhayati, 2019;
Zahro, 2020). The studies show that
Indonesian folktales portray female roles
in the ideology of patriarchy which female
should accept a subordinate social role.
Gender stereotype is one kind of
discriminations. It is a belief that people
have about the characteristics of males and
females. The form of stereotypes varies
over time and over different cultures. The
expectations for each gender are often
related to the roles that the sexes fulfill in
the culture (C. L. Martin & Dinella, 2001).
This issue has been an important global
concern. One of UNESCO’s two priorities
is gender equality. According to
UNESCO, all forms of discriminations
which are based on gender are considered
as human rights violations. This is a
significant obstacle to achieve the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Women and men must enjoy the same
access as equal citizens. According to
UNESCO, eliminating gender disparities is
a precondition to building a sustainable
future for all. De Marco (2012) stated that
stereotypes to gender have negative effects
on both men and women, although women
are much more affected since they are
often portrayed as inferior sex. These
stereotypes can hinder women to develop
their intellectual and emotional potential
because they deny the fact that they have
the same access with men. It hinders them
from contributing for the society.
There are many English teachers in
Indonesia who use Indonesian folktales in
language learning for young learners.
People use gender stereotypes to make
judgments about others at a young age.
When making judgments to other people,
people will apply their gender
expectations to them. Even more than
adults, children will rely on a person's sex
to make judgments and they are less likely
to consider other relevant information that
a person has than adults are (Ruble &
Martin, 1998). Considering the previous
researches which discover gender
stereotype in Indonesian folktales, it is
important to conduct a deep analysis to
folktales to unveil the values that lie
beneath them because they will contribute
to the development of children’s behavior
and attitude.
 Van Dijk (1993) argued that if this involves production or
women continue to be exploited and consitution of the text
limited to men dominance, violence or 3. social practice:
sexual harassment, it is important to do this concerns with the impact of the
evaluation from their point of view. Such text on society or the influence of
thing will be called sexist if women say so. society on the text
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can be
utilized to evaluate such event. According
to Paltridge (2012), Critical Discourse
Analysis (CDA) is an analysis that is
interested in the relation between the use
of language and the social and political
context in which it occurs. Fairclough
(2013) described CDA with three
Figure 2.5 Fairclough’s Framework of
characteristics as follows:
CDA (Fairclough, 1992)
1. it is not just a analysis of discourse,
it is a part of transdisciplinary According to Wodak & Meyer
analysis of relations between (2001), CDA aims to produce enlightment
discourse and other elements of the and emancipation. It aims to create social
social process. awareness on how society normalizes
2. it is not just ordinary commentary inequality. Several researches have utilized
on discourse, it includes some form CDA to unveil the value and ideology in
of systematic analysis of texts. the text that lie beneath. Rasman (2014)
3. it is not just descriptive, but it is and Ahmad & Shah (2019) both examined
also normative. English language textbooks. Rasman,
(2014) analyzed the gender stereotypes in
To do CDA analysis in more
textbook by employing Halliday’s
systematic way, Fairclough (1992)
transitivity theory in the text or description
developed a Framework. It consists of
stage. Then it passed the next two stages
three layers or dimensions:
according to Fairclough’s framework.
1. text:
Ahmad & Shah (2019) utilized eight-factor
this is an analysis at word level
procedure which is adapted from Amerian
2. discursive practice:
and Esmaili to examine gender
representations in textbooks. The Considering the previous works, in the
interpretation employed Fairclough’s discussion part the author will discuss the
framework. finding by adopting Fairclough’s second
and third stages of CDA framework. The
One approach to analyze text is
folktales which are analyzed in this
appraisal. Appraisal theory developed by
research are obtained from children books
Martin and White is a domain under
published by Bintang Indonesia, Jakarta.
Halliday’s Systemic Functional
There are five Indonesian folktales that are
Linguistics. The evaluative meanings
investigated. The author hopes that this
which are described by the appraisal
research can people becomes more careful
framework provide several mechanisms by
with gender stereotypes issue in learning
which the interpersonal metafunction
materials, especially English teachers and
operates, in which they present the speaker
parents so they can provide learning
or the writer as expressing their feelings
materials or literature that are free from
and opinions with greater or lesser degrees
gender stereotypes
of directness, as interpreting propositions
as more or as less controversial or There are some questions that will be
justifiable, and thus aligning or disaligning investigated in this research. The questions
with value positions in play in the current are as follows:
context (White, 2015). One of appraisal’s
1. What are the attitudes of the
domains is attitude. Attitude is concerned
society towards women?
with our feelings, including emotions,
2. What are the attitudes of the
judgments of behavior, and appreciations
society towards men?
or evaluations of things (Martin & White,
3. Do the attitudes of the society
2005). Hart (2014) argues that appraisal
portray gender stereotypes?
theory provides a structured handle on
The data will be presented in
several phenomena that become the
column as follows.
interest of CDA. Hart also stated that a
subtype of appraisal, that is attitude,
provides systematic analysis for self-
representation and other-representation.
 Table 3.1 Classification of Attitude

No. Appraising Affect Judgment Appreciation Sourc Target Gender of

items e the target
+ - + - + - M F

The Realization of Total Percentage

Attitude
Positive attitude F
Negative attitude F
Positive attitude M
Negative attitude M
Table 3.2 Frequency of Positive and Negative Attitude for Each Gender

The researcher uses abbreviations

for each sub-types of attitude. Here
is the list of the abbreviations:

- din : disinclination - cap : capacity

- inc : inclination - ten : tenacity
- un : unhappiness - ver : veracity
- hp : happiness - pro : propriety
- dis : dissatisfaction - imp : impact
- sat : satisfaction - qu : quality
- ins : insecurity - bal : balance
- sec : security - com : complexity
- nor : normality - val : valuation

After that, the author will stages of Fairclough’s framework

described the findings based on in of Critical Discourse Analysis. And
depth analysis. The author will finally the author will draw
adopt the second and the third conclusion.
 DISCUSSION women, 12 negative attitudes to women,

Based on the polarity, the author 16 positive attitudes to men, and 12

found 8 items of positive attitudes to negative attitudes to men that could be

described more detail as follows:

No. Appraising items Affect Judgment Appreciation Gender of the target

+ - + - + - M F
1. fall in love inc V
2. did not approve din V
3. heavy heart dis V
4. sad un V V
5. regret dis V
6. not heeding pro V
7. handsome qu V
8. laughing happily hp V
9. beautiful qu V
10. beauty qu V
11. attracted inc V
12. beautiful qu V
13. attracted inc V
14. cried un V
15. obeyed pro V
16. ugly qu V
17. beautiful qu V
18. crying un V
19. handsome qu V
20. badly pro V
21. revenge dis V
22. hurt feelings, dis V
23. felt sorry un V
24. liked inc V V
25. kind pro V
26. helping-handed pro V
27. handsome qu V
28. wanted inc V
29. Minded terribly din V
30. watery eyes un V
31. felt thrilled din V
32. wealthy cap V
33. handsome qu V
34. ashamed ins V
35. felt hurt un V
36. insubordinate pro V
37. rich cap V
38. richest cap V
39. formidable qu V
40. ashamed ins V V
41. do not like din V
42. destroyed the dis V
hearts
43. tears un V
44. rich cap V
Table 4.1 Classification of Attitude

The Realization of Total Percentage

Attitude
Positive attitude F 8 17%
Negative attitude F 12 25%
Positive attitude M 16 33%
Negative attitude M 12 25%
Table 4.2 Frequency of Positive and Negative Attitude for Each Gender

Types of Attitude towards Women In Jaka Tarub story, the

happiness was shown to fellow
1. Affect
women in Jaka Tarub story
a. Happiness
when they were having fun and
 also from Jaka Tarub to his
marriage life with Nawang
Wulan. The happinesses were
shown by words ‘laughing
happily’ and ‘happily’.
b. Unhappiness
The unhappiness was shown by
Princess Pukes when
remembered her mother who
must miss her. It was also
shown when Nawang Wulan
and The Molek were left by
their fellow women.
c. Inclination
The writer used the word
‘attracted’ to show a man’s
inclinations to the woman. This
word was found in Jaka Tarub
story. Jaka Tarub was attracted
to the girls who were taking a
bath because they
beautiful.
d. Disinclination
Princess Pukes’ parents
showed their disinclination
with the words ‘did
approve’ when Princess Pukes
wanted to marry with the Price
whose house was so far. In
Malin Kundang story,
disinclination was shown with
the words ‘do not like’ when
his mother gave
Kundang his favorite food.
e. Dissatisfaction
Princess Pukes also showed
dissatisfaction with the word
‘regret’ to her decision. Then in
The Molek story, Simbolon
showed his dissatisfaction by
his revenge to The Molek
she because she scolded him when
his face was ugly.
f. Insecurity
The insecurity was shown by
Malin Kundang and Kulup
because of their mothers with
the word ‘ashamed’.
2. Judgment
a. Propriety
Princess Pukes was judged as a
daughter who did not heed her
parents.
3. Appreciation
were a. Quality
All of the appreciations to the
quality of women were given
to women’s appearance with
the words ‘beautiful’ and
not ‘beauty’. We can found the
word in Jaka Tarub and The
Molek stories.
Types of Attitude towards Men
the
1. Affect
a. Happiness
Malin The happiness was shown by
Nawang Wulan to her marriage
 life with Jaka Tarub with the saw a big wave by the words
word ‘happily’. ‘felt thrilled’.
b. Unhappiness e. Insecurity
Simbolon showed his The insecurity was shown by
unhappiness when The Molek Kulup because he was ashamed
left him with the words ‘felt with his father.
sorry’. In The Legend of Ship f. Dissatisfaction
Island story, the unhappiness The Molek was dissapointed
was shown by Kulup’s mother with Simbolon when she found
with the word ‘tears’ to Kulup out that Simbolon was the
when he admitted her and her person who took her scarf. The
husband as his parents. In writer used the words ‘hurt
Malin Kundang story, the feeling’ to show it. Kulup’s
unhapinesses were shown by parents were dissapointed when
Malin Kundang’s mother with Simbolon did not admit them
the words ‘watery eyes’ and as their parents. The witer used
‘felt hurt’ when Malin the words ‘destroyed the
Kundang went to another hearts’.
country and when Malin 2. Judgment
Kundang treat her badly a. Propriety
because he did not want to Jaka Tarub was judged
admit her as his mother. positively with the word
c. Inclination ‘obeyed’ because he followed
The inclination was shown by her wife’s rule. Little Malin
Princess Pukes to a prince by Kundang was judged positively
the words ‘fell in love’. with the words ‘kind’ and
d. Disinclination ‘helping-handed’ by his friends
In Malin Kundang story, the and the villagers because he
disinclinations were shown loved helping them.
twice. They were shown when Simbolon’s act to The Molek
Malin Kndang’s mother was judged negatively with the
allowed him to leave his word ‘badly’. Malin Kundang
hometown by the words was judged negatively with the
‘minded terribly’ and when she
 word ‘insubordinate’ because
he did not admit his parents.
b. Capacity
Kulup and Malin Kundang
were judged positively because
of their successes with the
words ‘richest’, ‘rich’, and
‘wealthy’.
3. Appreciation
a. Quality
The appreciation to
Kundang’s crew was shown
with a positive
‘formidable’. The appreciations
for the appearances of Jaka
Tarub, Simbolon, and Malin
Kundang also were shown with
a positive word ‘handsome’. A
negative appreciation
given to Simbolon with the
word ‘ugly’ before
transformed to a handsome
man.
Social Practice
In Jaka Tarub story, the superiority
of men was clearly shown when Jaka
Tarub saw the seven girls taking a bath
freely. The women placed in inferior
position because they did not realize that
Jaka Tarub watched them taking a bath.
Then the superiority of men was shown
again when he took one of the shawls so
he could get one of the girls. He was
attracted to their beauty. He did not care
about which girl he would get. Then Jaka
Tarub approached her and he acted as he
was the hero for Nawang Wulan. In this
story his action was described with the
word ‘help’. Women vulnerability was
used by Jaka Tarub to get what he wanted.
Women were creatures who were lack of
awareness, weak, and easy to be fooled.
Then Nawang Wulan’s friends left
Malin
her alone after tried to find her shawl. It
depicted that women were lack of
word
tolerance with her fellow women. Nawang
Wulan was depicted as a victim here. The
term for this is Victim Feminism. It is used
to describe a condition where women
become the helpless victims of patriarchal
society. Women were powerless. They
was
could not save themselves and therefore
just accepted the men’s attitudes. Women
he
also were linked with domestic jobs. In
this story Nawang Wulan cooked the food
for her husband. Once Jaka Tarub did not
obey Nawang Wulan’s rule but Nawang
Wulan did not show any resistence to him.
At that time men were in inferior position.
This showed that women can be firm and
stand up for what they believe in. But in
other side, Nawang Wulan also had
superiority when she realized that Jaka
Tarub lied to her. He took her shawl. With
a strong determination, she flew back to show any act for defense when Simbolon
the heaven. She only came to the earth for treated her badly.
her daughter who needed breast milk from
Simbolon was also described as a
Nawang Wulan. Jaka Tarub could not
materialist man and he did not care about
come closer to her. He could not do
the feelings of his wife, Si Molek. Without
anything but obeyed her wife. This shows
a long thinking, he showed the king the red
that in fact a firm and straightforward
scarf he had stolen from The Molek when
attitude is not only owned by men, but
the king offered him a treasure. Si Molek
women
showed her passivity again. She only cried
The Molek story and Jaka Tarub and danced until she flew to heaven
story have clear similarities. The Molek is unconsciously. At the end, Simbolon felt
kind of snother version of Jaka Tarub. The sorry to her but it was too late.
title in this story is the main female
In this Princess Pukes story, it was
character, The Molek. In this story the
hard for a woman to make a decision.
main male character, Simbolon, also
Women’s mobility was very limited. If a
showed superiority by peeping the angels
woman wanted to get married, then she
who were taking a bath and attracted with
should left her family and moved to her
their beauty. He also took one of their
husband’s house. Princess Pukes also was
scarfs. Then just like in Jaka Tarub story
seen by her parents as a weak woman that
he also came to the girl who lost her scarf
should be protected. Therefore they asked
as if he was the hero. But in this story The
kingdom guards to protect her. Her parents
Molek did not want to talk to Simbolon
let her do her decision with a heavy heart.
because he was ugly. The Molek only
Princess Pukes could not come back to
wanted to talk to Simbolon when he
their parents. She was limited by her
became handsome. This story was more
parents’ words. She could not do what she
patriarchal than Jaka Tarub story. Violence
wanted to do freely. She experienced
to women was shown by Simbolon after
emtional abuse where her feelings were
they married because of his revenge when
ignored. Just by looking back because she
The Molek scolded him. The Molek also
missed his parents, she was punished to be
was a passive character who potrayed
a stone. Because of that, she was labeled as
female vulnerability. She only cried when
doing something bad, disobeying his
Simbolon did violence to her. She did not
parents.
 In Malin Kudang story, at the
beginning, the main male character, Malin
Kundang, was described as a kind child.
But after going abroad and achieving
success, he disobeyed his parents. Malin
Kundang was portrayed as an independent
man because he could go abroad to reach
success. The woman in this story was
described as a weak creature when Malin
Kundang did not admitted her as his
mother and kicked her until she fainted.
However, unlike the women in other
stories who did not fight back, Malin
Kundang's mother fought against her son's
cruelty when she felt hurt by cursing him.
Her power was shown when Malin
Kundang became a stone.
The Legend of Ship Island story is
like another version of Malin Kundang.
The two stories shown a great similarity.
The main male character, Kulup also did
not admit his parents. The term for this
was insubordinate. At the beginning of the
story, he was a person who was unreliable
because he broke the agreement with his
parents. His parents asked him to sell a
stick to another country. He sold the stick
with a very high price. He became rich and
did not come back to his parents. If we
compare this story with Princess Pukes
story, we could see vivid difference about
how the parents treat their son and
daughter. In Princess Pukes story, the main
female character had a difficulty when she
decided to get marry because her parents
did not want her to go far away from them.
But when she went to her husband’s house,
her parents did not allow her to come back
to visit them although she already asked
for their permission to get married with
persistance. Moreover, she was cursed to
be a stone when she looked back because
of their father’s control. Meanwhile, in
The Legen of Ship Island, Kulup was
trusted by his parents to go far away to sell
the stick. His parents still loved him and
treated him nicely although he took all the
money, became rich, and did not come
back. His parents welcomed him warmly.
And, again just like in Jaka Tarub story, a
woman was linked with a domestic job.
His mother cooked for him. When he met
his parents, he did not admit them. He did
verbal violation to their parents. Then his
mother showed her power. She cursed
Kulup and he was sinked.
From the findings, we know that all
women’s qualities are linked to their
physical appearance. Those qualities make
men attracted to them. Moreover, a man
can have a desire to marry them just
because of the woman’s appearance
without thinking about other qualities of
the woman as if it is not important for
women to have intelligence and
competence. In The Molek story, The
Molek who was talented in dancing got an
appreciation from the kingdom. But her
husband did not care about her talent.
Men’s qualities also linked to their
physical appearance. Their qualities are
not just limited to physical appearance but
also their success for example becoming
rich, having huge ships, or having
formidable crew.
CONCLUSION
This study has set out to know how
the society portrays gender stereotypes in
folktales using Martin’s theory of
Appraisal and Critical Discourse Analysis
Framework by Fairclough. This study has
shown that the percentages of attitude in
the folktales are 17% positive attitude to
women, 33% positive attitude to men, 25%
negative attitude to women, and 25%
negative attitude to men. The folktales
portray in patriarchal society. The gender
stereotypes were shown vividly. Most of
the time, women were seen as weak,
passive, and easy to be fooled creatures.
Meanwhile men were seen as independent,
dominant, and rude creatures. However,
some of the women characters also showed
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 APPENDICES

No. Appraisin Affect Judgmen Appreciatio Source Target Gende

g items t n r of the
target
+ - + - + - M F
1. The in Princess The Prince V
Princess c Pukes
has been
fall in love
with a
Prince
2. Her parents di Princess Princess V
did not n Pukes’ Pukes
approve parents
3. eventually dis Princess Princess V
with a Pukes’ Pukes
heavy parents
heart
4. Because un Princess Princess V V
she was Pukes Pukes’
sad parents
5. She began dis Princess Princes V
to regret Pukes Pukes’
decision
6. She began pro Princess Pricess V
to regret Pukes Pukes’ act
not
heeding
7. There lived qu Jaka V
a Tarub
 handsome
young man
8. Girls hp The girls The girls V
giggling
and
laughing
happily
9. Jaka Tarub qu Jaka The girls V
peeped at Tarub
seven
beautiful
girls
10. He was qu Jaka The girls V
attracted by Tarub
their
beauty
11. He was in Jaka The girls V
attracted c Tarub
12. Other six qu The girls V
beautiful
fairies flew
up to te sky
13. He was in Jaka The girls V
attracted c Tarub
14. Nawang un Nawang The girls V
Wulan Wulan
cried
15. Jaka Tarub pro Jaka V
obeyed his Tarub
wife’s
command
16. There lived qu Simbolon V
a young but
 ugly man
17. He saw qu Angels V
seven
angels who
was
beautiful
18. When she un The The girls V
was crying Molek
19. Then qu Simbolon V
Simbolon
transforms
his face
become
handsome
20. Simbolon pro Simbolon V
treat The
Molek
badly
21. Simbolon dis Simbolon The V
treat The Molek
Molek
badly
because
revenge
22. With the dis The Simbolon V
hurt Molek
feelings,
The Molek
then
dancing
23. Simbolon un Simbolon The V
felt sorry Molek
24. He liked in Malin Malin V V
 helping his c Kundang Kundang’
friends s friends
25. Malin pro Malin Malin V
Kundang Kundang’ Kundang
was known s friends
by his
friend as a
kind boy
26. The pro The Malin V
villagers of villagers Kundang
Air Menis of Air
Beach also Menis
knew Beach
Malin
Kundang as
a helping-
handed
boy
27. Malin qu Malin V
Kundang Kundang
grew
became a
handsome
young man
28. He wanted in Malin Malin V
to go c Kundang Kundang’
abroad s dream
29. Minded di Malin Malin V
terribly his n Kundang’ Kundang
mother s mother
allowed
him to
leave
30. Mande un Malin Malin V
Rubayah Kundang’ Kundang
and other s mother
parents saw and other
their sons boys’
off with parents
watery
eyes
31. When a big di Malin Malin V
wave came, n Kundang’ Kundang
she felt s mother
thrilled
32. They cap The ship’s V
thought owner
that the
owner was
a wealthy
noble
33. Mande qu Malin V
Rubiyah Kundang
was sure
that the
handsome
young man
was her
beloved
son
34. Because of ins Malin Malin V
the feeling Kundang Kundang’
ashamed s mother
to his wife
35. She felt un Malin Malin V
hurt Kundang’ Kundang
 s mother
36. The pro The Malin V
villagers villagers Kundang
was sure
that it was
Malin
Kundang’s
body, the
insubordin
ate son
37. Then cap Kulup V
settled in
that
country
became a
rich man
38. He married cap Kulup’s V
with the wife’s
daughter of parent
one of the
richest
merchant
39. He also has qu Kulup’s V
a crew
formidable
crew
40. He was ins Kulup Kulup’s V V
ashamed parents
41. I do not di Kulup Kulup’s V
like the n mother
villagers
food
42. It dis Kulup’s Kulup V
 destroyed parents
the hearts
of both
Kulup’s
parents
43. With tears un Kulup’s Kulup V
in her eyes mother
44. If the rich cap Kulup V
merchant is
real Kulup