PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Onshore Steel Structures

PTS 11.15.02
April 2019

© 2019 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright
owner. PETRONAS Technical Standards are Company’s internal standards and meant for authorized users only.

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FOREWORD

PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing National and International
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice across
the PETRONAS group.

Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.

Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where
specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.

In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall
ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.

PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording or
otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior written
consent of PETRONAS.

The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be
kept in safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information to
PETRONAS that this requirement is met.

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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................5
1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS.................................................................................................... 5
1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES .............................................................................................. 6
2.0 MATERIAL .............................................................................................................7
2.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 ROLLED SECTION........................................................................................................... 7
2.3 STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTION .................................................................................. 8
2.4 TOUGHNESS .................................................................................................................. 8
2.5 CRANE RUNWAY BEAM ................................................................................................ 8
2.6 STRUCTURAL FASTENER ............................................................................................... 8
2.7 ANCHOR BOLTS............................................................................................................. 9
2.8 LADDERS, STAIRS, FLOORING AND ANCILLARY STEEL .................................................. 9
2.9 ROOF AND WALL SHEETS............................................................................................ 10
3.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................... 11
3.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 DESIGN CODES AND STANDARDS ............................................................................... 11
3.3 LOAD AND LOAD COMBINATIONS .............................................................................. 11
3.4 DEFLECTION AND DISPLACEMENT.............................................................................. 11
3.5 SLENDERNESS ............................................................................................................. 12
3.6 TEMPERATURE RANGE ............................................................................................... 12
3.7 PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION ........................................................................... 12
3.8 FIREPROOFING ............................................................................................................ 12
3.9 WELDING .................................................................................................................... 12
3.10 FLARE DERRICK STRUCTURES ..................................................................................... 13
3.11 GRATING ..................................................................................................................... 13
4.0 FABRICATION & CONSRUCTION ........................................................................... 14
4.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 SHOP DRAWINGS ........................................................................................................ 14
4.3 PREPARATION OF MATERIALS .................................................................................... 14
4.4 WELDED CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................... 15
4.5 BOLTED CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................ 15
4.6 DRAIN HOLES .............................................................................................................. 15

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4.7 FIELD ASSEMBLY ......................................................................................................... 15

5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 17

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This PTS provides the minimum requirements for the design, fabrication and construction of
steel structures in PETRONAS onshore facilities.

This PTS adopts various International Standards with additional requirements based on
PETRONAS lesson learnt and best practices.

1.1 SCOPE

1.1.1 The PTS covers the structural steel design, fabrication, and construction requirements for
onshore facilities including jetty facilities.

1.1.2 This PTS excludes offshore facilities.

1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1.2.1 General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations

Refer to PTS 00.01.03 for PTS Requirements, General Definition Of Terms, Abbreviations &
Reading Guide.

1.2.2 Specific Definition of Terms

No Term Definition

1 Connection Location where a member is fixed to a supporting

member or other support, including the bolts, welds
and other material to transfer loads

2 Effective length For member subject to bending without axial

compression. Length between adjacent restraints
against lateral-torsional buckling, multiplied by a
factorthat allows for the effect of the actual restraint
conditions compared to a simple beam with torsional
end restraint.

For member subject to axial compression.

Length between adjacent lateral restraints against

buckling about a given axis, multiplied by a factor that
allows for the effect of the actual restraint conditions
compared to pinned ends

3 Slenderness The effective length divided by the radius of gyration.

4 Strength Resistance to failure by yielding or buckling.

Table 1.1: Specific Definition of Terms

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1.2.3 Specific Abbreviations

None

1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This PTS 11.15.02 (April 2019) replaces PTS 11.15.02 (October 2018).

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2.0 MATERIAL

2.1 GENERAL

2.1.1 Material shall be steel in rolled section, structural hollow sections, plates or bars shall comply
with appropriate standard shown in respective chapter below. Other equivalent sections may
be proposed to be used subject to Owner’s approval.

2.1.2 All steel products use shall have been specifically tested and the steel product manufacturer
shall declare the results accordance to EN 10204. Deviation to this standard shall be consulted
to the Owner.

2.1.3 Tests to confirm the mechanical properties of steel products shall be undertaken by Certified
Laboratory as accredited to ISO 17025.

2.1.4 Structures shall be designed and constructed such that the joints are accessible for proper
inspection, cleaning and painting. Pockets or depressions which could hold water shall have
drain holes and shall be protected against corrosion.

2.2 ROLLED SECTION

2.2.1 All structural hot rolled section shall conform to EN 10025-2 or approved equivalent standard
with indicated yield strength as follows:
Steel Grade Yield Strength (MPa)
t ≤16 16 < t ≤ 40 40 < t ≤ 63 63 < t ≤ 80
S 275 275 265 255 245
S 355 355 345 335 325
Table 2.1: Minimum yield strength of hot rolled section

2.2.2 Hot rolled structural steel sections shall conform to the respective standards below:

Form Dimension Tolerances

Universal beams and columns BS 4-1 BS EN 10034

Channels BS 4-1 BS EN 10034

Angles BS EN 10056-1 BS EN 10056-1

Table 2.2: Dimension and tolerances of hot-rolled section

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2.3 STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTION

2.3.1 All structural hollow sections shall conform to following standards:

Form Dimension Tolerances

Hollow Section (Hot finished) BS EN 10210-2 BS EN 10210-2

Hollow Section (Cold formed) BS EN 10219-2 BS EN 10219-2

Table 2.3: Dimension and tolerances of hollow section

Member selection shall take into account long-term corrosion aspects. Hollow section either
square or tubular shall not be used in corrosive environments.

2.4 TOUGHNESS

2.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, steel grade and toughness of steel qualities shall be according to
Table 2.4 below:
Steel grade S275 S355
Impact Test Temp. JR J0 J2 JR J0 J2
Internal Steelwork 40 70 102.5 22.5 45 67.5
External steelwork 22.5 60 85 12.5 37.5 55
NOTE(S): Based on BS EN 1993-1-10 assuming steelwork to be welded generally with details being ‘moderate’ and
presence of tensile stress.

Table 2.4: Maximum thickness in mm

2.5 CRANE RUNWAY BEAM

2.5.1 Overhead runway beams with under hung cranes, joists with inside tapered flanges are
preferred with minimum thickness of 6mm. If only broad flange beams are available, the
bottom flange shall be checked separately for distortion and reinforced if required.

2.6 STRUCTURAL FASTENER

2.6.1 All bolted joints shall be made using Grade 8.8 bolts or equivalent in accordance with ISO 898-
1 and ISO 898-2. The use of Grade 4.6 bolts shall be restricted to minor connection only such
as:

i. Removable handrail and ladder cage assemblies and attachment to the

structures.

ii. Removable floor plate or the associated structural members

iii. Purlins and sheeting rails

iv. Platforms and walkways which are not supporting equipment.

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2.6.2 Washers shall be used in all bolted connections.

2.6.3 Bolts, nuts, threads and washers dimensions shall comply with ISO 4014, ISO 4032, ISO 888,
and ISO 887 respectively. Bolts and nuts shall be galvanised suitable to use in an exposed
external environment conform to PTS 15.20.03.

2.6.4 All bolted connection shall be bearing type with threads excluding from the shear plane.

2.6.5 The thickness of gusset plates shall not be thinner than the respective components of the
members to be connected and shall have a minimum thickness of 6mm.

2.7 ANCHOR BOLTS

2.7.1 All structural steel for anchor bolts and other inserted and embedded items shall be carbon
steel Grade 4.6, ASTM A307 or equivalent with minimum yield strength of 240MPa and
minimum ultimate tensile strength of 400MPa. Nuts, threads and dimension of anchor bolts
shall conform to BS 4190. Bolts on equipment subject to vibration shall be fastened with 2
nuts.

2.7.2 All anchor bolts shall be hot-dip galvanised.

2.7.3 Unless noted otherwise, type, diameter and length shall be accordance with Standard
drawings D 11.92.051.

2.7.4 Post-installed chemical and expansion bolts may be used for minor equipment/supports. The
manufacturer allowable loads shall be followed, as well as the installation instructions.

2.8 LADDERS, STAIRS, FLOORING AND ANCILLARY STEEL

2.8.1 Steel used for minor platforms, flooring, ladders, handrails and stairways shall conform to BS
EN 10025 with minimum Grade of S275J0.

2.8.2 The minimum clear distance width of walkways, platforms and staircase shall be 750mm. The
width of walkways over ground level pipe tracks shall be 600mm. The minimum headroom for
platforms and walkways shall be 2100mm. Deviations to these dimension shall be subjected
to Owner approval.

2.8.3 Ladder should be made with side steeps entry with self-closing safety gate. On platforms, the
distance to a stair or ladder shall not exceed 25m.

2.8.4 Staircase should provide with anti-slip nosing. Detail of staircase should refer to standard
drawing D 11.92.035.

2.8.5 For standard drawing details, reference is made to the following standard drawings:
D 11.92.035, D 11.92.036, D 11.92.037, D 11.92.038, D 11.92.039, D 11.92.040, D 11.92.041,
D 11.92.042, D 11.92.043, D 11.92.044, D 11.92.045, D 11.92.046, D 11.92.047, D 11.92.048
and D 11.92.055.

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2.9 ROOF AND WALL SHEETS

2.9.1 If roof and walls sheets are required for the steel structures, only zinc-aluminium alloy coated
steel panel or galvanised steel sheets shall be used. The sheets shall have a coating giving
maximum protection against the local climate and the environmental factors. Roof and wall
sheets shall have minimum total coated thickness of 0.54mm or approved equivalent. The
type of coating and colour shall comply with PTS 15.20.03.

2.9.2 Translucent sheeting used shall be same size and profile as the adjacent wall cladding and/or
roof sheeting. The translucent sheets shall be of glass fibre reinforced polyester resin of self-
extinguishing quality, with a resin each external surface to prevent aging.

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3.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

3.1 GENERAL

3.1.1 The design of members and connections shall be consistent with the intended behaviour of
the structural system and assumptions made in the structural analysis.

3.2 DESIGN CODES AND STANDARDS

3.2.1 All steel structures shall be designed accordance with PTS 11.10.01 and BS 5950. Unless
otherwise specified, the following Codes may be used:

i. BS EN 1993 – Design of Steel Structures

ii. AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction

3.2.2 Local codes that require compliance to statutory requirement shall be complied.

3.3 LOAD AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

3.3.1 Minimum design loads and load combination shall be referred to PTS 11.10.01.

3.4 DEFLECTION AND DISPLACEMENT

3.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the following criteria shall be applied for maximum deflection:

Item Maximum limit

Purlins and girts L / 250

Supporting beams without equipment L / 400

Supporting beams with equipment L / 500 *

Cantilevers L / 180
L / 600 * (vertical)
Crane gantry girders L / 500 (horizontal)**

Overhead runway beams L / 500 *

Cantilevered runway beam L / 250 *

Wall stanchions H / 300

Portal frame H / 150

NOTE(S):
L = span of beam or cantilever overhang
H = height of structure
*tolerances to be confirmed with equipment specifications
**calculated on the top flange properties alone
Table 3.1: Maximum deflection limit

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3.5 SLENDERNESS

3.5.1 Unless otherwise specified, the ratio of effective length to the appropriate radius of gyration
for compression members shall not exceed 180.

3.6 TEMPERATURE RANGE

3.6.1 Additional considerations are required for the structures exposed to wide temperatures
ranges.

3.7 PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION

3.7.1 Surface protection shall comply with PTS 15.20.03, and thermal sprayed coatings shall be
accordance with PTS 15.20.05.

3.7.2 Steel structures exposed to marine environment such as Jetty Topside shall be hot-dip
galvanized in accordance to BS EN ISO 1461 unless certain frame or steel members which
being selected/or instructed to be painted. This requirement is not applicable to existing
facility where other coating methods have been applied.

3.7.3 Structural steel works, platform flooring and hand railing located above stainless steel piping
or equipment shall not be galvanized or coated with zinc-containing paint. The flooring shall
be of stainless steel and the paint should be zinc-free. Alternatively a shield of steel, coated
with zinc-free paint, may be fitted to protect the stainless steel equipment.

3.7.4 If tubular members are used, they shall be designed to prevent ingress of rainwater and shall
have adequate provisions for drainage of water.

3.7.5 Tubular construction that are susceptible to water/moisture accumulation shall be designed
and constructed with provision for internal inspection through man entry or other means of
visual aided inspection.

3.8 FIREPROOFING

3.8.1 Passive fire and cryogenic protection shall accordance to PTS 11.15.01.

3.9 WELDING

3.9.1 Electrodes for manual welding shall comply with BS EN 499 or AWS D1.1. Weld material
deposited by automatic or semi-automatic process will have mechanical properties not less
than the minimum specified weld deposited by electrodes complying with selected above
code.
Class E35 electrodes shall be used for welding grade S275 and S355 steel with fillet weld design
strength is 220N/mm2 (minimum tensile strength of 440N/mm2) and 250N/mm2 (minimum tensile
strength of 500N/mm2), respectively.

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3.10 FLARE DERRICK STRUCTURES

3.10.1 The flare derrick structure, riser or other structures with limited accessibility and visibility for
inspection, the structural members shall have a minimum member thickness of 6 mm. For
highly critical members e.g. continuously damped members or members where inspection is
almost impossible to be done, a further two (2) mm thickness as corrosion allowance, shall be
provided.

3.10.2 For these critical members, field inspection to measure the remaining thickness for the
purpose of structural integrity assessment shall be performed at the interval of every 10 years
or as specified by Owner.

3.11 GRATING

3.11.1 Grating to be used shall be in accordance with the standard drawings, as follows.

Standard Drawing No. Drawing Title

D11.92.050-C Grating Typical of Steel Angles and Chekered Plate

D11.92.053-C Grating Type I

D11.92.052-A Grating Type II

D11.92.054-0 Grating Type III

Table 3.2: Standard Drawings for Grating

Solid flooring shall not be used unless noted otherwise, if use shall be made of minimum 6mm
thick chequered plate.

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4.0 FABRICATION & CONSRUCTION

4.1 GENERAL

4.1.1 Workmanship and general procedure for fabrication and erection shall be within the specified
tolerances and shall comply with BS 5950-2. All supplied materials shall be new, clean, straight,
and free from defects and conform to shop drawings indication. All plates, bars and sections
shall be flattened, straightened and free from twist prior fabrication work.

4.2 SHOP DRAWINGS

4.2.1 Shop drawings shall be prepared based on approved design drawings prior to fabrication work
and shall provide complete information, including the location of splices, type and size of bolts
and welds and details of fitting.

4.2.2 Information provided in shop drawings should include the followings as a minimum but not
limited to:

i. Member identification and fabricated sub-assembly

ii. Position and dimension of each member in the structure

iii. Detail of fittings such as gusset plates, base plates, stiffener plates etc.

iv. Joint and connection details with clear differentiation between shop and field
connections, welds and bolts

v. Location of splices

vi. Welds details (location, type and size)

vii. Bolts details (location, type size, bolts holes and referenced bolts list)

viii. Layout and details of required ladders, stair, walkway etc.

ix. Materials specification

x. Shop coating specification

4.3 PREPARATION OF MATERIALS

4.3.1 Cutting

Steel shall be cut by sawing, shearing, cropping or thermal cutting. Thermally cut edges shall
meet the requirements of AWS D1.1. Hand-held cutting may be used only where it is
unavoidable to use machine cutting and with prior approval of the Owner.

The cut edges of a member shall be true to profile and be free from gouges, notches and other
defects.

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4.3.2 Holing

Round holes for fasteners or pins shall either be drilled, punched, plasma cut or laser cut.

Cut, drill or punch holes perpendicular to metal surfaces. Do not flame cut holes or enlarge
holes by burning.

4.4 WELDED CONSTRUCTION

4.4.1 The technique and workmanship of welding and inspection shall be complied with BS EN 499
or AWS D1.1. Stitch welding shall be avoided. Records of all data, tests and examination
relating to all welding procedures used during construction and erection shall be made
available for Quality Assurance/Quality Control.

4.5 BOLTED CONSTRUCTION

4.5.1 Parts of bolted member shall be bolted or pinned and rigidly held together during assembly.
For bolt size M12, the nominal size of bolt holes shall be more than the bolt size by not greater
than 1 mm, 2 mm for bolt sizes M16 to M24, and 3 mm for bolt sizes M27 and larger.

4.6 DRAIN HOLES

4.6.1 When water can be collected inside horizontal steel members, the member shall be sealed or
provided with a drain hole at the base.

4.7 FIELD ASSEMBLY

4.7.1 The method used to assembly a steel structure depends upon type of structures, the size of
structures and risk involved. All tools, equipment and ropes used for erection shall comply
with national and/or local regulations and shall be certified for the purpose intended.

4.7.2 The proposed procedures for field assembly should be the following:

i. Set structural frame accurately to lines and elevations indicated

ii. Align and adjust the various members forming part of the complete frame or
structure before permanently fastening

iii. Clean the surfaces which will be in permanent contact before assembly

iv. Set structural frame accurately to lines and elevations indicated

v. Align and adjust the various members forming part of the complete frame or
structure before permanently fastening

vi. Clean the surfaces which will be in permanent contact before assembly

vii. Adjust as necessary to compensate for discrepancies in elevations and alignment

viii. Establish required leveling and measurements on mean operating temperature of

structure. Make allowance for difference between temperature at time of

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rejection and mean temperature at which structure will be when completed and
in service.

ix. Splice members only where indicated on approved shop drawings

x. Complete field connection before load is applied

xi. Do not field cut or alter structural members or connections without approval of
Owner.

xii. Provide inspection plan for installation and critical connection to Owner for
approval.

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5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

In this PTS, reference is made to the following Standards/Publications. Unless specifically

designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together with any
supplements/revisions thereto:

PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Index to PTS PTS 00.01.01
Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & PTS 00.01.03
Reading Guide
Minimum Loadings and Load Combinations for Onshore PTS 11.10.01
Structural Design
Passive Fire and Cryogenic Protection for Structural Steel PTS 11.15.01
Protective Coatings and Lining PTS 15.20.03
Thermal spraying of coatings –Aluminium and 85/15 Zinc/ PTS 15.20.05
Aluminium Alloy

STANDARD DRAWINGS
Stairways: General Arrangement D 11.92.035
Stairways: Base Of Stringers D 11.92.036
Stairways: Hand Railing Connections D 11.92.037
Stairways: Intermediate Platform D 11.92.038
Stairways: Top Connections Of Stringers D 11.92.039
Hand railing: Type 'A' D 11.92.040
Hand railing: Type 'B' D 11.92.041
Hand Railing: Type 'C' D 11.92.042
Hand Railing: Connection To Concrete Type 'A' D 11.92.043
Hand Railing: Connection To Concrete Type 'B' And 'C' D 11.92.044
Ladder: General Arrangement To Columns, Stacks And Structures D 11.92.045
Ladder: Typical Details Of Sliding/Fixed Connections D 11.92.046
Platforms: Cleats And Brackets For Design Load 300 Kg Max D 11.92.047
Platforms: Cleats And Brackets For Design Load Over 300 Kg D 11.92.048
Anchor Bolts D 11.92.051
Fastening Of Apparatus To Fireproofed Beam D 11.92.055
Grating Typical of Steel Angles and Chekered Plate D11.92.050-C

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Grating Type I D11.92.053-C

Grating Type II D11.92.052-A
Grating Type III D11.92.054-0

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Standard Specification For Carbon Steel Bolts And Studs, 60000 ASTM A307
Tensile Strength
Structural Welding Code, Steel AWS D1.1
Steel Construction Manual, AISC AISC
Structural Steel Sections:
BS 4-1
Part 1: Specification for Hot-rolled Sections.
ISO Metric Black Hexagon Bolts, Crews and Nuts BS 4190
Structural Use Of Steelwork In Building BS 5950
Welding Consumables. Covered Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc EN 499
Welding of Non Alloy and Fine Grain Steels. Classification.
Structural Steel I and H Sections. Tolerances on Shape and EN 10034
Dimensions.
Specification for Structural Steel Equal and Unequel Angles. EN 10056-1
Dimensions
Metallic Products. Types of Inspection Documents EN 10204
Hot Finished Structural Hollow Sections of Non-alloy and Fine EN 10210-2
Grain Steels. Tolerances, Dimensions and Sectional Properties.
Cold Formed Welded Structural Hollow Sections of Non-alloy and EN 10219-2
Fine Grain Steels. Tolerances, Dimensions and Sectional
Properties.
Design of Steel Structures EN 1993
Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steel EN 10025
Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories ISO 17025
Mechanical Properties Of Fasteners;
Part 1: Bolts, Screws And Studs ISO 898-1
Part 2: Nuts With Specified Proof Load Values; Coarse Thread ISO 898-2
Hexagon Head Bolts; Product Grades A and B ISO 4014
Hexagon Nuts, Style 1; Product Grades A and B ISO 4032
Plain Washers For Metric Bolts, Screws and Nuts For General ISO 887
Purposes- Genaral Plan.
Bolts, Screws and Studs; Nominal Lengths, and Thread Lengths ISO 888
For General Purpose Bolts

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Metallic Coatings; Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings On Fabricated ISO 1461

Ferrous Products; Requirements

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