Department of Textile Engineering: "A Green Approach For Dyeing of Polyester Using Glycerol"

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING
Course No.: Tex 400

Course Title: Project Work
Academic Semester: Spring 21
Project Report on
“A green approach for dyeing of polyester using glycerol”
Submitted by-
Student No. Name of the student

170206006 Asif Shahariar Swapnil
170206021 Al-Zul Ikram
170206077 Afrida Reza Shamonty
170206085 Talha Mafruha
170206087 Eusuf Rayhan Taj
Supervised by-
Mr. Md. Koushic Uddin & Ms. Nahida Akter

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
December- 2022
Acknowledgment
First of all, we would like to thank almighty God for enabling us to complete the project work
successfully. We would like to express our heartiest gratitude to our project supervisor Mr. Md.
Koushic Uddin, Assistant Professor and Ms. Nahida Akter, Assistant Professor, Department of
Textile Engineering ,Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST) for their
continuous guidelines, valuable suggestions, constructive criticism and providing all necessary
supports. Then we would like to offer special thanks to Prof. Dr. Lal Mohan Baral, Head of
Department of Textile Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
(AUST) for his continuous encouragement and co-operation in managing certain requisites of
the project. Finally we would like to thank all the respected teachers of our department and
those people who directly or indirectly helped us in doing this project work
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A green approach for dyeing of polyester using glycerol
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 2
1.2 PREVIOUS WORK ............................................................................................................... 3
1.3 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 5
2.1 POLYESTER ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Properties of PET ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Dyeing mechanism.................................................................................................. 10
2.1.3 Dyeing method ........................................................................................................ 10
2.2 GLYCEROL ...................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1 Uses ......................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.2 Safety Factors.......................................................................................................... 19
2.2.3 Glycerol as sustainable product .............................................................................. 20
2.2.4 Scopes of Glycerol application in textile sector ..................................................... 21
2.3 DISPERSE DYE ................................................................................................................. 21
2.3.1 Classifications ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS & MACHINES ..................................................................... 23
3.1 MATERIALS ..................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.1 Fabric ...................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.2 Chemicals Used ...................................................................................................... 24
3.2 MACHINES ...................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.1 Sample dyeing machine .......................................................................................... 25
3.2.2 Spectrophotometer .................................................................................................. 25
3.2.3 Gyro Wash .............................................................................................................. 26
3.2.4 Bursting Strength Tester ......................................................................................... 26
3.2.5 Crock Meter ............................................................................................................ 26
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3.2.6 GSM Cutter ............................................................................................................. 27
3.2.7 Shirley Stiffness Tester ........................................................................................... 27
3.2.8 Oven dryer .............................................................................................................. 27
3.2.9 Weighting Balance .................................................................................................. 27
3.2.10 Electronic Balance ................................................................................................ 28
3.2.11 Other Equipment Used .......................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 29
4.1 WORK FLOWCHART ........................................................................................................ 30
4.2 ACID WASH ..................................................................................................................... 30
4.2.1 Recipe ..................................................................................................................... 30
4.2.2 Time-Temperature profile for Acid wash: .............................................................. 31
4.3 FABRIC DYEING ............................................................................................................... 31
4.3.1 Dyeing by following conventional dyeing method................................................. 31
4.3.2 Dyeing with glycerol............................................................................................... 32
4.3.3 Time temperature profile for dyeing ....................................................................... 34
4.4 FABRIC STRENGTH TEST .................................................................................................. 34
4.5 WASH FASTNESS TEST FOR THE DYED SAMPLE ................................................................ 35
4.6 COLOR STRENGTH (K/S VALUES) TEST ............................................................................ 35
4.7 RUBBING FASTNESS TEST FOR DYED SAMPLE .................................................................. 35
4.8 MEASUREMENT OF MOISTURE REGAIN IN THE POLYESTER FABRIC .................................. 36
4.9 FABRIC STIFFNESS TEST ................................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS & DISCUSSION......................................................................... 37
5.1 DETERMINATION OF COLOR STRENGTH (K/S VALUES) .................................................... 38
5.2 DETERMINATION OF BURSTING STRENGTH. ..................................................................... 43
5.3 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE REGAIN PERCENTAGE ..................................................... 44
5.4 DETERMINATION OF WASH FASTNESS .............................................................................. 45
5.5 DETERMINATION OF RUBBING FASTNESS ......................................................................... 46
5.6 DETERMINATION OF FABRIC STIFFNESS ........................................................................... 46
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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION.............................................................................................. 47
6.1 KEY FINDINGS ................................................................................................................. 48
6.2 LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................... 48
6.3 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 48
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 49
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 3:1 GLYCEROL CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 24
FIGURE 3:2 DISPERSE ORANGE 44 STRUCTURE .......................................................................... 24
FIGURE 3:3 AHIBA IR................................................................................................................ 25
FIGURE 3:4 SPECTROPHOTOMETER ........................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 3:4 SPECTROPHOTOMETER ........................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 3:5 GYRO WASH ........................................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 3:6 HYDRAULIC BURSTING STRENGTH TESTER ............................................................. 26
FIGURE 3:7 CROCK METER ........................................................................................................ 26
FIGURE 3:8 GSM CUTTER ......................................................................................................... 27
FIGURE 3:9 SHIRLEY STIFFNESS TESTER .................................................................................... 27
FIGURE 3:10 OVEN DRYER ........................................................................................................ 27
FIGURE 3:11 WEIGHTING BALANCE .......................................................................................... 27
FIGURE 3:12 ELECTRONIC BALANCE ......................................................................................... 28
FIGURE 4:1 WORK FLOWCHART ................................................................................................ 30
FIGURE 4:2 TIME-TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF ACID WASH ......................................................... 31
FIGURE 4:3 TIME TEMPERATURE PROFILE FOR DYEING CONVENTIONALLY AND USING GLYCEROL
.......................................................................................................................................... 34
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 4:1 RECIPE FOR ACID WASH ........................................................................................... 30
TABLE 4:2 CONVENTIONAL DYEING & REDUCTION CLEARING RECIPE ...................................... 31
TABLE 4:3 GLYCEROL DYEING AND REDUCTION CLEARING RECIPE .......................................... 33
TABLE 5:1 COLOR STRENGTH (K/S VALUES) FOR SHADE 0.5% ................................................. 38
TABLE 5:5 BURSTING STRENGTH OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES ......................................................... 43
TABLE 5:6 MOISTURE REGAIN % OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES ......................................................... 44
TABLE 5:7 COLOR FASTNESS TO WASH OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES ............................................... 45
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ABSTRACT
The conventional technique for dyeing Polyester has a number of drawbacks, including
toxicity, a protracted processing time, a need for high temperatures, and a high starting cost. In
place of other dyeing auxiliaries, just glycerol was used for the research project. The purpose
of this research was to explore the dyeing efficiency as well as to assess the impact of glycerol.
It also aimed to boost the hydrophilic behavior of PET fabric and lessen the hardness of
traditional dyeing in an effort to promote an environmentally friendly procedure. Strength loss,
wettability, and moisture regain were examined and compared to each other in order to assess
the efficacy of both the conventional process and dyeing with glycerol. K/S value, fastness to
rubbing, and fastness to washing were tested in order to evaluate the dyeing quality.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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1.1 Introduction
The textile industry makes extensive use of polyethylene terephthalate fiber, which is widely
recognized as one of the most significant and widespread fibers (1). Because of its superior
physical and chemical qualities, polyethylene terephthalate, more generally referred to as
polyester, has gained widespread acceptance as a material for the production of textiles (2). In
1980, the worldwide demand for polyester was just 5.2 million tons, but by the year 2000, that
number had increased to 19.2 million tons. Demand is anticipated to reach 46.1 million tons in
2014. When looking at the time span between 1980 and 2014, overall fiber demand increased
by 55.7 million tons, with polyester accounting for 73.4 percent of that rise. It is abundantly
clear that polyester has taken a significant market share from all other fibers, both man-made
and natural, and that anyone in the fiber business needs to be aware that polyester producers
are constantly looking at other fibers and their markets to determine whether or not polyester
can take further market share from other fibers. The message is clear and unmistakable:
polyester has taken a significant market share from all other fibers. The market for polyester
fiber will surpass all other fibers combined over the next few years.
Polyester textiles have a number of desirable features, including tensile strength, dimensional
stability, the ability to be washed, and abrasion resistance; nevertheless, they also have a
number of downsides, including a poor water absorption (1). The moisture content of PES fiber
is roughly 0.4%, and as a result, the comfort level is quite low because fibers are not capable
of absorbing water in the same way that natural fibers such as cotton can (3).
In addition, conventional dyeing methods have a number of drawbacks, such as the carrier
dyeing method, which is toxic, does not have a low impact on the environment, necessitates
the removal of the dye from the fabric, necessitates the use of additional chemicals, time, and
money, makes it difficult to remove the dye from the fabric, necessitates a lengthy dyeing time
cycle, and requires careful consideration when choosing the dye to use. If the dye is not
removed or, if you choose to use the high temperature method, you will need to use a high
temperature, make a significant initial investment, use more energy, choose your dye with great
care, and get the most out of your machine. Additionally, any alkali that was used during the
scouring process must be completely removed from the fabric; otherwise, degradation of the
polyester may occur at the high temperature, resulting in less dye usage and oligomer
formation. precipitation, the need for certain kinds of machinery, etc (4).
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Now a days surface modification is done in order to get around the issues described above. The
treatment of PET fibers with a strong alkaline solution at a high processing temperature is the
standard method for changing the characteristics of PET fibers. When polyester fabric is given
an alkaline finishing using sodium hydroxide, the weight, strength, wettability, and aesthetics
of the fabric are all altered. Polyester’s inert chemical composition makes it tough to modify
the surface features of the material because of its versatility. However, modifications of the
surface of PET have been reported using a variety of different techniques, such as: modification
by surfactant–aided surface polymerization of methyl methacrylate; cyclodextrin based
finishes for polyester fabric; surface grafting of polyester fiber with chitosan; lipase treatment
of polyester fabric; and so on (5). Furthermore, the use of ethylene glycol and glycerin as the
solvent of alkaline solution has been used to minimize the hydrolysis treatment time and boost
the hydrophilicity and dyeability of PES (6). Also an innovative green method for dyeing PES
has also been proposed in order to reduce water use by employing a glycerin-based eutectic
solvent as a dyeing medium (7). The enhancement of the hydrophilicity of PES to increase
fiber comfort has been explored using the qualities of glycerol as a solvent, thickener,
dispersion, and hygroscopic agent employed in textile manufacturing (8).
In this study, glycerol was applied to polyester fabric to substitute dyeing auxiliaries as well as
modify the properties of the basic polymer to make it hydrophilic, enhance its comfort features,
and accelerate dyeing absorption. Attempts were made in this study to chemically bond
glycerol to the surface of polyester in order to achieve persistent hydrophilic properties and
dyeing quality.
1.2 Previous work
Though there is no record of using glycerol only in the dyeing process instead of all dyeing
auxiliaries but related works are described below-
In 2021, Eyupoglu, Seyda, and Nigar Merdan used nontoxic glycerol in different concentration
a dispersing agent with water in order to reduce the chemical consumption and eliminate the
use of more water in polyester (polyethylene terephthalate [PET]) dyeing. In their study they
found dyeing with glycerol is a promising alternative for sustainability of the textile industry.
Moreover, microwave radiation led to an increase in dye uptake, dyeing rate acceleration,
energy, and time saving (9).
In 2012, Ferrero, Franco, and Monica Periolatto used glycerol as alternative to ethanol due to
the very low volatility and high boiling point which make safer its use in industry. They found
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that Glycerol, like ethanol, is able to improve the dye uptake. Finally environmental benefits
and cost savings arising from substitution of auxiliary agents with glycerol were considered
and some advantages of glycerol in comparison with ethanol were highlighted (10).
In 2019, Pawar, Sushant S., Saptarshi Maiti, Santosh Biranje, Kedar Kulkarni, and Ravindra
V. Adivarekar used an eco-friendly glycerine based eutectic solvent (GES) was prepared by
using choline chloride, urea and glycerin to reduce water consumption in polyester dyeing. In
comparison with conventional dyed polyester overall dyeing performance was found to be
better without affecting tensile strength of polyester which remains almost same whereas
thermal stability of solvent dyed polyester was slightly improved compared with aqueous dyed
polyester which was indicating a green approach for dyeing polyester (7).
In 2014, Díaz-Álvarez, Alba E., Javier Francos, Pascale Croche, and Victorio Cadierno used
biodegradable and non-toxic nature for glycerol green reaction medium for synthetic organic
chemistry.They found similar or even superior efficiency and selectivity than those performed
in conventional petroleum-based organic solvent (11).
In 2021, Martí, Meritxell, Jaime Gisbert-Paya, Mª Ángeles Bonet-Aracil, Petar Jovančić,

Manuel J. Lis, and Luisa Coderch used glycerol with different concentration with different bath
ratio, temperature and timetable for surface modification of polyester with use of microwave
irradiation and alkaline treatment in order to increase glycerol adhesion. They found Treatment
with 500 W microwave irradiation led to higher glycerol retention after rinsing and clear
improvement in moisture content was obtained increasing the comfort (12).
1.3 Objective
The objectives of this work are
 To dyeing of polyester by replacing all the auxiliaries by glycerol.

 To see the variation between conventionally dyed & glycerol dyed polyester for any
specific shade%.
 To increase the comfort of polyester.
 To reduce dyeing temperature of polyester.
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Chapter 2: Literature Review
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2.1 Polyester
Polyester fiber, specifically polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber, is the largest volume
synthetic fiber produced worldwide. Low cost, convenient processability, ease of blending
with cotton and other natural fibers, convenient recyclability, and excellent and tailorable
performance are the reasons for the dominating success of PET fiber. The excellent
performance of polyester fiber over a wide range of end uses results from the ability to
accurately control fiber morphology (distribution and connectivity of crystalline and non-
crystalline load-bearing units) allowing the balance of thermal and dimensional stability,
transport, and mechanical properties to be precisely controlled. All these parameters are
conveniently and accurately monitored by thermal analysis techniques. It is the purpose of this
chapter to provide the reader with an overview of the applications of thermal analysis toward
polyester fiber characterization, including the impact of processing on performance and the
utility of thermal analysis toward understanding the materials science of PET fibers(13)
Polyesters are defined as polymers containing at least one ester linking group per repeating
unit. They can be obtained by a wide range of reactions, the most important being
polyesterifications between dibasic acids and diols or their derivatives (14).
Wallace H Carothers of DuPont’s Pioneering Research Laboratory led a team which had made
aliphatic polyesters in 1929–1931, but the low melting point of these polymers prevented fiber
spinning and Carothers abandoned the project in favor of a polyamide. Review of the papers
of Carothers and his coworkers led others to parallel investigations. In the period from 1939 to
1941. Significant discoveries were made by Dr. John R. Whinfield and James T. Dickson of
the Calico Printer's Association Ltd, Broad Oak Print Works, Accrington, UK, which resulted
in a commercial fiber. They found brand-new symmetrical aromatic polyesters with high
melting temperatures and the ability to produce fibers by melt extrusion. The long-chain
polymers were partly oriented by drawing during take-up. Terephthalic acid and ethylene
glycol were used to create poly (ethylene terephthalate), which was the most basic and
significant of them. This chemical and the fibers manufactured of this polymer were known as
Terylene (terephthalic and ethylene glycol) by the inventors. Calico decided against pursue this
concept, thus Whinfield and Dickson independently submitted the patent (GBP 578 079;
application date, 29 July 1941). The commercialization of this work was halted by World War
II. DuPont did acquire the American patent rights after the war, in 1946. In 1947, ICI was
granted development rights for the rest of the globe. They continued their work, scaling it up
to create terephthalic acid. On October 4th, 1948, Terylene filament yarn saw its first
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transaction. In 1953, DuPont created the first industrial factory in Kinston, North Carolina,
USA, where it developed Dacron and methods for coloring the fabric. In 1955, Hoechst created
Trevira and opened a 50 tons per year pilot facility in Bobingen, Germany. After ICI issued
licenses, other fiber manufacturers joined the market (15).
Polyester polymers are formed by the interaction of bi-functional molecules containing

hydroxyl and carboxyl groups; the most common is the esterification of a dibasic organic acid
with a diol
This all-encompassing kind is referred to when the word "polyester" is used. It is the most
significant aromatic polyester in terms of commerce. The "workhorse" of aromatic polyesters
is thought to be PET. PET is also known as terephthalic acid-ethylene glycol polyester,
ethylene terephthalate polymer, and polyethylene glycol terephthalate. It also goes by the name
2GT. PET is a white or light creme colored substance. With a consistent growth rate of roughly
5%, PET pushes cotton to take the top spot among man-made fibers. It is widely utilized in
industrial applications, household furnishings, including woven and knitted clothing. The
molecular structure of the fiber may be altered to expand its utility in a variety of applications
by texturizing and/or chemical finishing. In the future, polyester is anticipated to overtake
cotton as the primary commodity fiber (16).
Polyester fibers typically contain two contaminants. A little amount of the ethylene glycol
utilized in the synthesis is transformed into di-ethylene glycol by itself, and a few (1-3 mole%)
of these appear in the polyester and possess an ether bond. The cyclic trimer is another impurity
that is typically 1.5% present in polymers and the fiber they are used to make. It is unwanted
because it might wash out of the fiber during fabric dyeing, float in the dye solution, and then
re-precipitate on the colored cloth. No matter if polyester was produced using a batch or
continuous polymerization technique, these two contaminants still exist in it (5).
By step-growth polymerizing terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol

at 250°–300°C in the presence of a catalyst to a DP of 100–250, polyethylene terephthalate is
created. The resulting polymer is isolated, solidified, and dried after cooling. At 250°–300°C,
polyester fibers are melt spun from the copolymer, then stretched and oriented. Due of the
periodic phenylene groups that are found along the chain, the polyester molecular chains are
very stiff and unyielding. Van der Waals forces hold the closely packed polyester molecules in
the fiber together. Unless co-monomers are added to the polyesters to disturb the regularity of
the molecular chains, the materials are very crystalline (17).
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Polyesters are broadly classified into two types, namely: (i) Thermoplastic polyesters and (ii)
Unsaturated polyesters, which upon curing form highly cross-linked thermosets (16).
2.1.1 Properties of PET
2.1.1.1 Physical properties of PET
❖ Tenacity Polyester from polyethylene terephthalate is an extremely strong fiber with a

tenacity of 3.5-8 g/d (wet or dry)
❖ The elongation at break the elongation at break of the fiber varies from 15% to 50%
depending on the degree of orientation and nature of crystalline structure within the fiber.
❖ Elasticity The fiber shows moderate (80%-95%) recovery from low elongations (2%- 10%).
The fiber is relatively stiff and possesses excellent resiliency and recovery from bending
deformation
❖ Glass transition temperature (Tg) of PET is 80°C.
❖ Microscopic appearance Polyester fibers are usually smooth and rod like with round or
trilobal cross sections
❖ Moisture regain: The fiber is quite hydrophobic, with a moisture regain of 0.1%-0.4% under
standard conditions and 1.0% at 21°C and 100%RH. Although polyesters are nonabsorbent,
they do not have wicking ability.
❖ Specific gravity: The specific gravity 1.38 or 1.22 depending on type of polyester fibers is
moderate. Polyester fibers have a density greater than polyamide fibers and lower than rayon
❖ Heat effect: Polyester fibers shrink from flame and melt, leaving a hard black residue. The
fabric burns with a strong, pungent odor. Heat setting of polyester fibers, not only stabilizes
size and shape, but also enhances wrinkle resistance of the fibers
❖ Softening temperature: The fiber softens in the 210°-250°C range
❖ Melting point: The melting point of polyester is ranging from 250
❖ Ironing temperature the recommended ironing temperature is 135°C
❖ Electrical Properties Due to the low moisture regain, it has good dielectric properties
❖ Biological Resistance Biological Resistance is good.

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2.1.1.2 Chemical properties of PET
❖ Effect of alkalis: Polyester fibers have good resistance to weak alkalis high temperatures. It
exhibits only moderate resistance to strong alkalis at room temperature and is degraded at
elevated temperatures.
❖ Effect of acids: Weak acids, even at the boiling point, have no effect on polyester fibers
unless the fibers are exposed for several days. Polyester fibers have good resistance to strong
acids at room temperature. Prolonged exposure to boiling hydrochloric acid destroys the fibers
and 96% sulfuric acid and causes disintegration of the fibers.
❖ Effect of solvents: Polyester fibers are generally resistant to organic solvents. Chemicals
used in cleaning and stain removal do not damage it, oxidizing agents and bleachers do not
damage polyester fibers.
❖ Solubility: Polyester from polyethylene terephthalate will dissolve in hot meta-cresol,

trifluoroacetic acid, ortho-chlorophenol, a mixture of 7 parts trichlorophenol and 10 parts of
phenol etc.
2.1.1.3 Mechanical properties:
A wide of polyester fibers properties is possible depending on the method of manufacture.

Generally, as the degree of stretch is increased, which yields higher crystallinity and greater
molecular orientation, so are the properties, e.g., tensile strength and initial Young's modulus.
At the same time elongation normally decreases. An increase in molecular weight further
increases tensile strength, modulus and extensibility.
2.1.1.4 Miscellaneous properties:
Polyester fibers exhibit good resistance to sunlight, and it also resists abrasion very well. Soaps,
synthetic detergents, and other laundry aids do not damage it. One of the most serious faults
with polyester is its oleophilic quality. It absorbs oily materials easily and holds the oil
tenaciously.
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2.1.2 Dyeing mechanism
The dyeing of hydrophobic fibers like polyester fibers with disperse dyes may be considered
as a process of dye transfer form a liquid (water) to a solid organic "solvent "(fiber) and the
dyeing is considered to take place in the following stages.
➢ Dispersion of the dye from the solid phase into water by breaking up into molecules
(dissolution) in water.
➢ Adsorption of the dissolved dye from the solution to the fiber surface.
➢ Diffusion of the dye molecules from fiber surface into the interior of the fiber substance
towards the center.
2.1.3 Dyeing method
2.1.3.1 Carrier dyeing
A carrier is an organic compound, dissolved or emulsified in the dye bath, which increases the
rate of dyeing. Carriers allow dyeing of even deep shades at the boil within a reasonable dyeing
time. Common polyester dyeing carriers include butyl benzoate, methylnaphthalene,
dichlorobenzene, diphenyl and o-phenyl phenol, the latter two being the most popular. These
are all aromatic compounds of low water solubility, so they are present in the dye bath as an
emulsion. Typical commercial carriers therefore usually already contain anionic emulsifying
agents. A typical carrier dyeing procedure involves running the goods in the bath 60 °C and
adding dilute dispersing agent, emulsified carrier and lastly the dispersed dyes. The
temperature is then gradually raised to the boil and dyeing continued at this temperature. The
usual effect of the carrier is to increase both the rate of dyeing and the dye bath exhaustion.
The actual mechanism by which a carrier accelerates dyeing has been widely debated and
probably depends upon the carrier used. The polyester fibers absorb the carrier and swell. This
swelling can impede liquor flow in packages causing unevenness. The overall effect seems to
be a lowering of the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg), thus promoting polymer chain
movements and creating free volume. These speeds up the diffusion of the dye into the fibers.
Alternatively, the carrier may form a liquid film around the surface of the fiber in which the
dye is very soluble, thus increasing the rate of transfer into the fiber (15).
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Problems of carrier method
 Carriers increase the cost of dyeing manufacturing.

 It is used for dyeing, which is expensive, and it must be removed with alkali.
 Carriers are unsanitary and poisonous. It causes skin problems.
 Carrier spots may be produced by certain dyeing equipment.
 Carriers have an impact on the light fastness of colored material. This impact may be
mitigated by exposing the material to hot air for 30 minutes.
 Some carriers are dyed specific. They have varying efficiency with various colors;
others are compatible with certain dyes.
2.1.3.2 High temperature pressure dyeing of polyester
Dyeing at this higher temperature under pressure, without a carrier, considerably increases the
rate of dyeing and gives better coverage of filament irregularities because of the improved
migration of the dyes. Dyeing is then also possible using higher molecular weight dyes, whose
rates of diffusion at 100 °C are unacceptable. The dye bath is usually set at pH 4.5–5.5 using
either ammonium sulfate plus formic or acetic acid, or acetic acid alone. The weakly acidic dye
bath ensures neutralization of any residual alkali from scouring, which readily catalyzes
hydrolysis of the polyester, decreasing its strength. The concentrated dye dispersion is added
to the bath at 50–60 °C. The bath may already contain a small amount of dispersant (0.5 g l–
1), if required. Lubricants in the dye bath avoid possible crack and crease marks in dyeing
fabric in jet machines. The temperature of the bath is then slowly raised to 130 °C. A typical
heating rate is about at 1.5 °C min–1. Dyeing continues at the maximum temperature for about
60 min. PET fiber contains 1–4% of oligomers, mainly a cyclic trimer of ethylene terephthalate.
The oligomers also migrate to the PET fiber surface during steam heat setting, and to a lesser
extent on dry setting. The oligomer can often be seen as a white dusty powder on the surface
of the goods, or on the dyeing machine walls. Precipitated oligomer can cause nucleation of
disperse dye crystal formation leading to colored specks on the goods. To avoid its precipitation
once dyeing is concluded, the dye bath is drained at as high a temperature as possible, even
above 100 °C. This can lead to problems in dyeing woven goods in rope form in jet machines
since creases and crack marks can form while the polymer is still somewhat plastic. In these
cases, draining at a lower temperature is necessary and the dyer must depend to a greater extent
upon the subsequent rinsing and reduction clearing process to remove oligomer residues.
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During dyeing, particularly of deep shades, there will invariably be some dye particles that
adhere to the fiber surfaces, or are retained by yarns without penetration into the fiber. These
mechanically held particles result in decreased fastness to washing, rubbing, sublimation and
dry cleaning. This will dissolve the surface particles and produces a colored solution but it does
not remove any dye from within the PET fibers. For pale shades, scouring removes deposits of
surface dye (13). Deep dyeing with disperse dyes on PET fibers will invariably require
treatment by reduction clearing to give satisfactory crocking fastness. This process involves
treatment with alkaline hydrose (2 g l–1 NaOH, 2 g l–1 Na2S2O4.2H2O) and a surfactant (1 g
l–1) for 20 min at 70 °C. The reduction clearing temperature is well below the glass transition
temperature of the polyester. The ionic compounds do not therefore penetrate into the fibers
and only reduce the dye on the fiber surface.
Problems of HTHP method:
 Traces of soluble copper and iron salts can affect the shade of some disperse dyes quite
markedly due to the formation of coordination complexes.
 Chance of dye hydrolysis due to pH control
 Need of surfactants in dyeing for pale shade
 Need high temperature, high pressure
 The dyes with similar dyeing characteristics must be selected for particular formulation
 Chance of forming oligomers
2.1.3.3 The thermosol process
The Thermosol process is a continuous dyeing process introduced by Du Pont in 1949. A

dispersion of the disperse dyes is padded onto the polyester fabric.(8) The material is then dried
using a hot flue air dryer or by infrared radiation, the latter usually giving much less migration
of the dye. The use of a migration inhibitor in the pad bath is usually recommended. Final
drying of the padded material takes place using heated cylinders. The dry fabric is then heated
in air, or by contact with a hot metal surface, to a temperature in the range of 190–220 °C for
1–2 min. In hot air, at least 50% of the time is for heating the polyester to the maximum
temperature. The specific conditions depend on the type of equipment, the dyes and the fabric
(8). Commercial disperse dyes for the Thermosol process are usually classified according to
their ease of transfer by sublimation. This is related to their fastness to heat in hot pressing and
pleating. It is imperative that as much of the vaporized dye as possible be absorbed by the
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polyester fibers. If the rate of sublimation is too low, dye particles will remain in the fiber
matrix and the color yield will be low. When the rate of sublimation is too high, the dye vapor
builds up faster than it can be absorbed by the polyester and escapes from the proximity of the
fibers, usually depositing on the machine walls. The Thermosol process is widely used for
narrow fabrics of 100% PET such as ribbons and belts.
Problems of thermosol process:
 Dye spots
 Side center shading
 Coating to fabric and machines due to salts
 Uneven dyeing and poor dispersion
 Limited fastness of some selective dyes
 Sometime causes poor sublimation problem (18).
2.1.3.4 Problem of dyeing polyester
Polyester fiber retains little moisture and does not transport aqueous fluids. The hydrophobic
nature of polyester fiber makes them difficult to dye (they require a carrier) and to finish in
aqueous media. Their oleophilic nature attracts oily soils and leads to poor adhesion to rubber
and plastics Due to its hydrophobic and oleophilic nature, its moisture transporting behavior is
very poor. Moreover, it has unnatural hand and unfamiliar skin contact sensation and pleasant
thermal sensation, lack of moisture absorbency and adsorption properties. Due to this it is easily
soiled and accumulates static charge, as not comfortable as natural fiber or fabrics, to overcome
some of these problems and to improve the property of polyester]. Polyester fibers are
essentially undyeable below 70–80 °C, leaving only a 20–30 °C range for increasing the dyeing
rate before reaching the boiling temperature. At any temperature, the rate of dyeing of polyester
with a given disperse dye is very much lower than for cellulose acetate or nylon fibers. The
rate of diffusion of disperse dyes into the polyester below 100 °C is so low that dyeing at the
boil does not give reasonable exhaustion. The rate of dyeing is higher for dyes of small
molecular size that have higher diffusion coefficients. Dyeing is faster when using fiber
swelling agents called carriers to improve the fiber accessibility, or when dyeing at higher
temperatures above 100 °C to increase the dye diffusion rate.
To overcome these problems many procedures are followed like surface modification:
Page| 13
2.1.3.5 Surface modifications
PET fibers that have been chemically modified are those that employ chemical processes to
divide the macromolecular chain of the fiber-forming polymer. This improves some undesired
fiber qualities and is the kind of chemical modification that is most often used in the industry.
The most common method for modifying PET fibers involves the use of an aqueous solution
of sodium hydroxide. Because of its action, the electrical properties, sorption, and wettability
of fibers are improved; however, the action also causes a loss of fiber weight, thickness
reduction, and a decreased breaking force that is approximately proportional to the treatment
time, which ultimately results in a loss of tensile strength. Because of these consequences, its
potential applications are restricted, particularly in more specialized fields (19).
Surface Modification of Polyester Fabric by Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment and Its

Effect on Coloration Using Natural Dye:
In the current investigation, a dielectric barrier discharge was used in air at atmospheric
pressure to bring about surface modification of polyester fabric. ATR-FTIR and scanning
electron microscopy were used to investigate both the control and plasma-treated fabrics. Using
optical emission spectroscopy, the active species that were present in plasma were able to be
determined. The plasma treatment of polyester led to the physical and chemical modification
of the material's surface, which resulted in a new surface with different conformational
composition and crystallinity, as well as a new surface that was more hydrophilic as a result of
the incorporation of oxygen containing polar functional groups. Following plasma treatment,
the crystallinity of the substance was reduced, as shown by the ATRFTIR analysis, which
showed clear evidence of the conversion of trans ethylene glycol residue to gauche one. After
dying the polyester that had been treated with nonthermal plasma using a natural dye that is
available for purchase, we saw an approximately 21% improvement in the color depth as
compared to when it was not treated. One possible explanation for the rise in color saturation
is that the surface has been modified (20).
Lipase treatment to improve hydrophilicity of polyester fabrics
The parameters for the lipase treatment of PET textiles are regulated so that the pH is
maintained at 7.5, the temperature is maintained at 30 degrees Celsius, the treatment period is
maintained at 60 minutes, and the lipase concentration is maintained at 50 percent (owf). The
untreated PET fabric had a moisture recovery that was 3.3 times lower than that of the treated
Page| 14
PET fabric that included lipase. The surface of the PET textiles that were treated at ideal
circumstances and in the presence of calcium chloride revealed a large number of fractures and
voids, in contrast to the surface of the PET fabrics that were not treated (21).
Surface modification of polyester fabrics using low pressure air radio frequency plasma:
The practicality of employing ambient air low pressure plasma to change the hydrophobic to
hydrophilic interaction of polyester with water is proven in this work. The addition of
carboxylic and amide groups resulted in an improvement in wet ability. Because most textile
and garment production processes are water-based, having water-wettable polyester surfaces
might be useful. The ability to have adjustable hydrophilic/hydrophobic behavior on the surface
of polyester, with one side hydrophilic, may potentially open up new paths for smart clothing
focused at moisture and sweat transport control (22).
Surface modification of poly (ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) with UV/NanoTiO2:
UV light and nano-TiO2 were used to modify the surface of the PET fabric. Wettability and
breaking strength of the modified PET fabric were investigated. The findings indicated that
when the UV light irradiation increased, the water contact angles of modified PET textiles
reduced significantly (23).
Surface modification of polyester and polyamide fabrics by low frequency plasma

polymerization of acrylic acid:
This research used the plasma polymerization process using acrylic acid as a precursor to alter
the surface properties of polyester and polyamide textiles. With the help of this monomer,
hydrophilic materials with increased absorbency were created. It was shown that the plasma
reactor treated the two sides of polyester fabric samples similarly and uniformly. In this
research, wrinkle recovery angle values rose by 13% after plasma polymerization of acrylic
acid. After plasma treatment, no discernible difference in the breaking strength of either cloth
was found (24).
Surface modification of polyester fabrics by enzyme treatment:
Research into the possibility of increasing the hydrophilicity of poly ethylene terephthalate
(PET) textiles by enzymatic hydrolysis employing lipase and cutinase was conducted. Different
enzyme concentrations, temperatures, and treatment periods were used to calculate the
hydrolytic activity of the enzymes. Substantial improvements in moisture recovery, as well as
a notable reduction in water contact angle (WCA) and water absorbency, were observed under
circumstances favorable for enzymatic treatment (25).
Page| 15
Surface of polyester fabric by graft copolymerization with acrylic acid and its
antibacterial properties:
With the help of benzoyl peroxide, a process called graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA)
was carried out on Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textiles. Researchers looked at how
different polymerization settings impacted the amount of graft produced. The antibacterial
capabilities of the antibiotics treated grafted textiles were shown to be effective against both
gram-positive and gram-negative microbes (26).
Surface modification of polyester fabrics with vinyl triethoxysilane:
Research was conducted on the alteration of the surfaces of polyester textiles with the goal of
enhancing their ability to shed water. As a surface modifying agent, vinyl triethoxysilane,
abbreviated as VTES, was used. When compared to untreated fabric, the treated fabric
displayed much greater contact angle values, which is indicative of an increase in water
repellency quality. This was shown by the study's findings (27).
2.2 Glycerol
Glycerol is simple alcohol which is also known as glycerin, propane -1, 2, 3-triol, trihydroxy
propane, glyceritol, and glycedic alcohol. Glycerol contains three hydroxyl groups which make
it hygroscopic thus to make it water soluble. Like water, glycerol is strongly polar and meets
the basis of green solvent and thus, can be considered as a valuable green solvent for changing
the course of its production as a byproduct from the biodiesel industry. Unlike water, it can
dissolve such organics which are immiscible in water whereas hydrocarbons and ethers are
immiscible in glycerol.
2.2.1 Properties:
 It is a colorless, odorless and viscous

 It is oily liquid having a syrupy sweet taste
 It has a high boiling point 290 °C
 Melting point of 17.8 °C
 Flash point of 177 °C
 Density of 1260 kg/m
 It is high dielectric constant
 It has low vapor pressure (28).
Page| 16
2.2.2 Production
Traditionally, glycerol is obtained as a by-product in four different processes: soap

manufacture, fatty acid production, fatty ester production and microbial fermentation. It can
also be synthesized from propylene oxide. In recent years, the increase in the production of
fatty acid methyl esters from vegetal oils to be used as biofuels (known popularly as
“biodiesel”), has led to a surplus in the production of glycerol, normally generated at the rate
of 1 mol of glycerol for every 3 mol of methyl esters synthesized; which is approximately 10
wt % of the total product. Today, close to two-thirds of world glycerol production comes from
biodiesel..A family of glycerol derivatives, consisting of over sixty 1,3-dialkoxy-2-propanols
and 1,2,3-trialkoxypropanes, both symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted at terminal
positions, have been synthesized and the possible role of these glycerol derivatives as
substitutive solvents has been evaluated through measurements of their physio-chemical
properties. The molecular diversity of the derivatives prepared results in significant variations
of polarity properties, facilitating the identification of possible candidates
for solvent substitution. New uses for glycerol should require high amounts of substance, to
absorb the surpluses, and simple and minimal chemical transformation, to minimize
transformation costs and produce low price derivatives, and of course these transformations
should be compatible with the Green Chemistry principles (29).
2.2.3 Glycerol as green solvent
This topic has attracted much attention from researchers and industries, and some reviews have
appeared very recently dealing with the use of glycerol as a source of commodity chemicals.
Solvents are chemical substances used in huge amounts for many different applications. In
many cases, organic solvents are chemical substances derived from petrol, and have a negative
impact on the health and the environment. The great majority of air contaminants in indoor
atmospheres is organic solvents. If valuable solvents are synthesized from glycerol, not only a
new application, able to consume high quantities of glycerol surpluses will be found, but also
some of the most dangerous organic solvent could be replaced by less harmful, biodegradable
glycerol-derived solvents. Some solvents derived from glycerol are already known and used in
different applications. More than 2000 applications are spread out in different fields such as
the cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food industry. Glycerol itself has been recently proposed as a
green solvent. However, as different application fields require different physio-chemical
properties, it would be convenient to have a high degree of versatility in the preparation of the
Page| 17
glycerol derivatives, keeping the simplicity of the derivatization process, and it would be also
necessary to have a methodology to find quickly the possible fields of application of the new
substances prepared. In this paper we present our first results in the characterization and
classification, based on a series of physio-chemical properties, of new solvents derived from
glycerol, consisting of 1,3-dialkoxy-2-propanols and 1,2,3-trialkoxypropanes (glycerol
diethers and triethers), with the same or different alkyl groups on both terminal positions, with
the aim to identify similarities with traditional organic solvents that can provide clues for
solvent substitution applications. Graphical classification of these new solvents will help us to
choose quickly which solvent has the best properties to be a good candidate in order to
substitute a classical solvent in an existing application (30).
2.2.4 Uses
Glycerol is a useful by-product since it has several industrial uses. Glycerol is currently used
in approximately 2000 distinct applications (31), mostly in medicines, personal care products,
meals, and cosmetics. The new platform products' use of glycerol, a nontoxic, edible, and
biodegradable substance, will have a significant positive impact on the environment (32). Some
main uses are given below:
Food: Despite being present in mixed form in all vegetable and animal fats, glycerol is a meal
that is readily digested, nontoxic, and metabolized alongside carbs. Glycerol serves as a solvent
in flavoring and coloring compounds, and its viscosity gives the finished product body. When
combined with cereal, glycerol-soaked raisins maintain their softness. It functions as a solvent,
a moisturizing agent, and a component of syrups. Glycerol slows the crystallization of sugar in
candies and frostings. Glycerol is utilized as a lubricant in food processing and packaging
equipment as well as a heat-transfer medium in direct contact with foods during fast freezing.
Drugs and Cosmetics: Glycerol is a common component in tinctures and elixirs found in
pharmaceuticals and medicines, while glycerol of starch is used in jellies and ointments. It is
used in ear treatments, and anesthetics, including glycerol-phenol solutions, and
bacteriological culture mediums. Glycerol is a common ingredient in creams and lotions used
in the cosmetics industry to maintain smooth skin and replenish moisture. It is frequently used
in toothpaste to keep the paste's desirable smoothness, viscosity, and luster.
Tobacco: Glycerol plays a significant role in the casing solution used to spray tobacco leaves
prior to shredding and packing in the tobacco manufacturing process. By remaining in the
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tobacco, glycerol helps to retain moisture and prevents drying out of the tobacco, which
influences the rate of burning of the tobacco. g. Additionally, it serves as a plasticizer in
cigarette papers and is added to chewing tobacco processing to enhance sweetness and prevent
dehydration.
Wrapping and Packaging Materials: Because plasticizers are required to give meat casings
and special papers like glassine and greaseproof paper their pliability and toughness, glycerol
is perfectly compatible with the base materials employed, is absorbed by them, and does not
crystallize or volatilize significantly.
Lubricants: Where conventional oil would fail, glycerol can be used as a lubricant. Because
it resists oxidation better than mineral oils, it is suggested for oxygen compressors.
Additionally, it is used to lubricate pumps and bearings that would otherwise break down oil-
type lubricants if exposed to fluids like gasoline and benzene. Glycerol may be used in place
of oils in the production of foods, medications, and cosmetics where there is contact with a
lubricant
Urethane Polymers: One significant application for glycerol is as the primary component of
polyethers for urethane polymers.In this use, it serves as the initiator for the addition of
propylene oxide, either alone or in combination with ethylene oxide, to create trifunctional
polymers that, when reacted with diisocyanates, result in flexible urethane foams. Rigid
urethane foams have also made use of glycerol-based polyethers.
Gaskets and Cork products: In order for sheets and gaskets produced of ground cork and
glue to be strong and flexible, a plasticizer with some humectant action is needed. Glycerol is
utilized due to its low vapor pressure, compatibility with glue, ease of absorption by cork, and
resistance to easy extraction by oils and greases. It satisfies the extra prerequisite of nontoxicity
with regard to crown sealers and cork stoppers that come into contact with foods.
Other Uses: In cement compounds, caulking compounds, lubricants, and pressure media,
glycerol is employed. Additionally, it is utilized in cleaning products like soaps, detergents,
and wetting agents, emulsifiers and skin protectives used in industry, asphalt ceramics,
photographic items, leather and wood treatments, adhesives, masking and shielding
compounds, soldering compounds, and compasses (33).
2.2.5 Safety Factors
Since 1959, glycerol has been accepted as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a general-
purpose or miscellaneous food additive by the CFR , and it is allowed in some food packaging
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materials. The mouse's oral LD50 was found to be 470 mg/kg (34) while the guinea pig was
found to be 7750 mg/kg Other research (35-37) has demonstrated that substantial doses of both
natural and synthetic glycerol may be given orally to both experimental animals and people
without clearly manifesting side effects. It has been discovered that giving 5% glycerol
solutions intravenously to people and animals has no harmful or negative side effects
(38). NIOSH classifies glycerol's aquatic toxicity (TLm96) of >1000 mg/L (39) as an
inconsequential hazard.
Before using a green solvent extensively, data on its toxicity and compatibility with the
environment must be gathered. When compared to the majority of organic solvents, glycerol
has a definite benefit in this situation. Glycerol does not require specific handling techniques
or storage because it is harmless (LD 50 (oral rat) = 12600 mg/Kg), biodegradable, and
nonflammable. In example, glycerol's low toxicity makes it suitable for use as a solvent in the
production of pharmaceutically active substances, where the toxicity and solvent residue must
be carefully monitored (40).
2.2.6 Glycerol as sustainable product
The bioenergy industry is pursuing glycerol conversion into chemicals and gasoline additives
to maximize a growing by-product. It has been shown that heterogeneous catalysts may often
lead to efficient and environmentally friendly reactions. However, the assessment of the
environmental and financial impact that would be connected with their widespread
implementation has frequently been disregarded, limiting their commercial appeal.
Additionally, the effects of combining several glycerol upgrading pathways inside a
biorefinery, which are crucial in determining the viability and economics of the manufacture
of biodiesel from vegetable oils, have not been evaluated. The production of the most important
glycerol chemical derivatives—lactic acid, acrylic acid, glycerol carbonate, propanediol,
epichlorohydrin, and allyl alcohol—is taken into account.
The production of the most important glycerol chemical derivatives—lactic acid, acrylic acid,
glycerol carbonate, propanediol, epichlorohydrin, and allyl alcohol—was taken into
consideration in this case. Processes were meticulously modeled based on their performances,
and life-cycle analysis is used to quantify pertinent indicators such as the potential for global
warming, the total energy demand, and the operational expenses. Glycerol-based techniques,
among which the routes to lactic acid and glycerol carbonate are particularly promising, are
usually considered more appealing than the traditional technologies currently used for the
Page| 20
synthesis of the same compounds. The process factors that contribute the most to the
environmental and financial indicators are also identified.
The benefits of the heat exchange across the various pathways are evaluated and the operations
are merged to simulate a potential glycerol biorefinery. In comparison to the total of the
individual glycerol-based operations, the CO2 emissions and energy needs are reduced by 15
and 32%, respectively, and the profit is raised by 5% if the glycerol feed is distributed evenly
across all routes. Glycerol should instead be distributed in an 80:20 mass ratio between 1,2-
propanediol and glycerol carbonate production, which are anticipated to have a sizable market
size, to reduce the environmental effect of the biorefinery (41).
2.2.7 Scopes of Glycerol application in textile sector
It is used as size material during weavig . It is used due to biodegradibility and it the weaving
performance was satisfactory & the sizing performance is excellent also (42).
Glycerol is also used in bleaching Glycerol triacetate (GT) was examined as an activator of
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for low temperature bleaching of cotton knitted textiles, and
excellent whiteness is achieved. GT as a bleach activator provides greater economical benefits
and better water solubility than tetraacetylethylenediamine. The H2O2/GT system give a cost-
effective and ecologically friendly bleaching technique of cotton as alternative to traditional
alkaline high-temperature bleaching (43).
Glycerol is used during mercerization. (Tryptophan-phenylalanine-histidine and tyrosine)-

glycerol-ether surfactants as wetting agents is in hot cotton mercerization. The barium
hydroxide absorption number, water absorbency and moisture regain, and mechanical
properties of fibers; the dyeability of fabric is better than the conventional one (44).
Glycerol is frequently used in dyeing,printing and finishing processes due to its functions as a
solvent, suspending medium, hygroscopic agent, thickening, dispersion, and penetrant (45).
2.3 Disperse Dye
Disperse dyes are mainly used for polyester dyeing .It is essential for disperse dyes to be able
to withstand various dyeing conditions, pH and temperature, resulting in negligible changes in
shade and fastness.
Disperse dyes are often substituted azo, anthraquinone or diphenylamine compounds which are
non-ionic and contain no water solubilizing groups. The dye particles are thus held in
Page| 21
dispersion by the surface-active agent and the dyes themselves are called disperse dyes. They
are marketed in the form of either an easily dispersible powder or a concentrated aqueous
dispersion and are now the main class of dye for certain synthetic fibers (46).
2.3.1 Classification of disperse dyes according to chromophoric groups
The following chromophores commonly occur in disperse dyes:
1. Nitrodiphenylamine
2. Azo
3. Anthraquinone
4. Styryl or methine(47).
2.3.2 Properties of disperse dyes
 It is non-ionic
 Sparing solubility in water
 Use for hydrophobic fiber like polyester, nylon, acetate
 Held the property of surface-active agent
 Found in power, grain and paste form (46).
Page| 22
Chapter 3: Materials & Machines
Page| 23
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Fabric
Specification:
Fabric collected from : Nahar Enterprise

Fabrice Type : Knitted Fabric.
Fabric Composition : 100% Polyester
Fabric structure : Single Jersey
Fabric GSM : 136.
Yarn Count : 17 Tex.
Fabric Strength : 975 kpa.
3.1.2 Chemicals Used
3.1.2.1 Glycerol
Specification:
 Glycerol (Purified) C3H8O3

 Molecular Weight: 92.09 g/mol
 Appearance: a clear, viscous hygroscopic liquid
 Assay (GC): min 98.0%
Weight per ml at 20⁰C: 1.256-1.261 g/cm3
 Color: Max 10 Hazen
 Refractive Index (n20D): 1.470-1.475
Figure 3:1 Glycerol chemical structure
3.1.2.2 Dye
 Dye type: Disperse

 Name: Disperse Orange SER
 Dye Color: Orange
 CI Number: C.I.11123
 Molecular weight: 382.80
 Molecular formula: C18H18ClN6O2 Figure 3:2 Disperse orange 44 structure
3.1.2.3 Detergent
Specification:
 Name: Heal’s ECE formulation non

phosphate reference detergent (A)
Page| 24
 No OBA presents
 Manufacturer: James H. Heal.
3.1.2.4 Miscellaneous
 Sequestering Agent
 Wetting Agent
 Dispersing Agent
 Buffer
 Acetic Acid
 Sodium Perborate
 Sodium Hydroxide
 Hydrose
 m-Cresol(C7H8O)
3.2 Machines
In the course of this study, numerous experimental and testing tools and machinery were
utilized. The following information is provided regarding them:
3.2.1 Sample dyeing machine
Specification:
 Model: Ahiba IR
 Manufacturer: Datacolour
 No of pot: 14
 Maximum temperature: 140⁰C
 Heating system: Infrared lamp 3KW
Figure 3:3 Ahiba IR
 Heating accuracy: ± 2⁰
3.2.2 Spectrophotometer
Specification:
 Model No: 650 ™
 Effective bandwidth: 5nm to 10 nm
Page| 25
 Instrument type: Dual-beam reflectance
spectrophotometer
 Measurement geometry: Diffuse illumination
and 8-degree viewing
 Illumination source: Pulsed xenon filtered to
approximate D65
 Sphere diameter: 152mm/6.0 in
 Wavelength range: 360 nm to 700 nm
Figure 3:4 Spectrophotometer
3.2.3 Gyro Wash
Specification:
 Manufacturer: James H. Heal
 Country of Origin: England
 No. of pots: 04
Figure 3:6 Gyro wash
3.2.4 Bursting Strength Tester
Specification:
 Machine Name: Hydraulic
Bursting Strength Tester
 Manufacturer: Laboratory
Supply Company Ltd.
 Country of origin: Germany
Figure 3:7 Hydraulic bursting strength tester
3.2.5 Crock Meter
Specification:
 Machine Name: Crock Meter

 Manufacturer: James H. Heal.
 Country of origin: England
Figure 3:8 Crock meter
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3.2.6 GSM Cutter
Specification:
 Machine Name: GSM Cutter
 Manufacturer: James H. Heal
 Country of Origin: England
 Diameter of Sample: 11.5 cm
Figure 3:9 GSM cutter

3.2.7 Shirley Stiffness Tester
Specification:
 Machine Name: Shirley Stiffness Tester
 Manufacturer: SDL International Ltd.
 Country of origin: England
Figure 3:10 Shirley stiffness

tester
3.2.8 Oven dryer
Specification:
 Manufacturer: Binder
 Country of origin: Germany
Figure 3:11 Oven dryer
3.2.9 Weighting Balance
Specification:
 Manufactures: ANDGULF FZE
 Country of origin: UAE
 Capacity: 650 g
Figure 3:12 Weighting balance
Page| 27
3.2.10 Electronic Balance
Specification:
 Manufacturer: Shimadzu Corporation
 Country of origin: Philippines
 Capacity: 220 gm
 Readability: 0.1 mg
Figure 3:13 Electronic balance
3.2.11 Other Equipment Used
 Grey Scale for Assessing Staining

 Grey Scale for Assessing change in color
 Electric Heater
 Hand Dryer
Page| 28
Chapter 4: Methodology
Page| 29
4.1 Work Flowchart
Fabric Collection
Fiber identification
Fabric Strength Acid wash of the fabric Yarn Count

Determination determination
Dyeing of the fabric

Fabric GSM
determination
Dyeing by following Dyeing using glycerol

at different Fabric Strength
Conventional method at Determination
different shade Temperature,
concentration & Shade
Color strength (K/S

value) determination of
all dyed samples
Reduction clearing of
all dyed samples
Determination of Determination of Determination of Determination of

color strength (K/S bursting strength moisture regain color fastness
value) (wash & rubbing)
Figure 4:1 Work flowchart
4.2 Acid wash
The acid wash is done to remove the softener from the grey fabric. If there is remain any
softener in the fabric then the next process will be disrupted. Because of softener the chemicals
and the dyes will not be able to react with the fabric properly. So, it is very important to remove
the softener before starting any process.
4.2.1 Recipe
Table 4:1 Recipe for acid wash
Chemicals Amount
Acetic acid 1 g/L
Temperature 60⁰C
pH 4-4.5
Time 10 min
Page| 30
4.2.2 Time-Temperature profile for Acid wash:
Temperature
60⁰C, 10 min
Drain
Time
Figure 4:2 Time-temperature profile of acid wash

4.3 Fabric dyeing
4.3.1 Dyeing by following conventional dyeing method
This is called HTHP method (High Temperature High Pressure). Polyester fibers and their
blends can be dyed at temperatures between 125°C and 130°C. The fiber swells significantly
over 100°C, which causes the dye molecules to quickly penetrate the fiber structure at 130°C
compared to 100°C, there is less barrier to dye molecule diffusion. At a higher temperature,
even the dispersed dye is significantly more soluble in water. The three basic stages of the
procedure are heating or adsorption, high temperature or diffusion, and clearing.
4.3.1.1 Dyeing & reduction clearing recipe for Conventional dyeing
Table 4:2 Conventional dyeing & reduction clearing recipe
For Dyeing
Shade % 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0%
Wetting Agent 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L
Sequestering Agent 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L
Dispersing Agent 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L
Labeling Agent 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L
Acetic Acid 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L
Page| 31
Buffer Solution 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L 1g/L
Temperature 130⁰C 130⁰C 130⁰C 130⁰C
pH 4.5-5.5 4.5-5.5 4.5-5.5 4.5-5.5
Time 45 min 45 min 45 min 45 min
For reduction clearing
Hydrose 3g/L 3g/L 3g/L 3g/L
Sodium Hydroxide 2g/L 2g/L 2g/L 2g/L
Hot wash
Neutralization
4.3.1.2 Dyeing Flowchart

Running the
Addition water &
Insertion of the machine for by
Sample dyeing auxilaries Addition of dye
pots in the setting
prepatration in room by weighting
machine temperature &
temperature
time
Keeping sample Reduction

Bath drop + cold
of before clearing at 70⁰C Bath drop Hot wash
water rinse
reduction clearing for 10 min
Dewatwering by
Cold wash Neutralization vertical padder
squeezer
4.3.2 Dyeing with glycerol
In this dyeing procedure we have used only glycerol instead of –
 Wetting agent
 Sequestering agent
 Labelling agent
 Dispersing agent
Page| 32
 Acetic acid
 Buffer solution
In this dyeing procedure we have also decreased the temperature of dyeing, the variation of
shade% and glycerol is used only to get similar results with the conventional dyeing (HTHP).
4.3.2.1 Dyeing & reduction clearing recipe using Glycerol
Table 4:3 Glycerol dyeing and reduction clearing recipe
For Dyeing
Shade % 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0%
1g/L, 2g/L, 1g/L, 2g/L, 1g/L, 2g/L, 1g/L, 2g/L,
Glycerol
3g/L 3g/L 3g/L 3g/L
130⁰C, 120⁰C, 130⁰C, 120⁰C, 130⁰C, 120⁰C, 130⁰C, 120⁰C,
Temperature
110⁰C, 100⁰C 110⁰C, 100⁰C 110⁰C, 100⁰C 110⁰C, 100⁰C
pH 4.5-5.5 4.5-5.5 4.5-5.5 4.5-5.5
For reduction clearing
Hydrose 3g/L 3g/L 3g/L 3g/L
Sodium Hydroxide 2g/L 2g/L 2g/L 2g/L
Hot wash
Neutralization
4.3.2.2 Dyeing Flowchart

Running the
Addition of
Insertion of the machine for by
Sample water & glycerol Addition of dye
pots in the setting
prepatration in room by weighting
machine temperature &
temperature
time
Keeping sample Reduction

Bath drop + cold
of before clearing at 70⁰C Bath drop Hot wash
water rinse
reduction clearing for 10 min
Dewatwering by
vertical padder
Cold wash Neutralization
squeezer &
drying
Page| 33
4.3.3 Time temperature profile for dyeing
100⁰C/110⁰C/120⁰C /130⁰C
Temperature
45 min
Water+ auxiliaries
Drain & Rinse
+ Dye+ Fabric
Time
Dyeing Profile
80⁰C, 10 min
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
70⁰C, 10 min 60⁰C, 10 min
Drain & Rinse Drain & Rinse

Drain & Rinse
Reduction Clearing Hot wash Neutralization
Figure 4:3 Time temperature profile for dyeing conventionally and using glycerol
4.4 Fabric strength test
As our fabric is knitted fabric, we measured the bursting strength. The bursting strength of
polyester fabric was measured by a Bursting Strath Tester following the methodology
described in ISO 13938-1:1999. Using a circular clamping ring, the specimen to be examined
was secured above an expanding diaphragm Increasing fluid pressure was delivered to the
bottom of the diaphragm, which resulted in the expansion of diaphragm and the fabric is
stretched out. Up to the point when the test specimen burst, the must of fluid grew at a rate that
was constantly compared to the me of time. The value as expressed in Kpa.
Page| 34
4.5 Wash fastness test for the dyed sample
To assess the wash fastness of the colored sample, we utilized the ISO 105 C06 C2S: 1994
technique. For this approach, we used sodium perborate (NaBO3.4H2O). This process is
carried out using a machine called a GYRO WASH. The samples were then analyzed by the
greyscale for the purpose of determining whether or not there was a change in color following
ISO 105-A02:1993 and for determining whether or not there was a color standing of the fabric
in accordance with ISO 105-A03:1993.
4.6 Color strength (K/S values) test
The color strength values, denoted by the notation K/S of the dyed samples, were
determined with the help of a Data color 650 (a Dual-Beam Spectrophotometer manufactured
by Data Color) under the conditions described below. Pulsed Xenon has been filtered to
simulate a D65 illumination 80 viewing measurement geometry, with a measuring wavelength
range from 400 nm to 700 nm. The Kubelka-Munk equation that follows was used with the
assistance of the appropriate software.
K/S= (1- Rλmax) / 2 Rλma
In this equation,
K represents the coefficient of absorption.
The value of S denotes the scattering coefficient.
The value of the sample's reflectance at the specific wavelength at which maximum absorption
occurs for a given dye or color component is denoted by the symbol Rλmax.
We have determined k/s value of the sample of conventional dyeing, dyeing with glycerol (both
before and after reduction clearing).
4.7 Rubbing Fastness test for dyed sample
The technique ISO 105-X12:2001 was used for conducting the rubbing and crocking tests. The
cloth was conditioned for a total of eight hours. The sample that had been conditioned was
rubbed with a cotton rubbing cloth in both the warp and the weft direction when it was both
Page| 35
dry and wet. The samples were then inspected using a grey scale to determine the degree of
staining in line with ISO standard A03:1993.
4.8 Measurement of moisture regain in the polyester fabric
The amount of moisture retained by the polyester fabric, as measured by the AATCC test
method 20A- 2008, RA24 (AATCC Technical Manual, 2010). When we were measuring the
amount of moisture that was regained, the first thing that we did was weigh the polyester fabric.
After that, we conditioned the cloth in the oven drier for 1.50 hours at a temperature of 1050
degrees Celsius. After that, we determined the weight of the fabric after it had dried. Using the
following equation, we could get the values for moisture to regain.
( )
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛% =
4.9 Fabric stiffness test
In this test, a short strip of the fabric is allowed to bend to a specified angle while being
supported by its own weight to determine the fabric's bending stiffness. The length of fabric
necessary to bend the fabric at this angle is
The bending is a measurement that is known length.
where, L = the projected length of the fabric,
θ=Angle at which fabric bends.
Each test sample is 25 mm wide and 200 mm long. Six of the test samples are cut parallel to
the warp and six parallel to the weft, ensuring that no two warp specimens have the same warp
threads and no two weft specimens include the same weft threads. It is best to avoid creasing
the specimens and to flatten those that have a tendency to twist. Each specimen receives four
readings: one face up and one face down on the first end, followed by the same on the second.
Calculated is the average bending length for the warp and weft. The cloth becomes stiffer as
the bending length increases. The overhanging length is thus twice the bending length when
the tip of the specimen reaches a plane inclined at 41.5° below the horizontal. The slide on the
Shirley apparatus is directly calibrated in centimeters, and this angle is employed to increase
the sensitivity of the length measurement
Page| 36
Chapter 5: Results & Discussion
Page| 37
5.1 Determination of color strength (K/S values)
Color strength (K/S) value for the dyed sample are taken using spectrophotometer. All the data
is compared with the dyed fabric dyed using conventional method and the values for , ∆L, a, b.
c, h is list below-
Table 5:1 Color strength (K/S values) for Shade 0.5%
Fabric
Glycerol Normalized
Dyeing K/S L a b Fabric Sample
Concentration K/S value
temperature
Conv. - 9.718 1.00
1 8.461 0.87 1.23 -1.49 -1.14
130⁰C 2 8.871 0.91 0.98 -1.89 -0.41
3 8.912 0.92 1.11 -0.89 -0.01
1 9.164 0.94 0.47 -0.94 -0.42
120⁰C 2 9.404 0.97 0.6 -0.22 0.33
3 9.736 1.00 -0.03 -0.7 -0.06
1 9.841 1.01 0.64 0.59 1.36

110⁰C 2 9.727 1.00 0.15 -0.38 0.31
3 9.595 0.99 0.3 -0.97 0.2
1 10.018 1.03 0.87 0.68 2.06
100⁰C 2 10.33 1.06 0.58 0.57 2.03
3 10.619 1.09 0.11 0.63 2.05
Page| 38
From these data above we plotted a bar diagram below
1.20
1.00
NORMALIZED K/S VALUE 0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Conv. Dyed Glycerol Glycerol Glycerol Glycerol
Dyed 130⁰C Dyed 120⁰C Dyed 110⁰C Dyed 100⁰C
1g/L 2g/L 3g/L No glycerol
From above data, we can say the samples dyed with glycerol at 100⁰C has shown better color
strength than others which have been dyed at other temperatures. Comparing to conventional
method GD samples shown higher color strength at lowest temperatures. The samples dyed in
GD at 130⁰C shows least similarity with the conventional process.
Fabric
Glycerol Normalized
temperature
Conv. 16.818 1.00

1 15.701 0.93 1.1 -0.69 0.25
130⁰C 2 15.802 0.94 1.08 -76 0.33
3 15.951 0.95 1.42 -0.06 0.82
1 14.989 0.89 1.98 -0.34 0.72
120⁰C 2 15.16 0.90 2.1 -0.24 1.08
3 15.345 0.91 1.77 -0.82 0.7
1 16.197 0.96 1.81 0.53 2.09
110⁰C 2 16.729 0.99 0.57 -0.33 0.56
3 16.927 1.01 2.18 1.16 3.43
1 17.309 1.03 1.46 1.67 2.92
100⁰C 2 17.736 1.05 1.71 0.82 3.42
3 17.95 1.07 1.13 2.1 3.11

Page| 39
From these data above we plotted a bar diagram below-
1.10
Normalized K/S value

1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
From above data, it is seen that samples dyed in 100⁰C shows better result than conventional
process whereas the samples dyed in 120⁰C shows the lowest value compared to conventional
method.
Fabric
Glycerol Normalized
temperature
Conv. 22.513 1.00

1 20.577 0.91 1 -0.57 -0.18
130⁰C 2 20.11 0.89 1.19 -0.75 -0.3
3 19.854 0.88 1.52 -0.86 -0.03

1 21.104 0.94 1.03 -0.18 0.37
120⁰C 2 21.332 0.95 0.69 -0.04 0.19
3 21.544 0.96 1.02 -0.11 0.81
1 21.006 0.93 2.15 0.18 2.13
110⁰C 2 21.647 0.96 0.27 -0.06 -0.1
3 22.163 0.98 0.75 1.41 1.04
1 22.035 0.98 0.38 -0.07 0.18
100⁰C 2 22.37 0.99 0.44 -0.02 0.56
3 22.558 1.00 0.89 1.93 1.62
Page| 40
1.02
1.00
NORMALIZED K/S VALUE

0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
From above data, we can say the samples dyed in 100⁰C has shown similar to conventional
method. The samples dyed in 130⁰C shows least similarity with the conventional process.
Fabric
Glycerol Normalized Fabric
Dyeing K/S L a b
Concentration K/S value Sample
temperature
Conv. 23.582 1.00

1 23.059 0.98 0.1 -0.24 -0.15
130⁰C 2 23.728 1.01 -0.28 0.51 -0.25
3 24.027 1.02 0.73 0.89 1.42
1 24.002 1.02 0.87 0.51 1.63
120⁰C 2 24.204 1.03 1.12 1.09 2.11
3 24.765 1.05 0.84 1.34 2.08
1 25.734 1.09 0.68 2.02 2.63
110⁰C 2 25.464 1.08 0.72 0.95 2.38
3 25.213 1.07 0.34 0.77 1.69
1 25.38 1.08 -0.05 2.72 1.54

100⁰C 2 25.981 1.10 0 2.91 1.82
3 26.518 1.12 -0.26 2.59 1.68
Page| 41
1.15
NORMALIZED K/S VALUE

1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
From above data, we can say the samples dyed in 100⁰C has shown better result than others
which have been dyed in other temperatures including conventional method. The samples dyed
in 130⁰C shows similarity with the conventional process.
From all the data table, we see a increase in color strength when dyed using glycerol. Also, we
can see higher color strength when dyed at lower temperature. This happened due to glycerol.
A Research (7) proves that using glycerol dyed polyester shows higher dye uptake. Here we’ve
used three glycerol concentration. In between these 2g/L & 3g/L shows better dye uptake,
Page| 42
5.2 Determination of bursting strength.
The data collected at different state of fabric sample are listed below-
Table 5:5 Bursting strength of different samples
Fabric condition Temperature Strength (Kpa)

Strength at Grey state - 975
Strength after Acid
- 970
wash
Conventionally dyed
130⁰C 1000
at 130⁰C
Strength after dyeing
Dyed using glycerol at

130⁰C 1040
130⁰C
120⁰C 1030
120⁰C
110⁰C 1050
110⁰C
100⁰C 1050
100⁰C
From the data listed above we’ve plotted a curve below-
1060
1040
1020
Strength (Kpa)
1000
980
960
940
920
900
Strength at Strength Conv. Dyed Glycerol Glycerol Glycerol Glycerol
Grey state after Acid Dyed at Dyed at Dyed at Dyed at
wash 130⁰C 120⁰C 110⁰C 100⁰C
Here, we can see that there is a increase in strength for the samples dyed using glycerol. Also
we can see that a little loss in strength after acid wash. This might happen due to acid treatment.
Although grey fabric & conventionally dyed samples have more or less similar strength. But
we see a rise of strength when treated with glycerol. It’s even higher when temperature is
lower. This could happen due to glycerol. But as we couldn’t test any morphological change
due to glycerol, it is not confirmed.
Page| 43
5.3 Determination of moisture regain percentage
The data collected at different state of fabric sample are listed below-
Table 5:6 Moisture regain % of different samples
Oven dry Weight after conditioning Moisture

Fabric condition
weight(gm) (gm) regain%
Grey state 8.38 8.41 0.36%
Conventionally dyed at
11.43 11.47 0.35%
130⁰C

14.81 14.89 0.54%
130⁰C

12.56 12.63 0.56%
120⁰C

14.76 14.85 0.61%
110⁰C

12.51 12.6 0.72%
100⁰C
From the data listed above we’ve plotted a bar diagram below-
Moisture regain%
0.80% 0.72%
0.61%
0.54% 0.56%
0.60%
0.40% 0.35%
0.20%
0.00%
Conv. Dyed Glycerol Dyed at Glycerol Dyed at Glycerol Dyed at Glycerol Dyed at
130⁰C 120⁰C 110⁰C 100⁰C
Here we can see form the data above we got a good moisture regain% for samples dyed with
glycerol, it increased the value than the actual moisture regain% value of polyester. we got the
higher moisture regain % for the sample treated with glycerol at 130⁰C. Further decrease in
temperature increased the value of moisture regain%.
Page| 44
This result shows that glycerol increases the moisture absorbency of the fabric, thus the
hydrophilicity increased. this can be result in increasing of comfort. As we couldn’t test any
structural change of polyester due to glycerol, this cannot be explained clearly.
5.4 Determination of wash fastness
Table 5:7 Color Fastness to wash of different samples
Bleached Color
Diacetate Polyamide Polyester Acrylic Wool
cotton change
conventio
4/5 5 4/5 5 5 5 4
nal, 2%
conventio
4/5 5 4/5 5 5 5 4/5
nal, 1.5%
conventio
4/5 5 4/5 5 5 5 4
nal, 1.0%
conventio
4/5 5 4/5 5 5 5 3/4
nal, 0.5%
100⁰C,
4 5 4/5 4/5 5 5 4
1g, 1%
100⁰C,
4 5 4 4/5 5 5 3/4
3g, 1.5%
100⁰C,
4 5 4 5 5 5 4/5
1g, 2%
100⁰C,
4/5 5 4/5 5 5 5 4/5
1g, 0.5%
110⁰C,
4/5 5 4/5 5 5 5 5
2g, 0.5%
110⁰C,
4/5 5 4/5 5 5 5 5
2g, 1%
110⁰C,
4/5 5 4/5 5 5 5 5
3g, 1.5%
110⁰C,
4 5 4 5 5 5 5
3g, 2%
120⁰C,
4 4/5 4/5 5 5 5 4/5
3g, 0.5%
120⁰C,
4 4/5 4 4/5 5 5 4/5
1g, 2%
120⁰C,
4 5 4 4/5 5 5 4/5
3g, 1.5%
120⁰C,
4 5 4 5 5 5 4/5
3g, 1%
130⁰C,
3/4 5 4 5 5 5 5
1g, 1.5%
130⁰C,
3/4 5 3/4 4/5 5 5 5
2g, 2%
Page| 45
130⁰C,
4/5 5 4/5 5 5 5 5
2g, 1%
130⁰C,
4/5 5 4/5 5 5 5 5
3g, 0.5%
Here we’ve done color fastness to wash test according to ISO 105 C06 C2S: 1994 test method.
we’ve seen that our sample has a good to excellent wash fastness, there are only few samples
which have fair to good wash fastness, and for staining there is no staining and vey less staining
to no staining for the maximum sample
5.5 Determination of rubbing fastness
Rubbing fastness test was done according to the technique ISO 105-X12:2001, and assessment
for staining on crocking cloth for both dry and wet condition according to ISO standard
A03:1993, no such staining was found. Result was excellent.
5.6 Determination of fabric stiffness
Course wise Wales wise bending Avera

Flexur
Glycerol bending length length ge
Fabric al
Concentration( bendi
condition From From From From rigidit
g/L) ng
Head Tail Head Tail y
length
Before dyed
1.2 1.25 1.1 1.05 1.15 0.0020
sample
Glycerol 1 1.05 1 0.9 0.85 0.95 0.0011
Dyed at 2 1.05 1.1 0.95 0.9 1.00 0.0013
100⁰C 3 0.7 0.75 1.25 1.2 0.98 0.0012
Glycerol 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.95 0.91 0.0010
Dyed at 2 0.85 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.0011
130⁰C 3 0.85 0.9 0.95 0.95 0.91 0.0010
Conv. dyed 1.2 1.25 1.2 1.1 1.19 0.0022
Fabric stiffness test was done according to the technique ISO 13937-2. the test was done for
the samples treated conventionally and glycerol dyed at 100⁰C & 130⁰C. the flexural rigidity
of the glycerol dyed samples is more or less same. So, stiffness of the samples is also same. but
the flexural rigidity of the conventional dyed sample is more than glycerol dyed samples. So,
the glycerol dyed samples are softer than the conventional dyed samples, thus results in
increasing comfort.
Page| 46
Chapter 6: Conclusion
Page| 47
6.1 Key findings
 Glycerol decreases the dyeing temperature

 Glycerol increases moisture absorption
 Glycerol increases the dye uptake
 Glycerol imparts softness
 Glycerol replaces dyeing auxiliaries
6.2 Limitations
During this project some problems were faced. The limitations are given below-
 Standard atmospheric could not be maintained properly.

 Due to lack of SEM & FTIR the morphological structure of glycerol dyed polyester
samples could not analyzed.
 Due to lack of machine of our laboratory and cooperation from any factory, could not
determine COD, BOD & TDS.
6.3 Conclusion
Polyesters are commonly utilized in textiles. Polyester yarns or polyester threads are used to
weave a variety of textile garments. In this work, we have attempted for a green approach for
dyeing polyester for reducing hazards in textile industry as the industry has been polluting the
environment for a long time. At the end of this experiment, we can say that using glycerol as
substitute of dyeing auxiliaries can be used in future as it has multifunctional uses.
Page| 48
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Page| 51

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Department of Textile Engineering: "A Green Approach For Dyeing of Polyester Using Glycerol"

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DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING

Course No.: Tex 400

Student No. Name of the student

Mr. Md. Koushic Uddin & Ms. Nahida Akter

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1.2 PREVIOUS WORK ............................................................................................................... 3

1.3 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 5

2.1 POLYESTER ....................................................................................................................... 6

2.1.1 Properties of PET ...................................................................................................... 8

2.1.2 Dyeing mechanism.................................................................................................. 10

2.1.3 Dyeing method ........................................................................................................ 10

2.2 GLYCEROL ...................................................................................................................... 16

2.2.1 Uses ......................................................................................................................... 18

2.2.2 Safety Factors.......................................................................................................... 19

2.2.3 Glycerol as sustainable product .............................................................................. 20

2.2.4 Scopes of Glycerol application in textile sector ..................................................... 21

2.3 DISPERSE DYE ................................................................................................................. 21

2.3.1 Classifications ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS & MACHINES ..................................................................... 23

3.1 MATERIALS ..................................................................................................................... 24

3.1.1 Fabric ...................................................................................................................... 24

3.1.2 Chemicals Used ...................................................................................................... 24

3.2 MACHINES ...................................................................................................................... 25

3.2.1 Sample dyeing machine .......................................................................................... 25

3.2.2 Spectrophotometer .................................................................................................. 25

3.2.3 Gyro Wash .............................................................................................................. 26

3.2.4 Bursting Strength Tester ......................................................................................... 26

3.2.5 Crock Meter ............................................................................................................ 26

3.2.7 Shirley Stiffness Tester ........................................................................................... 27

3.2.8 Oven dryer .............................................................................................................. 27

3.2.9 Weighting Balance .................................................................................................. 27

3.2.10 Electronic Balance ................................................................................................ 28

3.2.11 Other Equipment Used .......................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 29

4.1 WORK FLOWCHART ........................................................................................................ 30

4.2 ACID WASH ..................................................................................................................... 30

4.2.1 Recipe ..................................................................................................................... 30

4.2.2 Time-Temperature profile for Acid wash: .............................................................. 31

4.3 FABRIC DYEING ............................................................................................................... 31

4.3.1 Dyeing by following conventional dyeing method................................................. 31

4.3.2 Dyeing with glycerol............................................................................................... 32

4.3.3 Time temperature profile for dyeing ....................................................................... 34

4.4 FABRIC STRENGTH TEST .................................................................................................. 34

4.5 WASH FASTNESS TEST FOR THE DYED SAMPLE ................................................................ 35

4.6 COLOR STRENGTH (K/S VALUES) TEST ............................................................................ 35

4.7 RUBBING FASTNESS TEST FOR DYED SAMPLE .................................................................. 35

4.8 MEASUREMENT OF MOISTURE REGAIN IN THE POLYESTER FABRIC .................................. 36

4.9 FABRIC STIFFNESS TEST ................................................................................................... 36

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS & DISCUSSION......................................................................... 37

5.1 DETERMINATION OF COLOR STRENGTH (K/S VALUES) .................................................... 38

5.2 DETERMINATION OF BURSTING STRENGTH. ..................................................................... 43

5.3 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE REGAIN PERCENTAGE ..................................................... 44

5.4 DETERMINATION OF WASH FASTNESS .............................................................................. 45

5.5 DETERMINATION OF RUBBING FASTNESS ......................................................................... 46

5.6 DETERMINATION OF FABRIC STIFFNESS ........................................................................... 46

6.1 KEY FINDINGS ................................................................................................................. 48

6.2 LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................... 48

6.3 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 48

FIGURE 3:2 DISPERSE ORANGE 44 STRUCTURE .......................................................................... 24

FIGURE 3:3 AHIBA IR................................................................................................................ 25

FIGURE 3:4 SPECTROPHOTOMETER ........................................................................................... 26

FIGURE 3:4 SPECTROPHOTOMETER ........................................................................................... 26