Jute Study for Structural Applications

BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology
Excellence Through Education
A Final Year Project submitted to the Department of Apparel Manufacturing &

Technology of BUFT in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Apparel Manufacturing & Technology
“A brief study on structural use & high performance of jute in different applications and
its prospects in future uses”
Submitted by
Md. Ashiqur Rahman Anik ID: 181-039-101

Kazi Mehedi Hasan ID: 181-060-101
Md. Mahdi Hasan Shuvo ID: 181-165-101
Md. Faysal Emon ID: 162-006-0-145
Supervisor
Mr. Sonjit Kumar Saha
Lecturer, Dept. of AMT
Department of Apparel Manufacturing & Technology

April 19, 2022
BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology
Excellence Through Education
“A brief study on structural use & high performance of jute in different applications and
its prospects in future uses”
Department : Apparel Manufacturing & Technology (AMT)

Faculty : Apparel Studies
Name : Md. Ashiqur Rahman Anik

ID: 181-039-101
Kazi Mehedi Hasan
ID: 181-060-101
Md. Mahdi Hasan Shuvo
ID: 181-165-101
Md. Faysal Emon
ID: 162-006-0-145
Supervisor : Mr. Sonjit Kumar Saha

Lecturer, Dept. of AMT
Dept. of Apparel Manufacturing & Technology
Exam Committee:
Mr. Sonjit Kumar Saha Lecturer …………………..

Mr. Md. Monirul Islam Rajib Assistant Professor …………………..
Mr. Biman Barua Assistant Professor …….…………….
19 April 2022, 11.30 am

BUFT, Nishatnagar, Turag, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY OF WORK
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and to the best of our knowledge it
contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial
proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree at BUFT or
any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made. Any contribution
made to the research by others, with whom we have worked at BUFT or elsewhere, is explicitly
acknowledged in the project report. We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is
the product of our own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's
design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.
___________________ ___________________
Md. Ashiqur Rahman Anik Md. Mahdi Hasan Shuvo
ID: 181-165-101 ID: 181-165-101
___________________ ___________________
Kazi Mehedi Hasan Md. Faysal Emon
ID: 181-060-101 ID: 162-006-0-145
____________
Supervisor
Final Year Project ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge our depth to all those
who have helped us to put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into something
concrete.
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our project supervisor, Mr. Sonjit
Kumar Saha, our Head of Department as well as everyone of our department who gave us the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic ‘A brief study on structural use &
high performance of jute in different applications and its prospects in future uses’ which also
helped us in doing a lot of research and we came to know about so many new things. We are
really thankful to them.
We would like to thank Mr. Raqibul Islam Konok, Creative Collection Ldt.(Ha-meem Group),
for helping us a lot in gathering different information, collecting data and guiding us from time
to time in making this project, despite of their busy schedules, they gave us different ideas in
making this project unique.
Last but not least thanks go to our precious family and friends. We believe that any attempt at
any level can not be satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance of our parents and
friends.
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Final Year Project ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
In today's environmentally conscious world, everyone is looking for alternatives to glass, aramid,
and other artificial fibers, which are liable for carbon dioxide emissions, the use of fossil fuels,
non-biodegradability, absence of sustainability, and a variety of other issues. As a result, the use
of natural fiber as a synthetic alternative in specific applications is always valued. The use of
synthetic fiber reinforced composite components is widespread in the automotive, sports,
aerospace, leisure, packaging, and other infrastructure sectors. However, natural fiber composites
are gaining popularity due to their distinct advantages and properties, which allow them to be
used as an appropriate alternative to synthetic fibers for reinforcing polymer composites. Natural
fibers, particularly jute, offer significant advantages over traditional man-made fiber
reinforcement materials, such as low density, accessibility, a cleaner manufacturing line,
manufacturability, and excellent tensile characteristics obtained from specific fiber types. This
review work discusses the use of this exceptional natural fiber in high productivity and structural
applications. This paper includes the distinguished and modern uses of jute fiber, as well as their
method of preparation. Based on proper literature review, the prospects of jute and potential
limitations are also examined in this work.
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Final Year Project TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1
1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Top Jute producing Country........................................................................................1
1.1.2 Properties....................................................................................................................1
1.1.3 Diversification ............................................................................................................2
1.2. Objectives of the project ...................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................4
2.1 Production & Earnings ......................................................................................................4
2.2 History of Jute in Bangladesh ............................................................................................4
2.3 Jute in Ancient Times ........................................................................................................4
2.4 After Liberation .................................................................................................................5
2.5 Basic Jute Products ............................................................................................................5
2.5.1 Geo-textile ..................................................................................................................5
2.5.2 Canvas ........................................................................................................................5
2.5.3 Bags ...........................................................................................................................5
2.5.4 Sacking Cloth .............................................................................................................6
2.5.5 Hessian Cloth .............................................................................................................6
2.5.6 Hessian tapes and gaps................................................................................................6
2.5.7 Hydrocarbon free jute cloth.........................................................................................6
2.5.8 Serim Cloth ................................................................................................................6
2.5.9 Decorative items .........................................................................................................6

III
2.5.10 D.W. Tarpaulin .........................................................................................................7
2.5.11 Tobacco sheets..........................................................................................................7
2.6 Jute Statistics .....................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................... 14
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1 Chemical Composition.............................................................................................. 15
3.1.2 Physical Structure ..................................................................................................... 16
3.1.3 Mechanical Properties ............................................................................................... 16
3.2 Mechanical properties of different jute-based composites ................................................ 18
3.2.1 Polyester Resin by Jute Reinforcement ..................................................................... 18
3.2.2 Jute/fibers reinforced epoxy composite ..................................................................... 18
3.2.3 Jute/Epoxy glass composite ...................................................................................... 18
3.2.4 Jute/glass epoxy composite ....................................................................................... 18
3.2.5 Jute reinforced epoxy composite ............................................................................... 18
3.2.6 Jute fiber/polypropylene composite ........................................................................... 19
3.2.7 Polylactide and jute composite .................................................................................. 19
3.2.8 Jute/glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite .............................................................. 19
3.2.9 Reinforced jute Fiber with epoxy and polyester matrices .......................................... 19
3.2.10 Glass/jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite ............................................................ 19
3.2.11 Jute/epoxy............................................................................................................... 20
3.3 Jute Geotextile Characteristics ......................................................................................... 20
3.3.1 Potential Applications of JGT ................................................................................... 21
3.4 Types of JGT ................................................................................................................... 21
3.4.1 Open Weave JGT...................................................................................................... 22

IV
3.4.2 Woven JGT .............................................................................................................. 22
3.4.3 Nonwoven JGT ......................................................................................................... 22
3.5 Present scenery of jute Geotextile in Bangladesh ............................................................. 23
3.6 Strategy for Jute Geotextile in Bangladesh....................................................................... 24
3.7 Jute Nonwoven ................................................................................................................ 25
3.7.1 Manufacturing Methods ............................................................................................ 25
3.7.2 Needle Punching ....................................................................................................... 25
3.7.3 Stitch-bonding .......................................................................................................... 26
3.7.4 Thermal Bonding ...................................................................................................... 26
3.7.5 Hydro-entanglement ................................................................................................. 27
3.7.6 Adhesive Bonding ........................................................................................................ 27
3.8 Applications of Jute-nonwovens ...................................................................................... 27
3.8.1 Applications in Automobiles ..................................................................................... 28
3.8.2 Substrate of Composite ............................................................................................. 28
3.8.3 Filter Media .............................................................................................................. 28
3.8.4 Water Proofing ......................................................................................................... 29
3.8.5 Geotextiles ................................................................................................................ 29
3.8.6 Acoustic Insulation ................................................................................................... 29
3.8.7 Thermal Insulation Medium ...................................................................................... 29
3.8.8 Floor Covering.......................................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................... 31
4.2.1 Jute in Automobile Sector ......................................................................................... 31
4.2.2 Road Construction .................................................................................................... 34
4.2.3 Facilitator in Drainage .............................................................................................. 35

V
4.2.4 JGT Controlling Topsoil erosion ............................................................................... 36
4.2.5 Replacement of Synthetic Fiber ................................................................................ 36
4.2.6 Alternative of Woods ................................................................................................ 39
4.2.7 Thermal Insulation .................................................................................................... 41
4.2.8 Fishing Boats ............................................................................................................ 43
4.2.9 Riverbank Protection ................................................................................................ 44
4.3 Disadvantage & Limitation .......................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 49
CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................ 50
6.1 Price-setting policy .......................................................................................................... 50
6.2 Initiatives for Training ..................................................................................................... 50
6.3 Strategies for preventing jute mill closures ...................................................................... 50
6.4 Extensive Developmental Research ................................................................................. 50
6.5 Transportation should be improved .................................................................................. 51
6.6 Increase the number of government procurement centers ................................................. 51
6.7 Farming Co-operatives .................................................................................................... 51
6.8 Production Strategies that Work ...................................................................................... 51
6.9 New jute mills are being built .......................................................................................... 52
6.10 Farm mechanization initiatives ...................................................................................... 52
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 53
VI
Final Year Project LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1: Year-wise jute mills Number in Bangladesh ...............................................................7
Table 2. 2: Production area of Jute in Top jute producing countries (thousand hectares) ..............8
Table 2. 3: Production of Raw jute in Bangladesh ........................................................................9
Table 2. 4: Raw Jute Export by Bangladesh ............................................................................... 10
Table 2. 5: Jute goods Production in Bangladesh from 2005-06 to 2018-19 ............................... 11
Table 2. 6: Jute goods Production in Bangladesh by (in thousand MT) ...................................... 12
Table 2. 7: Export of jute made goods by Bangladesh ............................................................... 13
Table 4. 1: Comparative Characteristics of Synthetic & Geo-textile (Today,2016)……….……38
VII
Final Year Project LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4. 1: Car made from Jute ................................................................................................ 32
Figure 4. 2: Racing Car Made From Jute ................................................................................... 33
VIII
Final Year Project INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
Jute, typically referred to as The Golden Fiber, could be a fiber with a golden and smooth
shininess. In terms of its usage in worldwide consumption, production, and availability, it is one
of the cheapest vegetable fiber obtained from plant's stem skin or bast and the second most
important after cotton. It has a high tensile strength, minimal extensibility and allows fabrics to
breathe better. Jute fiber is 100 percent biodegradable and recyclable, making it a green choice.
It's one of the most adaptable natural fibers, with applications in packaging, textiles, non-textiles,
building, and agriculture. It aids within the production of high-quality industrial yarn, cloth, net,
and bags.
1.1.1 Top Jute producing Country

 Bangladesh
 India
 China
 Nepal
 Thailand
 Myanmar
 Brazil
 Uzbekistan
 Vietnam etc.
These are the top ten jute producers in all over the World.
1.1.2 Properties
Jute is among the most long-lasting organic fibers. The long staple fiber has a low extensibility
and a high tensile strength. Quality is determined by its luster; the brighter it shines, the higher
1
the quality. It can also withstand heat and fire. Jute has biodegradable properties. Jute has
wonderful insulating and antistatic qualities, similarly as low thermal physical phenomenon in
conjunction with moderate wetness re-absorption rate. It has acoustic insulating characteristics
and is made without causing skin irritations. Jute accepts cellulosic dye classes like natural, vat,
sulfur, reactive, basic and pigment dyes and can be combined with various synthetic and natural
fibers. Jute and wool can also be combined. Jute's crimp, softness, pliability, and look are
improved by treating it with caustic soda, making it easier to spin with wool. When treated with
flame proofing chemicals, the liquid ammonia has similar work on it, with the added benefit of
boosting flame resistance.
1.1.3 Diversification
Jute has made inroads into a wide range of industries, where natural fibers are gradually
replacing synthetics. Paper, celluloid products, Wood, nonwoven textiles, composites and
geotextiles are among these industries. Consumers are increasingly appreciating the value of
diverse jute goods. Espadrilles, floor coverings, household textiles, high-performance
technological textiles, Geotextiles, composites, and other products are among them. Geotextiles
are more widely used in agriculture. It's a light-weave fabric composed of natural fibers which is
used for soil erosion management, seed protection, control Weed and a variety of other
agricultural and landscaping applications. The Geotextiles can be utilized for up to a year. The
biodegradable properties of jute Geotextile, when left to decompose on the ground, helps the
ground to be cool and productive. Jute floor coverings include woven, tufted, and piled carpets.
Nonwovens and composites made from jute can be used as underlay, linoleum substrate,
underlay and more. Jute is a versatile home textile that can be used to replace or blend with
cotton. It's a fiber that's robust, long-lasting, and color- and light-fast. Its properties like low
thermal insulation, UV protection, heat and sound insulation along with anti-static qualities make
it a smart home décor choice. Fabrics composed of jute fibers are also carbon-neutral and
naturally biodegradable. Jute has a wide range of byproducts that can be used in cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals, paints, and other items.
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1.2. Objectives of the project

The purpose is to examine, discuss and analyze the use of jute in structural and high-performance
applications, as well as to assess the limitations of this fiber. This project aims to:
 To learn about and accumulate knowledge about the advanced use of jute in structural
and high-performance applications.
 To discuss the construction method and the use of jute for various advanced applications.
 Analyze and discover the benefits and drawbacks of using jute in advanced and industrial
applications.
3
Final Year Project LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Production & Earnings

Bangladesh has 12.35 lacs acres in average land cultivation of jute. Average production of is
around 61 lacs bales which is around 1.09 million tons. Internal consumption of jute is in average
38 lac bales which is 0.68 million tons. Average export of raw jute is around 21 lac bales which
is around 0.37 million tons cost almost 1000 crores in Bangladeshi taka. There is 81 jute mills
under BJSA, 97 jute mills under BJMA and 27 jute mills under BJMC in Bangladesh. So, the
total number is 205. Total number of workers in those jute mills is around 1,56,549 and average
production of jute goods is 6,63,000 million tons. Average consumption of jute goods is 89,000
million tons and average exports goods is around 5,35,878 million tons which is cost almost
3139 crores. (BJMC, 2014)
2.2 History of Jute in Bangladesh

Golden fiber jute has a long and illustrious history. By virtue of identity, it once blossomed the
name of 'Bengal' globally, and it eventually became an intrinsic element of Bengali culture.
During 18th century, jute was used as a raw material for a variety of industries and factories in
Europe, Germany, Italy, America, France, Belgium, Austria and Russia also particularly in East
Bengal (now Bangladesh). Jute once served as an important link in a global trading network.
2.3 Jute in Ancient Times

Historical archives have shown several examples of jute's ancient use. The poor rural inhabitants
of India wore rougher jute clothing during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542–1605).
Furthermore, inhabitants in this area used homemade jute rope, twine, and macramé hangers,
among other things. Chinese papermakers have used practically all types of plants for
papermaking from ancient times, including hemp, silk, jute, cotton, and so on.
4
2.4 After Liberation

“After Bangladesh was liberated in 1971, the Bangladeshi government took over the maximum
number of Pakistani-owned jute mills. Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation was established later
to handle all Jute factories in Bangladesh (BJMC). The decrease in global markets and falling
real prices resulted in significant output cuts in China and Thailand, as well as a major decrease
in hectarages and numbers in Bangladesh. These effects were also more offset by a growth in
jute sacking use and production in India, where it has some legislative support, owing to
increased yield rates, though not dedicated to jute. Jute output in India really hasn't kept up with
rising need, and India becomes a significant importer of the fiber from Bangladesh. As a result, it
is apparent that Bangladesh remains the world's largest exporter of high-quality raw jute”.
(Mehadi Hasan Faisal, 2016)
2.5 Basic Jute Products

The most available and important products made from jute in Bangladesh mills are –
2.5.1 Geo-textile
It's a jute cloth used to reduce soil erosion along with landslides along river river banks and hill
pitches.
2.5.2 Canvas
It is one of the finest jute item, fashioned from the highest quality fibers. Jute canvas in
conjunction with screen lamination, similarly as paper polyethylene, ar ordinarily utilized in
mines and for weather protection.
2.5.3 Bags
Bags are often made of sacking or hessian textiles and are mostly used for shopping. They are
frequently embellished with a variety of creative motifs, as well as straps, chains, and handles of
5
various sizes and forms. Other types of bags include promotional bags, which are used to
promote products for sale.
2.5.4 Sacking Cloth

Loosely woven heavy cloth like sacking cloth is made from less quality jute fibers that is used to
load sugar, food grains, cement and other items. Twill, hefty Cees, Cement Bags, D.W Flour,
and other qualities are found in this category, containing 15 to 20 ozs.
2.5.5 Hessian Cloth

It's a premium quality plain woven jute cloth that weights between 5 and 12 ozs per yard.
Hessian cloth, in the shape of textiles, bags, and other items, is widely exported over the world.
This cloth, often known as burlap, is widely utilized in a variety of purposes.
2.5.6 Hessian tapes and gaps

They're made of hessian material that's been woven with spaces at periodically and then cut to
form narrow width taps.
2.5.7 Hydrocarbon free jute cloth

Jute is treated with vegetable oil to make this textile. It is a hydrocarbon-free hessian fabric that
is commonly used for packing various food products such as cocoa, coffee, and peanut beans.
2.5.8 Serim Cloth

It's a thin hessian material that's utilized in the felt business for enhancing non-woven fabrics and
laminating paper.
2.5.9 Decorative items

Jute fabrics are used in a wide range of ornamental products, including wall art, handicrafts,
lamps, newspapers, ornamental bags, upholstery, and more.
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2.5.10 D.W. Tarpaulin

This product is mostly utilized for covers that require a high level of multidimensionality.
2.5.11 Tobacco sheets

Tobacco sheets are constructed of hessian cloth and are used to wrap tobacco leaves.
2.6 Jute Statistics

Here are some statistics regarding jute in Bangladesh (Sadekin, 2020)
Table 2. 1: Year-wise jute mills Number in Bangladesh
Year No. of jute mills running

2017-18 22
2016-17 22
2015-16 22
2014-15 22
2013-14 22
2012-13 22
2011-12 18
2010-11 18
2009-10 16
2008-09 16
2007-08 18
2006-07 19
Source: Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation
7
Table 2. 2: Production area of Jute in Top jute producing countries (thousand hectares)
Year Bangladesh China India Myanmar Nepal Thailand

2017-18 715.33 11.50 746.68 1.26 8.01 0.57
2016-17 696.05 12.22 754 1.28 8.01 0.5

2015-16 664.89 13.44 742 1.29 8.64 0.6
2014-15 656.80 14.42 818 1.67 11.35 0.74
2013-14 665.74 17.10 837 1.02 11.30 1.0
2012-13 680 19.3 901 3.5 10.6 1.3
2011-12 620.2 19.3 905 8.2 10.6 1.4
2010-11 587 18.8 900 12.6 13.1 1.4
2009-10 485.8 24 773.7 9.6 11.7 1.3
2008-09 408.1 26.2 785.6 14.3 11.6 1.4
2007-08 500 33 952 20.4 11.7 1.2
2006-07 533.4 31 931 46.5 12 2.3
2005-06 466 31.1 931 41 12.2 3.1
2004-05 418 32 916 35.4 11.8 16.6
2003-04 499.8 41 1000 44.1 11.9 20.4
2002-03 436.2 56 1025 58.7 11.7 27.2
2001-02 519.6 52 986 53.5 11.3 19.2
2000-01 448 50 873 31 14.5 19.2
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization
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Table 2. 3: Production of Raw jute in Bangladesh
Year Export Export value

(in lakh bales) (in million tk)
2005-06 24.47 9772.70
2006-07 24.43 10162.00
2007-08 28.71 10334.00
2008-09 17.50 9210.00
2009-10 15.99 11308.40
2010-11 21.12 19067.60
2011-12 22.85 15406.60
2012-13 20.55 14364.60
2013-14 9.84 7060.40
2014-15 10.01 8167.40
2015-16 11.37 11748.50
2016-17 12.18 11875.30
2017-18 12.97 12255.50
2018-19 8.25 8590.50
Source: Department of jute, Bangladesh
9
Table 2. 4: Raw Jute Export by Bangladesh
FY Production (in lakh bales)

2018-19 73.15
2017-18 93.10
2016-17 88.99
2015-16 87.64
2014-15 75.01
2013-14 67.85
2012-13 75.72
2011-12 78.05
2010-11 78.02
2009-10 59.45
2008-09 51.72
2007-08 68.71
2006-07 65.91
2005-06 50.00
Source: Department of jute, Bangladesh
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Table 2. 5: Jute goods Production in Bangladesh from 2005-06 to 2018-19
FY Production (in lakh MT)

2005-06 6.75
2006-07 5.84
2007-08 6.51
2008-09 5.89
2009-10 6.95
2010-11 6.88
2011-12 7.14
2012-13 9.77
2013-14 9.83
2014-15 8.65
2015-16 9.63
2016-17 9.83
2017-18 10.29
2018-19 9.38
Source: Department of Jute, Bangladesh
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Table 2. 6: Jute goods Production in Bangladesh by (in thousand MT)
Year Hessian Sacking Carpet backing Others Total

2007-08 24.60 82.48 9.70 5.76 122.54
2008-09 19.78 80.60 5.90 1.61 107.89
2009-10 25.30 101.73 9.87 6.73 143.63
2010-11 32.24 111.47 11.97 10.59 166.27
2011-12 35.01 119.92 10.36 11.11 176.40
2012-13 34.67 133.69 6.96 16.08 191.40
2013-14 27.78 118.70 6.64 14.06 167.18
2014-15 23.59 52.05 8.18 12.07 95.89
2015-16 25.88 62.91 10.61 11.11 110.51
2016-17 26.38 93.32 10.78 10.25 140.73
2017-18 24.30 91.63 8.25 7.90 132.08
Source: Statistical Pocket Book Bangladesh, 2018-BBS
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Table 2.7: Export of jute made goods by Bangladesh
Year Export (in lakh MT) Export value (in crore tk)
2005-06 4.95 2024.10
2006-07 4.71 2215.30
2007-08 5.34 2526.70
2008-09 4.82 2050.00
2009-10 5.77 3963.54
2010-11 4.79 4569.42
2011-12 6.69 5174.00
2012-13 8.68 6162.62
2013-14 8.08 5224.21
2014-15 8.18 5602.16
2015-16 8.25 6240.00
2016-17 8.04 6430.60
2017-18 8.27 6801.57
2018-19 7.30 5220.85
Source: Department of Jute, Bangladesh
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Final Year Project MATERIAL AND METHODS
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our main materials used here is jute and jute made products & innovations like jute Geotextile
and Jute Nonwovens. The method we used here is to research about all modification of jute by
using chemical, physical & structural changes and its application on Different sector like
Automobile Sector, Road Construction, Facilitators in Drainage, Control Topsoil erosion,
Replacement of Synthetic Fiber, Alternative of Woods, Thermal Insulation, Manufacture Fishing
Boats, Riverbank Protection Etc.
3.1 Introduction
Jute Geotextile in short JGT is a diversified product which is very important. ‘Geo’ means that
earth and also the ‘textile’ means cloth. Jute is now one of the most popular natural fiber used for
Geotextile. As Bangladesh is one of the biggest producer of jute so it has great potential to export
geotextile and dominate in the world market. However, the majority of jute producer industries
are exporting raw jute, jute yarns, and jute packaging which is less profitable rather than
Exporting Geo-jute by the same raw materials with recommendable value addition might ensure
export earnings by several times.
It can be useful in many things like –

• Agriculture
• Civil engineering
• Soil erosion control
• Road pavement construction
• Protection of river banks etc.
Worldwide study states that jute Geotextile is being made from different chemicals and its large
scale of efficiency. Because of its biodegradability, Eco-friendly nature its helps to regrowth the
vegetables by create an environment of moderate humidity and permeability. There are many
advantages of jute Geotextiles. They are-
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• Huge moisture absorbing capacity

• Flexible
• Well drainage properties
• Environment Friendly
• Abundant in nature
• Low cost in compared to synthetic Geotextiles
• Biodegradable
• Ease of Installation
• High Moisture Retention Capacity
• High Drapability
Jute Geotextiles are divided in two parts -

1. Woven
2. Non-woven
3.1.1 Chemical Composition

Jute is a lignocellulosic plant that consists primarily of carbohydrates and lignin. They do,
however, contain a lot of small components like pectin inorganic ions, nitrogen containing
substance, coloring mater, wax, and so on.
“The amount of Cellulose in C.capsularis (White) jute is 60 – 63%, Lignin 12 -13 %,

Hemicellulose 21 -24%, Fats & Waxes 0.4 – 1.0%, Proteins or nitrogenous matter etc. 0.8 -
1.87% , Pectins 0.2 – 0.5%, Mineral matter (Ash) 0.7 – 1.2% and in C.olitorius (Tossa) jute is 58
– 59%, Lignin 13 – 14%, Hemicellulose 22 - 25%, Fats and waxes 0.4 - 0.9%, Proteins or
nitrogenous matter etc. 0.8 - 1.56%, Pectins 0.2 - 0.5, Mineral matter (Ash) 0.5 – 1.2%. in both
of the jute, Glucosan (55.0–59.0 percent), xylan (1.8–3.0 percent), and polyuronide (0.8–1.4
percent) are the main components of jute-cellulose. Xylan or pentosan (15.5-16.5 percent),
hexosan (2.0–4.0 percent), polyuronide (3.0–5.0 percent), and acetyl content are all major
elements of jute-hemicellulose (3.0-3.8 percent)” (S.K. Ghosh, 2014)
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3.1.2 Physical Structure

The retting method extracts jute fiber from the parental plant's bast, resulting in a long mesh of
linking threads known as jute reeds. The average length of a jute reed is 6 to 15 feet. Jute fiber
yield is typically around 6% based on the weight of the stem from which it is obtained. Jute reed
has a smaller top than the base. In a ticketing equipment, the reeds are sliced open into piece
strands known as spinner's fiber. Jute fiber is made up of 5 to 30 polygonal blocks (ultimate
cells), each with a central lumen, main primary cell wall, along with a middle lamella. The length
of the final cells of jute fiber spans from 0.75 to 6.0 mm, while the diameter ranges from 0.0051
to 0.0254 mm. Because jute fibers, or filaments, have a varying number of cells, the value
systems for filament hardness within a sample might vary greatly. Jute's meshiness is another
disadvantage. Meshes are slowly split apart during the production process to produce spinner's
fiber or sole jute strand of varying lengths, with a maximum filament length of roughly 30 cm in
a jute yarn. Jute fiber has an active surface area of roughly 1000 cm2/ml, as determined by air-
flow method. Jute fiber has a higher moisture recapture value than cotton, with a moisture regain
value of roughly 13.75 percent at 70 percent relative humidity compared to 8 percent or so for
cotton. The existence of hemicellulose in jute has been attributed to this. The transverse
expansion of jute fiber in water is around 23 percent in diameter, and it increases significantly
when lignin or hemicellulose is removed. They follow a decreasing pattern with increases in
relative humidity of up to 70%. Jute's degree of crystallinity is said to be reduced as a result of
moisture absorption. Jute is chemically decreasing in nature, in addition to being moderately
acidic. Jute has a copper number that ranges from 1.5 to 4. Due to the effect of lignin, jute is
slightly more resistive to acid action than cotton and ramie. Mild alkalis, like, ammonia, soda ash,
borax, ammonia and others, in a freezing aqueous solution, give jute a reddish red color with
almost minimal weight loss. When jute is cooked with a medium (ten percent) grade aqueous
soda ash mixture, however, it loses weight (approximately 10%) (Ghosh, 2014)
3.1.3 Mechanical Properties

Jute fiber becomes one of the most significant fibers used in the manufacture of bio-composites
along with bio-plastics. Many studies have been done on the mechanical qualities of jute fiber,
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that have appropriate mechanical characteristics like specific strength, and modulus, allowing it
to be used in a variety of applications. Synthetic fibers have been discovered to improve the
mechanical characteristics of jute-based composites. These hybrid composites outperformed bio-
composites comprised of jute fiber in terms of results and mechanical qualities. Two or more
organic and synthetic fibers are combined with a matrix fill material hybrid composites.
Synthetic fiber helps to compensate for the drawbacks of natural fibers by improving mechanical
qualities and lowering costs. Mechanical qualities are influenced by a variety of parameters,
among the most important of which is the composite fiber length. The critical fiber length is vital
for superior mechanical qualities, stress transfer, and fiber/matrix compatibility. When it comes
to carrying the most weight, fiber length is crucial. Fiber lengths that exceed the critical length
cause in poor fiber/matrix adherence and stress transfer, resulting in fiber failure and premature
fracture. In compared to short fibers, composites with longer fiber lengths were found to be
stronger. Short fibers were heterogeneously scattered, whereas longer fibers were
homogeneously disseminated. Short fibers' tips or ends act as stress concentrators, resulting in
inadequate stress and deformation from matrix to fibers. Controlling fiber sequence and
aggregation are two problems that short fibers have. Flexural, tensile, and tensile strengths are all
improved in a jute hybrid composite. The fiber and matrix mechanical interlocking was found to
be superior in the composite. The inclusion of glass fiber increased the mechanical qualities. The
mechanical characteristics of the jute/glass ﬁber composites were improved further using an
ultraviolet radiation method. The inclusion of glass fiber resulted in significant increases in
mechanical qualities. With the inclusion of glass fiber, mechanical parameters such as tensile,
strength of concrete and interfacial shear improved significantly. This hybrid composite was
shown to be more moisture resistant. Because jute fiber is hydrophilic by nature, it is difficult to
improve mechanical qualities. Low fiber matrix adhesion, fire protection, and heat deterioration
all contribute to jute fiber's low mechanical characteristics. After water penetration, mechanical
qualities such as flexural and compressive strengths were drastically reduced. Many base
treatment strategies for improving the mechanical characteristics of jute fibers have been
published in the literature. (Ashraf, 2019)
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3.2 Mechanical properties of different jute-based composites

Here are some jute composites and their Mechanical Characteristics (Muhammad Ahsan Ashraf,
2019)
3.2.1 Polyester Resin by Jute Reinforcement

Untreated jute composite has tensile strength 12.61 MPa, elongation at break 20.96 percent, and
Young's modulus 84.63 MPa, accordingly.
3.2.2 Jute/fibers reinforced epoxy composite

When compared to untreated fibers composite, treated fibers had increased flexural, effect,
tensile, and compressive hardness.
3.2.3 Jute/Epoxy glass composite

Due to superior stress transfer, the jute/E-glass composite had a higher tensile strength than the
pure jute-based composite. Jute fibers improved toughness while lowering brittleness. Epoxy
glass, on the other hand, improved erosion wear characteristics.
3.2.4 Jute/glass epoxy composite

The amount of glass fiber in the mixture raised the hardness levels. Glass fibers have a
significant toughness, which increases the composite's toughness. The improvement in glass
fiber mixture resulted in an improvement in tensile strength. Natural fibers improved the
degradability of the product. Brittleness was increased by adding glass fibers.
3.2.5 Jute reinforced epoxy composite

The untreated jute fiber epoxy derivative had tensile and flexural strengths of 46.7 and 62.4 MPa,
in both.
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3.2.6 Jute fiber/polypropylene composite

Tensile strength decreased as jute fiber content rose, increasing the size of the fiber/matrix
interfaces, however tensile modulus improved significantly due to micro gaps obstructing stress
transmission. Up to 30% fiber loading increases flexural force and modulus. As more pressure is
needed to draw out fibers up to 30 percent of jute material, impact strength shows a rising trend.
3.2.7 Polylactide and jute composite
Raw jute/polylactide tensile modulus, tensile strength, Izod contact strength, flexural power, and
modulus were, 5.3 GPa, 158 MPa, 60 KJ/m2,180 MPa, and 10.5 GPa, accordingly. Because to
the fiber draw out process, untreated specimens demonstrated higher Izod contact strength and
thermal longevity. Fragmented fibers in the treated samples required less power than the pull-out
process.
3.2.8 Jute/glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite

The mechanical characteristics of the composite improved as the glass fiber content rose. The
tensile strength of the composites with 64 percent epoxy resin, 18 percent jute fibers, and 19
percent glass fiber was improved, while the flexural strength remained same. Increased jute
content resulted in faster mass loss and more moisture absorption.
3.2.9 Reinforced jute Fiber with epoxy and polyester matrices

Due to superior pressure allocation and fiber/matrix adhesion, jute epoxy composite has greater
tensile and flexural strength along with tensile modulus.
3.2.10 Glass/jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite

The tensile strength of the jute–glass fiber composites was 63 MPa, and the flexural load was
1.03 KN.
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3.2.11 Jute/epoxy
Due to greater fiber/matrix adhesion and greater interlock properties such as hardness, contact
strength, and tensile power increased as jute fiber content rose. The addition of fibers raises the
composite's modulus, improving its overall hardness.
3.3 Jute Geotextile Characteristics

Jute has significant potential qualities in the field of engineering structures, according to a
number of studies, including the International Jute Study Group (IJSG). The main findings in
relation to geotextiles features can be described as follows: Geojute is the optimum erosion
control substance for soil slopes even under climatic circumstances since it is woven from
heavyweight and coarse jute yarn and has a large open mesh structure. Geojute is an eco-friendly,
biodegradable, and disintegrating natural fiber that contributes to the soil's rich organic resources.
It has no impurities to run down into surface and groundwater or disrupt the natural system
because it is free of poisons and plasticizers. Its unusual mesh architecture allows for more room
for seedlings to develop and light to pass through between the strands, and its rainwater
absorbing capacity preserves soil moisture while also anchoring soil firmly. Throughout flow of
water, every strand of geojute produces a mini-dam that retains seeds and soil particles while
reducing run-off velocities, creating a microenvironment that encourages germinating seeds and
vegetation development to save soil. It will not be simply lifted by breeze or running water
because it weighs 500 gsm or over. It's versatile enough just to follow any substrate curve
(drapeability). For usage as a soil collector, any type of grass or grasses that fits the site and
weather conditions can be used. All regular development and construction details can be used in
conjunction with Geo-jute. Existing jute mills can produce jute geotextiles with little or no
machinery adjustments or expansions, and they are cost effective. Jute mills can easily create
large quantities of these items on a large scale, and they can be customized in terms of JGT
design for various purposes. To retain innovation viability, civil engineering projects would
benefit from increased performance and/or lower prices.
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3.3.1 Potential Applications of JGT

According to reports, JGT is utilized in a variety of engineering and construction applications as
an impervious sheet (synthetic coated nonwoven) to minimize backflow behind architectural
defenses such as concrete blocks, stores, cement, and so on. JGT, in the manner of penetrable
filter cloth allows for seepage while preventing soil loss in behind architectural defense of
concrete blocks, stone, gabions, and other barriers. Reinforced fabrics protect plants while also
strengthening soil (reinforcement) and blocks (cables). JGT has made a significant contribution
to the safety of slopes in earthy embankment dams, hill hillsides, and granular material deposits
and heaps such as fly ash in thermal power stations. Aside from that, JGT offers a lot of promise
for stabilizing embankments and controlling erosion on riverbanks, waterways, and canals,
among other things. JGT plays a critical role in the development of rural roads and pavements, as
well as the control of railway line subsidence. Jute Geotextile is frequently used in the building
of hidden drains, particularly on mountainous roads. Pre-Fabricated Vertical Jute Drains (PVJD)
are becoming increasingly popular for consolidating any type of soft soil. JGT also manages
watersheds and works to avoid the deforestation of arid and semi-arid territories. Agriculture,
horticulture, and forestry are some of the other industries that can benefit from JGT. Sun screens,
tree nets, breeze shields, cultivation nets, field-nets for securing crop from animals, weed
management and better safety, files on seed gardens, soil protection, advancement of forest areas
in semi-arid locations, childcare centre pots and nets, nursery drop and other jute fabrics are now
broadly used in the farmland, gardening, and forestry sectors. However, the possibility of JGT in
geo-environmental uses in Bangladesh is still untapped. In urban sectors, one such field is
disposal cover with JGT's nonwoven variation. Because of its recyclability and appropriateness
for end-use criteria, JGT has an advantage over its man-made version in geo-environmental
systems.
3.4 Types of JGT

Organic, manmade or a combination of the both fibers are used to create geotextiles. Geotextiles
made from natural resources include jute, wood, sisal, coir or shavings, and paper. Open weave
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JGT, also known as Soil Saver, Woven JGT, and Nonwoven JGT are the three forms of JGT that
can be classified based on fabric properties and shape.
3.4.1 Open Weave JGT

Ground soil erosion, slope stability, and embankment stabilization have all been done with the
first category for long. For soil erosion management, the Jute Industry typically produces three
major types of open weave JGT with weight per unit area of 200, 500 and 750 gsm. Open weave
JGT is a piece of woven fabric made by interlacing thick warp and weft jute roves arranged at
right angles to each other on a traditional jute loom with pore sizes of 20mm x 25mm.
3.4.2 Woven JGT

The second kind (woven JGT) has proven to be successful in the sorting, purification, draining,
and initial reinforcing functions. Woven JGT is a material made in a similar fashion by
interlacing warp and weft jute strands set at right angles to each other on a traditional shuttle jute
frame. According to end-use needs, the jute industry typically manufactures different broad
categories of woven JGT varying around 600 gsm to 1200 gsm. Woven JGT has a lot of potential,
but it hasn't been fully realized yet. Fabrics with different tensile strengths and apparent opening
sizes (AOS) can be made to satisfy site-specific requirements.
3.4.3 Nonwoven JGT

It has a low tensile strength, is mostly utilized for drainage and is occasionally combined with
the second type to take use of the two types' dominant physical qualities. Natural fiber plays only
2% part in nonwovens when it comes to synthetic fiber use. However, due of its low cost,
accessibility of availability, and biodegradability, it has a lot of potential for usage. It can also be
used as a geotextile for soil erosion management. Effectiveness, security, organic image,
durability, precise mechanisms (wet tensile strength), degradation rate, absorption, and finally
low price and easily available and regenerative source are all reasons for choosing jute fibers for
nonwovens. Jute fibers can be chemically, mechanically or perhaps both chemically and
mechanically linked. Nonwoven fabric production is such a well technology for generating a
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straight sheet of fabric using carded fiber-web even without requirement for yarn creation,
spinning, Knitting, weaving as is the case with most woven or knitted textile goods. Needle
punching is now the most versatile way of creating nonwovens and it is broadly applied in the
textile and allied industries. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in product
design and manufacturing technology for increased needles punched synthetic nonwoven
materials, which are particularly ideal for usage in geotextiles, automotive textiles, filter fabrics
and agro textiles. However, when it comes to environmental concerns, the disposability of
synthetic nonwovens is a major worry. Being a result, jute, as an organic, recyclable fiber, can be
considered an effective contender for developing and making various nonwoven products for
various of applications. The above-mentioned main functional products necessitate some unique
structural and functional properties, that can be accomplished by carefully selecting appropriate
raw material quality, processing conditions, and design to achieve such as fabric density area,
bulk density, depth, and machine parameters such as needle type and parameters, smash density,
and needle surface, among others. Some of these are concerned with the investigation of the
structural system behavior of needle punched nonwoven materials in order to achieve the most
appropriate functional characteristics through fabric designing by varying product design,
product specifications, raw material performance, and machine related characteristics.
3.5 Present scenery of jute Geotextile in Bangladesh

Jute Geotextiles Global demand is quite high and factories are not able to produce that much.
The majority of export-oriented jute mills are very busy and working hard for producing and
exporting jute yarns and packaging materials made from it. They can earn several times more
money by exporting jute geo-textile rather than using the same quantity of raw materials, labors
and investment. “Bangladesh provides virtually ninetieth of the world’s raw jute. Raw jute
exported between 300,000 to 350,000 tons every year. In the past few years, the availability of
jute fiber in Bangladesh has about 750,000 to 850,000 tons. Around 300,000 tons are exported
and almost 45,000 tons are consumed in village, leaving around 500,000 tons for the usage in
national mills. Bangladesh uses around 100,000 tons of jute items every year. Consumption has
steadily grossed throughout the years, reaching 30,000 tons in 1970, 40,000 tons in 1980, 50,000
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tons in 1990 and 80,000 tons in 2000. By 2010, a little more than 120,000 tons would be
expected to possibility. Bangladesh sells a large quantity of jute products to the international
market. In recent years, the amount of jute goods exported has been more than in other countries
and it is going huge day by day.” (Textile Today, 2010)
3.6 Strategy for Jute Geotextile in Bangladesh

1. The farmers have to cultivate more land for jute because the supply should be always available
because if the supply is less than demand than the companies will buy from other alternative
sources.
2. As the foreign exporters and buyer will make more profit by jute geotextile so they will buy it
in high price no matter what obstacle comes. And the technology were weak and limited before
but in this modern era the market is huge and anyone can buy jute geotextile direct from the
owner or farmers. Along with modern technology and social media advertising, marketing,
promotional activities the market will be large day by day.
3. The entrepreneurs must follow up and take advantage of this market. Also the factory owners
and distributor must show interest to produce jute geotextile as it is a profitable sector and in
future it will become one of the main export goods of Bangladesh.
4. The government must show interest and take necessary steps to make this sector stable and
make jute the golden crops once again.
The worldwide geotextiles market is growing rapidly. According to a recent report by Tata
Economic Consultancy Services, the worldwide geotextile business is predicted to grow at a
range of ten to fifteen percent each year. Despite the fact that the expected pace of growth
appears to be optimistic, the worldwide geotextile industry offers tremendous potential
development. Man-made geotextiles now account for 95% of total global use, compared to only
1% for JGT. Jute, once known as the "golden fiber," has been relegated to the status of "gunny
sacks" in popular culture. Because the use of jute in packing, home decoration, and other
applications is well-known, the usage of jute in geotextiles is relatively untapped, despite the fact
that it can provide potential advantages to the indigenous industry along with agro economy and
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the environment. Jute's conventional market is being squeezed as synthetic fibers consisting of
polypropylene, polyamides, and other hydrocarbon chemical derivatives enter the market. As a
result, the Jute industry can only be restored by diversifying its uses. The usage of jute geotextile
could be one of the promising areas to resuscitate the jute industry as a whole, out of all the
possible uses of jute. As a result, greater jute demand will assist to alleviate poverty in jute-
growing aspects and improve the standard of living of farmworkers. So its adaptability is only
now becoming apparent as the world waits for this natural golden fiber to emerge as the
appropriate option for modern civil engineering projects such as roads, railway lines, soil erosion
etc.
3.7 Jute Nonwoven

3.7.1 Manufacturing Methods
Nonwovens made from jute fibers can be made using stitch-bonding, hot calendaring, needle
punching, thermal bonding, oven bond formation, hydro entanglement, and other processes.
Here's a quick rundown of each process and its associated product attributes. Because there is no
crimp in raw jute fibers, they do not make good quality fabric[5]. To achieve crimp, the jute
fibers must be treated with an 18 percent (w/v) sodium hydroxide mixture at 30°C while
maintaining a booze ratio of 10:1. The jute fibers should be rinsed thoroughly in flowing water
and processed with 1% acetic acid after 45 minutes of soaking. The fibers were washed once
more and then air dried for 24 hours. This procedure adds around 2 crimps per cm and leads in a
9.5 percent weight drop. Woollensation of jute fiber is the term for this technique.” (Maity, 2012)
3.7.2 Needle Punching

Needle-punched nonwoven system can be regarded as a cutting-edge technology and one of the
most promising solutions for the jute industry. Because of its high productivity and low labour
component of the manufacturing cost, needle-punched nonwoven innovation appears to be
particularly suited to the jute sector. Furthermore, this provides a means of diversifying into a
variety of value-added products, which would yield higher returns to the company even if waste
fibers were used. Jute needle-punched nonwoven material production is now reduced to just few
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thousand tons of stitched felts, which are mostly utilized for packing, cushioning, and carpet
underlayment. As a result, a large portion of jute needle-punched nonwoven 's product remains
unexplored. Needle punching is a mechanical bonding method for fibrous fleeces. By
reciprocating barbed needles across a rolling batt of fibers in a needle loom, the fibers are
mechanically intertwined to make a fabric. In theory, while the fibrous fleece travels under the
needles, a board containing a multitude of barbed needles is reciprocated at fast speeds. It's
common to need to needle the fleece from both sides, which can be done by running it into the
machine twice and turning it over among the first and second passes, or by utilizing a device
with two needle board, the first hitting downwards and the second hitting upwards. Many needle-
punched non-wovens are made with a scrim support layer to support the fleece and, more
importantly, to improve the end product's stability and strength. From 300 gsm to 3000 gsm, the
needle punching method is ideal for producing medium and heavy weight nonwovens.
3.7.3 Stitch-bonding
Stitch bonded fabric is described as a fabric in which yarns, fibers, fibers and a ground fabric or
fibers and yarns are held together by extra yarns after stitching or knitting. Nonwovens can be
made from 100% jute fleeces that have been stitch bonded with extra yarns. These nonwovens
have a higher gsm range, ranging from 150 to 500. Lighter gsm can be achieved by incorporating
a fraction of synthetic fibers into the jute blend. Because of the lower % yarn content, jute or jute
blend Nonwovens would be more cost effective. It is possible to manufacture jute Nonwovens
with a wide range of qualities by carefully selecting synthetic fiber types and proportion, stitch
thickness, yarn type, and following thermal treatment. The stitch style and yarn colors employed
can help add design and pattern to the finished products.
3.7.4 Thermal Bonding

It is a nonwovens manufacturing technique in which a web of thermoplastic along with non-
thermoplastic fibers is created, heated to the constituent thermoplastic fibers' melting or
softening temperature, and then cooled to solidify the bonded area. This approach successfully
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created nonwoven fabric from a combination of jute and synthetic fibers. Thermal bound jute-
nonwovens are available in a wide variety of gsms, from 50 gsm to 300 gsm.
3.7.5 Hydro-entanglement
The process of connecting fibers in a web with high-velocity water jets is known as hydro-
entangling. The interaction of electrified water with web fibers and the supporting surface
enhances fiber entanglement and causes web fiber segment dislocation and reorganization. 100
percent jute fleeces measuring 100 gsm or less did not reply well to the hydro-entanglement
procedure or produced poor outcomes, according to the findings. However, as the fleece weight
climbed from 75 gsm to 200 gsm, hydro-entanglement has become more efficient. A 100% rise
in fabric weight resulted in a four-fold improvement in fabric strength.
3.7.6 Adhesive Bonding

A binder is utilized as an adhesive ingredient to hold the fibers in a nonwoven construction
together in this procedure. In such fabrics, the binder is the most important component. The
binder can be applied as a liquid or as a solid. The type of binder to employ will be determined
by the fibers to be chosen and the fabric's intended usage. Commercially, emulsion-type binder
methods are by far the most effective. Natural rubber, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate and
other binders are used in the form of aqueous emulsification.
3.8 Applications of Jute-nonwovens

The latest non-woven innovations that have been developed in recent years allow for the
manufacture of useful and unique materials at rates that are significantly faster than those
possible with traditional methods. Furthermore, nonwoven processes offer higher particular
qualities to the end product that cannot be obtained through weaving or knitting. Nonwovens
emerging markets in a variety of home, corporate, and scientific end-use applications due to their
unique features and cheaper manufacturing costs.
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3.8.1 Applications in Automobiles

Jute-nonwovens have recently become popular in the automotive industry. The following are the
primary factors influencing the continued usage of jute-nonwovens in this industry.
• Weight reduction of ten to thirty percent in comparable parts.
• Excellent mechanical properties
• The ability to produce composites with just one machine pass.
• Strong impact resistance, with good stability and low splintering.
• There are not any health risks related to handling.
• When exposed to heat, no harmful gases are released.
• Raw material resource that is both sustainable and renewable.
• Superior environmental balance during the usage of materials and energy.
• Possibility of recycling
• Cost efficient compared to other alternatives.
Jute-nonwovens and their composites are being utilized to make door liners, parcel shelves, boot
liners and other items. These products are also used to make floor carpets and interior décor.
3.8.2 Substrate of Composite

Needle-punched nonwovens could be a good way to reinforce jute-based composites. Jute
needle-punched nonwoven oriented composite materials have been effectively used to make
table tops, chairs, wash basins, tool boxes, signal casings, serving trays, rain pipes, corrugated
sheet, fan blades, speaker boxes, and country boats. Decorations, furnishing, bags, soft baggage,
apron, cap, gloves, file cover, handcraft goods, and so on may all be done with jute-based
needled fabric.
3.8.3 Filter Media

Jute needle-punched nonwovens with proper design can be utilized as filter media. These needle-
punched nonwovens are ideal for textile, tobacco dust, paper shreds, wood flour and other coarse
and moderate filtering applications.
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3.8.4 Water Proofing

It's employed in geotechnical and water proof applications. It was discovered that a 1:1 ratio of
jute: jute caddies (unspin) was effective for water proofing operations.
3.8.5 Geotextiles
Today, appropriately designed jute nonwovens are employed in erosion management in highway
dam and cut slops, ground separation functions, river bank protection, road filtration, and
strengthening applications in short term unpaved roads, among other applications. Jute, as an
environmentally friendly fiber, has a high compatibility with ground, and jute needle-punched
nonwovens decompose after a few months, assisting in soil stabilization, cake development, and
plant growth. Currently, the use of jute synthetic mixed fabrics in geotextiles may have a long-
term influence.
3.8.6 Acoustic Insulation

As a sound absorbing medium, decorative jute nonwoven or sandwich mixed synthetic and jute
nonwoven can be employed successfully. The porous surface is responsible for the sound
absorption and robustness of needle-punched nonwoven goods. It can be utilized as a wrapper
for a sound source or as a reverberation reducer in the wall. Natural fibers were blended with
polyester and polypropylene polyester to create carded nonwoven floor coverings for sound
absorption in automobile interiors.
3.8.7 Thermal Insulation Medium

Jute nonwoven can be utilized as an excellent thermal insulation material. Thermal insulation is
provided by a strong and porosity jute needle-punched nonwoven that contains uniformly
dispersed void or air. Furthermore, jute's heat conductivity is extremely low. Due to the increase
in mass, using woollenised jute increases this characteristic. It can also be used as a filler in
warm garments such as coats, in addition to its industrial usage.
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3.8.8 Floor Covering

Punched with a needle In the field of floor shield and carpeting, jute/jute blended nonwoven
fabric is being used successfully. Jute mixed needle-punched nonwovens using the sandwich mix
technique meld both the functional and aesthetic parameters needed in such components and are
significantly less expensive than woolen components, which is the main benefit, but while jute
products conduct slightly worse than woolen products in terms of performance. In such
circumstances, weaved sacking or hessian fabric is shown on the backside for strength, and
coarser denier polyester fiber is utilized on top for aesthetic value and smoothness, with a thick
coating of jute fiber that between for resiliency.
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Final Year Project RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Results
High Performance of Jute Geotextiles results in –
 Automobile Sector
 Road Construction
 Facilitators in Drainage
 Control Topsoil erosion
 Replacement of Synthetic Fiber
 Alternative of Woods
 Thermal Insulation
 Manufacture Fishing Boats
 Riverbank Protection Etc.
4.2. Discussion
4.2.1 Jute in Automobile Sector
As jute's cost is low and its weight is light, composite designers believe jute to be particularly
useful in the vehicle sector. Some car manufacturers rely heavily on jute to build crucial sections
of their vehicles. Jute is a much better option for this type of sector because the globe is moving
toward eco-friendly and recycling products and components. A French business wants to
establish a joint venture in Bangladesh to manufacture jute composite car interior parts and
components.
Bangladesh, according to Karim Behlouli, chief executive officer of NATUP, is one of the finest
options for buying affordable, high-quality jute in large quantities. NATUP is a well-known
French firm situated in Normandy. The company produces a variety of interior pieces, like dash-
boards and door panels and it buys about 1,400 tons of jute every year. Every year, the global
automobile requires up to 100,000 tons of natural fibers, with Bangladesh providing 10,000 to
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12,000 tons of that need. From that we can state that, Bangladesh maybe able to a huge supplier
of jute in the world market and can dominate like Big Bull. Because of its light weight it will
reduce the weight of car and vehicles components almost 10 to 30 percent according to its usage,
as a result the vehicles become less weight and the use of fuels becomes automatically falls down,
which maintains the balance of the environment as “green” cars. (The Daily Star, 2022)
Figure 4. 1: Car made from Jute
The price of Flax is 1.1 and jute is 1 Euro per kilo. As the usage of fiberglass is reduced because
its not recycled and also the high price of flax is the reason of the maximus use of jute in
worldwide. In a vehicle jute can be used in doors panel, spare tires and hat racks. The important
thing is that the raw materials cost and availability is the main concern of the companies in the
world who wants to create Green, Eco-friendly products and cars. And in this context,
Bangladesh can be the lucky assets to them as Bangladesh produces jutes the golden fiber in a
large quantity. Some mechanical and structural changes can be make the price of jute very high
and this golden fibers will be produce gold once again in this country because jute and jute based
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products has huge demand in Europe and America, China along with the West (Jagonews24.com,
2016)
Bangladesh began supplying jute to well-known vehicle brands such as BMW, Toyota, Audi,
Mercedes and Volvo in the early of this century. This country's jute is regarded for its superior
fiber quality. In next few years Bangladesh may produce almost seven to nine billion dollars of
jute to the world market. (Fashionating World, 2018)
Racing Car made from Jute

A group of students from Bangladesh's Khulna University of Engineering and Technology
created a working prototype Formula One racing car using jute fiber technology. This is the
world's first jute-fiber racing automobile. The new vehicle is being praised asas a watershed
moment in Bangladesh's automobile sector by experts. "Kiloflight Alpha" was the car's name.
The automobile was made from an environmentally friendly jute fiber composite. The
automobile has a top speed of 162 kilometers per hour. The squad competed in an online contest
called Formula Student UK. The Kuet team spent three years perfecting the car before presenting
it at the event. The team was the only one from Bangladesh to compete in the event, which
featured 64 countries.
Figure 4. 2: Racing Car Made From Jute
33
4.2.2 Road Construction

Bangladesh's Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) along with Roads and
Highways Department (RHD) are the organizations that make field experiments in rural road
development possible. The feasibility of deploying JGT in 14 rural road sites around the country
with diverse soil conditions was investigated. Six of these sites have finally been chosen for field
trails. It is not uncommon to see JGT used for road paving. However, when compared to other
options, its application is limited. JGT has grown in popularity in Bangladesh and India in recent
years. Jute geotextiles are becoming more popular as a cost-effective and environmentally
friendly alternative to synthetic geotextiles. (Abdul Jabbar Khan, 2014)
 Rohitpur -Turag - Bourvita Road, Keranigonj

 Circular Road, Savar Cantonment, Savar
 Southpara - Kandapara Rural Road, Bancharampur Brahmanbaria
 Tezkhali up – Titas river Ghat Road, Bishnurampur, Brahmanbaria
 Noabenki Garazehat Road, Shamnagar, Satkhira
 Mithapur Bazar Road - Lahuria Saibor, Lohagora, Narail
The results of three case studies including a total of 5.0 kilometers of rural road sections
upgraded with JGT have been presented. The insertion of jute geotextiles resulted in an increase
in CBR value, showing that the subgrade soil is improving with time. By the passing time, the
price of subgrade CBR is likely to improve even more. As a result, JGT is an effective material
for reinforcing weak subgrades. The pavement thickness might be successfully lowered if the
CBR value is obtained to seven times or over than that of the non-JGT subsoil ground. It should
be highlighted that JGT's shorter effective life than geosynthetics is not a disadvantage in the
sense that it performs its function before degrading. JGT could be a viable material for road
construction due to its adaptability, availability, and environmental friendliness.
34
One of the most typical applications for geo-textile materials is short term and rural uneven road
building, and activity on them is well recognized. The idea of their utilization is that an unpaved
road may be formed by laying a geo-textile among the aggregates fill. and the poor subgrade soil.
 Create such a physical barricade to prevent the aggregate and subgrade soil from mixing.
 Provide reinforcements on the ground.
 Assists in the support of the membrane.
 Provide enough fiction to keep the aggregate from slipping to the side.
 Enhance the condition of rural roads.
 Increase the road's lifespan.
 Repair costs are reduced.
 Natural climatic disasters such as floods and monsoons are not a problem.
 Natural geotextiles, such as jute geotextiles, aid in eco-system balance.
4.2.3 Facilitator in Drainage

Consolidation settling of clayey, saline, and muddy soil causes major challenges for building
engineers in foundation engineering. The use of several types of drains, such as wick drainage,
lateral, cardboard, wick drainage, prefabricated and the newly developed banana drain, allows
for faster release of pore water pressure. (Kiron, 2021)
Applications
 In an earth dam, as a chimney drain.
 In an earth dam, as a drainage gallery.
 As a horizontal flow drainage inceptor.
 Underneath a surcharge fill, as a drainage blanket.
 Underneath railroad ballast, as a drain.
 Unpaved roads have aggregate beneath them.
 Earth dams and embankment fills need to be reinforced.
 Repairing landslides and slope failures.
 Mattresses for filling over soft soils are constructed.
35
 Retaining walls allow water to drain.

 Water drainage beneath the foundations of buildings.
4.2.4 JGT Controlling Topsoil erosion

In Bangladesh, one of the really typical problems is the failure of road side slopes, hill slopes,
river banks, and other structures due to erosion. To avoid soil erosion, a variety of techniques
have been implemented. Traditional methods of slope protection are costly and, in some cases,
ineffective due to design and construction flaws. The use of jute geotextile as a soil erosion
controller technology is an option. The effects of a JGT on soil degradation on a slope were
studied. The effectiveness of various forms of JGT under varied slope circumstances still needs
to be investigated. JGT is at controlling erosion on both mild and steep slopes successfully. In
Bangladesh, jute geotextile provides a cost-effective and long-term option for protecting slopes
from rain-cut erosion. (Hossain, 2018)
Erosion and sediment control items include net, mesh, carpets, and blanket, all manmade and
organic recyclable and non-biodegradable, that are used to limit erosion under various conditions,
such as short, medium, and long term. Jute geotextiles, specifically open, porous, and knitted geo
jute are commonly used for their effectiveness and advantage over synthetic for their easy
biodegradability, droppability, and easy interaction with soil, as well as capillary actions,
allowing them to be easily compatible with implementation slope area.
4.2.5 Replacement of Synthetic Fiber

Synthetic fibers are used in Geotextile in the very beginning but as its very destructive and
harmful to the nature, natural fibers started to use for Geotextile and after that jute got much
popularity in Geotextile.
Geotextiles aren't a brand-new idea. Their modern applications, on the other hand, emerged with
the growth of man - made and polymeric goods, and their ever-increasing use in a variety of civil
engineering forms and disciplines is not new. Synthetic geotextile fabrics were the most frequent
36
at first. Synthetic geotextiles are made from polymers and plastics. Hydrocarbons, petrochemical
products, and fossils are the primary raw materials used in their production. All greenhouse gases
and their repercussions, including acid rain, destruction, drought, depletion of the ozone layer,
biodiversity loss, climate change, and sea level rise, are linked in some manner to their creation.
Numerous plasticizers, fillers, antioxidants, sensitizers, stabilizers and other substances must be
combined during the manufacturing process for optimal product innovation. These compounds
are much more hydrolysable and have a range of alkaline to acidic properties. These synthetic
geo-textiles also have a direct effect on soil, aie, water, oxygen, and other abiotic or biotic
processes since they are non-destructible. Again, these geo-textiles commonly disrupt the
lifespans of creatures, fishermen, parasites, and pests, as well as a wide range of microorganisms,
generating an instability in their typical living conditions. Synthetic geo bag installed alongside
the Cox's bazar to Teknaf marine highway failed to protect that in all areas. Jute geo-textile, on
the other hand, is biodegradable and environmentally benign. No hazardous chemicals are
utilized in the production of jute geotextile. As a result, it is not hazardous to the environment.
The jute geo-textile interacts with the soil over time and acts as a fertilizer. JGT, on the other
hand, is biodegradable and environmentally friendly. No hazardous chemicals are utilized in the
production of jute geotextile. As a result, it is not hazardous to the environment. The JGT meshes
with the soil over time and acts as a fertilizer. JGT is one of the outcomes of a variety of ways.
Jute geo-textile is gaining prominence in the international market these days. For its eco-friendly
properties and low cost, imputers are expressing interest in purchasing jute geo-textile instead of
synthetic geo-textile. As a result, the demand for JGT on the international market is fast
expanding. We are a significant jute producer, thus exporting jute geo-textiles is a terrific way
for us to make a lot of foreign cash. There are two types of jute mills: the government-controlled
BJMC, which operates 22 mills, and the semi-privately owned BJMA, which operates 12 mills.
Almost all jute industries are focused on export. Natural fibers, jute thread, and packaging
materials are, however, exported. Jute geo-textile is presently being exported by several jute
businesses, but only in small quantities.
37
Table 4. 1: Comparative Characteristics of Synthetic & Geo-textile (Today, 2016)
SI. Observations Effect on geotextiles made Effect on geotextiles made of

No names of synthetic materials synthetic materials
1. Biodegradability Designed Biodegradable Non Biodegradable
2. Photo degradability Photodegradable Not Photodegradable
Lead, Mercury, cadmium,

chromium, Cobalt, nickel,
Arsenic, zinc and other heavy
4. Metal content None metals
Stabilizer \
sensitizer \ filler\
5. pigment Absent Present
Soil temperature
6. Warming effect No effect increasing 1-20C
7. Compatible Compatible Normally not Compatible
8. Biomass Fertilizer effect Negative effect
9. On burring Only co evolves Toxic gas evolves
10. Effect on water No Pollution Pollution on leaching
38
Effect on fish/
11. microbes/ eggs etc. Harmless Harmful
12. Effect on plant Harmful Helpful
Increase the temperature of

Effect on the soil to encourage insect
13. agricultural activity No effect growth.
14. Extensibility Low extensible High Extensible
Expected design
15. Life Possible Not possible
Application
16. technology Simple and indigenous Special technology and costly
17. Origin Local Foreign
18. Cost Less More
19. Availability Local and easy Imported
4.2.6 Alternative of Woods

Jute Mat
A non-woven jute fiber composite, such as a jute mats, is an example. Jute fiber, glue, and a
small percentage of synthetic fiber make up the substance. A mat is created during the
production process, which can subsequently be molded into imaginative forms like a car door
panel. As a result, the component is both light and powerful. Manufacturers may use a jute fiber
39
composite mats for goods that require the qualities of wood but have a structure that is
impossible to achieve with a regular wood product. The mats can be used in the molding process
by manufacturers. The resins and lignin in the mat will be set by heat and pressure, resulting in a
rigid, lightweight form. Molded doorskins, vehicle interior trim, and architectural moldings are
examples of jute fiber composite materials. The mat has also been used in gardening items to
hold seeds in place, suppress weeds, and supply slow releasing fertiliser to seedlings.
Jute Fiber Thermoplastic Composites

Thermoplastics employ wood flour as a filler. Injection molding or compression molding
procedures can be employed with the resulting mixture. This device can be used to make clothes
hangers and almost any molded plastic object.
Building & Construction

Building and construction technology trends around the world show that composites are gaining
traction as a building material, displacing numerous traditional materials. When compared to
metals, composites are an appealing prospect due to the incorporated energy. Other key features
like corrosion resistance, impact resistance, thermal and acoustic insulating all lead to
composite's claim to be the ultimate building material. The Advanced Composites programme
has created a wide range of new composite products for the building and construction industry,
as well as biomedical devices. FRP sandwiched door shutters, Jute-coir composite panels, FRP
toilet blocks, and other products created under the company's numerous initiatives fulfill the
urgent demand for 'post-disaster aid' as soon as possible! The project's goal is to create a coir
plyboard face layer (veneer) made of oriented jute. It is made from natural hard fibers like coir
and jute that have been treated with phenolic resins. The project's operations will enable the
manufacture of coir plyboards with correct jute orientation that have a wood-like look.
Furthermore, by ensuring the quality of boards through suitable testing facilities, items with
consistent standards can be given to the market. These boards were made from natural hard
fibers like coir and jute that had been treated with phenolic resins. For greater aesthetics and a
smoother finish, a very thin coating of jute fibers impregnated with phenolic resin was applied as
40
a face veneer. Termite and borer resistant, jute-coir composite boards treated with phenolic resin
are also naturally fire retardant. These boards' exceptional insulating capabilities allow for a
significant temperature difference between the ambient and the internal room temperature. The
shelters would only require minor upkeep, such as yearly painting of the exterior surfaces.
Composite Doors & Door Frames

Doors built of jute-FRP skins sandwiched between core materials such rigid polyurethane foam,
paper honeycomb, expanded polystyrene and so on could be used in residential structures,
hospitals, offices, schools and laboratories, among other places. Doors constructed of FRP-PUF
sandwich structures have distinct advantages over those made of traditional monolithic materials
like wood and metal. Contact moulding is the primary fabrication method used. Wooden In-situ
foaming is used to sandwich the PU foam between the sheets, which is then painted and polished.
The use of additives correctly gives the doors fire retardant qualities. BIS standards are met by
FRP doors. A comparison of FRP doors to traditional wooden doors indicated that replacing a
typical wood door with a FRP door might save 40% and 60% of the cost and weight, respectively.
4.2.7 Thermal Insulation

Thermal insulation is an inherent feature of jute fiber. The performance and qualities of
insulation were further strengthened by different constructions of jute-based textile materials.
Warm clothing, floor mats, carpets, soil temperature regulation in agricultural applications, fake
ceilings, temporary partition walls, sound absorbent material in auditoriums, and other
applications utilise jute-based constructions as insulating materials. Different textile structures,
such as fiber, yarn, and fabric, are utilized depending on the insulation need. Particle board and
fiber reinforced board are both examples of composite structures. Fabrics with woven, knitted
and nonwoven structures are used as insulating materials once again. The studies that follow go
into great detail into various viable insulating materials made from jute-based textiles. Using a
variety of fiber materials, numerous varieties of needle punched and adhesive attached
nonwoven textiles were created, including parallel laid and randomized laid needle punched and
adhesive attached nonwoven fabrics. Sandwich and homogeneous mixing strategies were utilized
41
in this study. When comparing to homogeneous mixed substances, sandwich mixing of acrylic or
polypropylene with woollenised jute provides superior thermal insulation. Also The thermal
insulation properties of nonwovens made of woollenised jute-acrylic (2:1), woollenised jute-
wool (2:1) and woollenised jute-pineapple leaf fiber (2:1) are improved. The thermal
conductivity and air permeability of jute needle-punched nonwoven textiles were investigated,
and it was discovered that jute nonwoven offers poor heat transfer.
Thermal insulation behavior of jute based knitted fabrics

The structure of the fabric has a significant impact on the thermal insulation properties. They
looked at how the thermal conductivity of jute/cotton mixed knitted materials affected their
performance. The reciprocal of thermal insulation is thermal conductivity. They discovered a
link between fabric characteristics and thermal conductivity in a variety of knitted jute/cotton
blend fabrics. The experimental results show that larger jute mix fractions result in reduced heat
conductivity. With increasing fabric thicknesses, the heat conductivity decreases. The thermal
conduction of jute/cotton mixed knitted fabrics is influenced by fabric wind permeability and
fabric tightening factor values. Higher TIVs are associated with a lower air permeability and a
higher fabric tightness factor.
Thermal insulation behavior of jute based warm garments

When comparing to synthetic acrylic as well as cotton shawl fabrics, jute-based fabrics have
relatively good thermal insulation properties, according to research. Jute as well as hollow
polyester yarns were utilized to make the shawl's weft strands, while cotton yarn was employed
in the warp axis to construct the cloth. Except for its thermal insulation capabilities, the produced
jute-polyester and cotton mixed shawls also have good air penetration and fabric covering factor.
In addition, a jute, polyester, and cotton mixed union material was used to create the jacket for
the winter. When comparing to industrial polyester jackets with same jacket weights, the jackets
are equivalent or superior.
42
This study shows that jute-based materials can be used efficiently in a variety of thermal
insulating applications. Shawls, jackets, blankets, and carpets are examples of these applications.
Jute-based products also offer a lot of potential as a thermal insulation component in other
industries.
Jute-based insulating materials have a wide range of applications in household, industrial, and
clothing applications. Jute-based textiles as insulating materials can be called green/sustainable
because they can replace synthetic materials to a greater extent for the same application. Finally,
it may be stated that jute and jute-based associated fibers will have a new channel for insulation
substance application in the future.
4.2.8 Fishing Boats

According to an early post-tsunami investigation of the degree of damage in Tamil Nadu state,
about 7000 automated petrol engine fishing boats and trawlers with lengths ranging from 10 to
20 meters were lost. In addition, the disaster claimed the lives of nearly 30,000 people who were
on board manual and motorized boats. The majority of these boats were composed of wood and
steel. In a saline climate, wood/steel is very susceptible to degradation, necessitating constant
maintenance. Composite boats can sustain heavy slamming by tsunami waves and do not get
significantly damaged like wooden boats because of its superior impact resistance, corrosion
resistance and flexural strength, qualities. The composite boat has a service life of 12-15 years,
comparing to only 3 years for wooden boats. Most of them may be repaired and reused in the
event of natural disasters like tsunamis. Fishing boats of the catamaran type are highly popular
between fisherman on India's southern coast. Catamarans have a flat bottom, which makes them
more hydrodynamically solid than single-hull boats, especially in rough waves. They are suited
for low draft sailing because to their flat-bottomed hull profile. The hull of a catamaran is less
prone to drag, saving power for boat propulsion. (Paul, 2012)
43
4.2.9 Riverbank Protection

In Bangladesh, synthetic geotextile with concrete armor is commonly utilized for river bank
protection. Five trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of jute geotextile (JGT) over
synthetic geotextile. The application of JGT has been chosen for several river bank sites. Trials
were held in five different locations. JGT's performance has been closely monitored at all of the
locations. For a period of 21 to 54 months, the site's health were observed. According to research
on the construction of soil filter cake, filter cake forms completely after six months of
deployment. For this, it is possible to draw the conclusion that treated JGT is successful in river
bank protection for a variety of geographic regions and bank soil types. As a result, In the event
of a medium to mild river, JGT appears to be a viable alternative to synthetic geotextiles for river
bank protection. However, due to environmental concerns, natural additives treated JGT is
finally approved.
4.3 Disadvantage & Limitation

Jute fiber composites have some drawbacks as well. The fundamental problem is the
incompatibility of the hydrophilic fibers with a hydrophobic polymer matrix. As a result, weak
interfaces emerge, resulting in poor mechanical characteristics for the composites. The extreme
susceptibility of natural fibers to water and their relatively low thermal stability are two other
significant limitations of natural fiber composites. Water absorbing in composites is a concern
because water absorbed by the composite's fibers can cause swelling, dimensional imbalance,
and a loss of mechanical qualities due to deterioration of the fibers and the interface among the
fiber and the matrix. Tensile and flexural strength of jute compounds exposed to different
humidity levels. The quantity of moisture/water that affects the mechanical structure of the
composites by impacting the matrix , the fibers and the matrix-fiber interface at the same time is
expected to effect the drop in power with rising humidity levels. The tensile performance of
composites exposed to hygrothermal conditions was found to be lower than that of composites
submerged in water, owing to plasticization processes. Flexural strength, on the other hand, was
shown to be more impaired under submerged water than at 95 percent RH at 50°C. In light of the
rising incidence of fungal infection, a biological defacement research of jute composites was
44
conducted to analyze the behavior in a humid/wet environment. The severity of blackish patches
on the base of specimens was shown to rise as humidity levels rose. When comparison to the
control sample, the composites introduced to 60% RH as well as 95% RH at 50°C remained
virtually unchanged. On the other hand, at 85 percent RH, a faint presence of localised black
spots on the base began and expanded dramatically at 95 percent RH and submerged water
conditions. Under water immersion, the fungal growth near the cut edge and also on the surface
of the specimen became more intense. Moisture vapour transmission from its surface determines
the severity and spread of these growing on the surface. SEM examination displays a high
number of white patches in order to gain a detailed image of black dots.
The presence of a milky color on the skin of composites was one of the first effects of
weathering observed. In both organic and accelerated weathering, the color fades as the exposure
progresses. Composite deterioration was started by fiber ridging, led by resin film rupture via
cracking, and finally by fiber pop-out. This is primarily due to stress created by variable
inflammation and shrinkage of the fiber caused by transformations in moisture content, as well
as stresses created up at the interface because a huge variance in the coefficient of thermal
enlargement of resin and fiber, which contribute to the destruction of the fiber bond. With rising
outdoor publicity, the induction of fragmentation in jute happened as a result of UV degradation
of the lignin part of the fibers.
Because of delamination under humid situations, the environmental effectiveness of these

composites is usually poor. The tenacity along with Young 's modulus of jute rise with an
increase in relative humidity up to 70%, but after that, a decrease is observed. As a result, it is
critical to pretreat the jute fiber in order to minimize absorption of moisture and enhance resin
wettability.
Bangladesh's jute industry is plagued by a number of issues. Some of these are discussed below:
45
Scientific knowledge and modern tools are lacking

Jute is still produced by farmers using traditional knowledge and tools. Even in some areas,
people are unaware of new technologies and methods, such as new retting processes, hybrid
seeds that use less water, and so on. As a result, productivity is extremely low.
Inadequate storage facilities

Another major issue for jute intermediaries is a lack of storage facilities. As a result, large
baparis (businessmen) and balers usually hold the jute in a rented storehouse, which raises the
price. Furthermore, Farias and farmers store raw jute in their homes without any protection,
lowering the quality of the fibers.
Market fluctuations
Prices and desire in the jute industry are constantly changing. As a result, traders are constantly
uncertain about their profit. Because of changes in market environments, jute cultivators are
unable to make sound decisions and suffer losses.
High transportation costs

Jute is primarily grown in rural areas of Bangladesh, where roads and transport networks are
lacking. As a result, traders must pay exorbitant transport costs to carry raw materials from
farmers to other middlemen or consumers.
Unavailability of quality seeds

Farmers generally obtain their seeds from local shops, some of which are self-seeded, but only a
few farmers use government-supplied seeds. Between all of them, the seeds offered by the
government are of higher quality than self-grown plants and seeds purchased from local markets.
However, the government's seed supply is insufficient. For this, farmers have little choice except
to purchase seeds from a local supplier. Farmers have no other choice but to purchase seeds from
the nearby market or even use self-grown seeds because they have no other options.
46
Low productivity
Mills must go through numerous processes in order to produce a diverse range of goods.
Productivity is a major concern in this situation because workers are neither skilful nor received
training. Furthermore, the factories do not employ advanced technologies or machinery, which
contributes to lower productivity.
Inadequate market forecasting
Composite mills, particularly publicly-owned mills, lack the necessary skills for forecasting
consumer needs. They buy a lot of raw jute and make a lot of different things without doing a
good job of estimating market demand. As a result, a large number of different products remain
unsold.
Land fragmentation
Land fragmentation is a widespread issue in Bangladesh. The most common reason for this is
inheritance rules. As a matter of fact, lands have been split into small parts, and farmers
producing jute on such small scale land areas cannot benefit from economies of scale. And this is
demoralizing farmers from producing jute.
Pest infestations
Pest infestations on jute plants are a major issue in Bangladesh. Furthermore, the costs of
necessary pesticides are exorbitant. For this, farmers are not able to buy pesticides, resulting in
lower-quality fibers.
Inadequate retting water

Another issue in Bangladesh's jute sector is that farmers do not have enough water or a watery
location to ret the jute seeds because rivers, bills and canals are drying up. Jute plants require a
specific depth of the water to ret, because without it, high-quality fiber cannot be produced.
47
Natural calamities
Another issue for jute agriculture is natural calamities, and hail is among the calamities that
causes significant loss. Hail harm the jute plant's fiber, leaves, and seeds. Furthermore, less rain,
drought, flooding after sowing seeds, and other factors impede jute production.
Global demand for raw jute is dwindling

Global popularity for raw jute is dwindling. Jute was well-sold in China, Turkey, and various
European countries, among other places. However, the cost of labour of processing jute has risen
in recent years. As a result, those countries have reduced their jute fiber imports. Those
importing regions now take thread or material directly from Bangladesh and prepare a variety of
goods.
Closing of jute factories

Another issue in Bangladesh's jute industry is the closure of jute factories. The jute industry's
contribution to the closure of some factories is gradually decreasing, and worker from jute
companies has switched jobs toward other informal sectors.
48
Final Year Project CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
This study focused to detect the influence of jute and jute goods in Bangladesh, covering the
country's current situation as well as some critical issues related to this sector. The study utilized
secondary data from various local and international sources to accomplish this. Following that,
descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data in this study. The paper provides important
structural information of Bangladesh's jute industry. The manufacturing of jute is not consistent
over time. Jute production is subject to fluctuations. Bangladesh earns money every year by
supplying raw jute and jute goods. However, the jute industry is plagued by a number of issues
that are impeding its progress. Bangladesh, as a populated nation, necessitates a more local asset
industry for long-term economic solutions. As a result, appropriate initiatives must be taken to
ensure the long-term development of the jute industry, as well as the country's progress. In this
study, policy recommendations were made to address existing issues in the jute industry. The
research findings are expected to be helpful to jute farmers, jute factory owners, strategy
organizers, and investigators in dealing with the problems of the jute and jute goods industry and
effectively overcoming these difficulties.
49
Final Year Project RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Price-setting policy

Bangladesh Jute Mills Association (BJMA) along with Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation
(BJMC) should pursue aggressive marketing and pricing strategies designed to lower the
manufacturing costs of jute goods, ensuring a higher quality of jute goods for buyers through
rigidly enforced quality assurance steps, and managing human resources, materials, machinery
particularly raw jute, and resources quickly and successfully with the goal of controlling costs to
the greatest extent possible.
6.2 Initiatives for Training

BJMC may play an important role in the exchange of technological data in the sectors that
manufacture auxiliary parts and machinery. The government should develop a proper specific
plan for training approaches for possible existing entrepreneurs as then technical expertise in the
manufacturing of equipment for jute mills as well as other linked alternate replacement parts can
be achieved.
6.3 Strategies for preventing jute mill closures

There is no reason for any jute mill to close because the jute industry of Bangladesh has no
opportunities or potentials. However, global demand is not increasing at a rapid pace. A
moderate, stable, balanced and guided apparatus for expansion is required, as is an intermediate
and strong plan.
6.4 Extensive Developmental Research

Proper activities and moves should be taken in respect of needed programs such as item research,
layout, and development to expand line of products in the field of innovative products, perhaps
from jute to paper pumping, trying to make of the hull for ships or boats etc, with increasing the
quality of jute commodities, as well as trying to attract customers to the security about the use of
50
fresh jute, non-artificial products, as opposed to the hazard of the excessive usage of non-natural
fabrics.
6.5 Transportation should be improved

Better transport facilities are required not only for the jute sector, but also for the country's
overall economic development. Transportation forms and streets should be developed, which
will help to reduce overall production costs while also assisting farmers in obtaining a higher jute
price.
6.6 Increase the number of government procurement centers

The government should expand the amount of government raw jute buying centers so that
farmers can offer their jute at a reasonable price. Such initiatives will alleviate the miseries of
jute cultivators and, to some extent, ensure them of no losses.
6.7 Farming Co-operatives

Farmers should establish co - operative associations for both the production and sale of jute. The
cooperative farming system reduces all land fragmentation barriers while also increasing farmers'
market access. Farmers' associations can supply goods to government purchasing centers or
businessmen (baparis) at a reasonable price, eliminating the need for transportation.
6.8 Production Strategies that Work

Buyer preferences, needs, and appropriate marketing tactics should be established on a regular
basis for the effective production strategy development of the consumption line for jute goods,
and for various regional markets.
51
6.9 New jute mills are being built

There is a possibility of establishing new jute factories. However, in such cases, idle machineries
in especially non-private and non-public segments can be repurposed for the manufacturing of
jute goods. Latest mills and industries can be built with the least amount of repair, renewal, and
servicing costs for unused and underutilized equipment and machines. Innovators should be
encouraged and given instructions to establish factories for products with future growth potential.
6.10 Farm mechanization initiatives

The government should also take appropriate and necessary initiatives for farm industrialization
in place of traditional ineffective agricultural techniques before and after the jute harvesting
period. It will aid in shortening lengthy procedures and making farmers' jobs easier. Furthermore,
the government should strictly supervise all imported components such as crops, machines,
fertilizers, and so on, while also ensuring that farmers receive a global price for their goods
without the interruption of intermediaries.
52
Final Year Project APPENDIX
REFERENCES
Abdul Jabbar Khan, F. h. (2014). Application of Jute Geotextiles for Rural Road Pavement
Construction. Researchgate, 370. Retrieved from
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784413401.037
Ashraf, M. A. (2019). Jute Based Bio and Hybrid Composites and Their Applications. 5-6.
Retrieved from
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.675.8623&rep=rep1&type=pdf
BJMC. (2014, july 09). jute at a glance. Retrieved from www.bjmc.gov.bd:
http://www.bjmc.gov.bd/site/page/c016d82d-5e15-4e7c-8bcd-
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Jute Study for Structural Applications

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Jute Study for Structural Applications

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BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology

Excellence Through Education

A Final Year Project submitted to the Department of Apparel Manufacturing &

Md. Ashiqur Rahman Anik ID: 181-039-101

Department of Apparel Manufacturing & Technology

Department : Apparel Manufacturing & Technology (AMT)

Name : Md. Ashiqur Rahman Anik

Supervisor : Mr. Sonjit Kumar Saha

Mr. Sonjit Kumar Saha Lecturer …………………..

19 April 2022, 11.30 am

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1

1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................1

1.1.1 Top Jute producing Country........................................................................................1

1.1.3 Diversification ............................................................................................................2

1.2. Objectives of the project ...................................................................................................3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................4

2.1 Production & Earnings ......................................................................................................4

2.2 History of Jute in Bangladesh ............................................................................................4

2.3 Jute in Ancient Times ........................................................................................................4

2.4 After Liberation .................................................................................................................5

2.5 Basic Jute Products ............................................................................................................5

2.5.1 Geo-textile ..................................................................................................................5

2.5.2 Canvas ........................................................................................................................5

2.5.3 Bags ...........................................................................................................................5

2.5.4 Sacking Cloth .............................................................................................................6

2.5.5 Hessian Cloth .............................................................................................................6

2.5.6 Hessian tapes and gaps................................................................................................6

2.5.7 Hydrocarbon free jute cloth.........................................................................................6

2.5.8 Serim Cloth ................................................................................................................6

2.5.9 Decorative items .........................................................................................................6

2.5.11 Tobacco sheets..........................................................................................................7

2.6 Jute Statistics .....................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................... 14

3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 14

3.1.1 Chemical Composition.............................................................................................. 15

3.1.2 Physical Structure ..................................................................................................... 16

3.1.3 Mechanical Properties ............................................................................................... 16

3.2 Mechanical properties of different jute-based composites ................................................ 18

3.2.1 Polyester Resin by Jute Reinforcement ..................................................................... 18

3.2.2 Jute/fibers reinforced epoxy composite ..................................................................... 18

3.2.3 Jute/Epoxy glass composite ...................................................................................... 18

3.2.4 Jute/glass epoxy composite ....................................................................................... 18

3.2.5 Jute reinforced epoxy composite ............................................................................... 18

3.2.6 Jute fiber/polypropylene composite ........................................................................... 19

3.2.7 Polylactide and jute composite .................................................................................. 19

3.2.8 Jute/glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite .............................................................. 19

3.2.10 Glass/jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite ............................................................ 19

3.3 Jute Geotextile Characteristics ......................................................................................... 20

3.3.1 Potential Applications of JGT ................................................................................... 21

3.4 Types of JGT ................................................................................................................... 21

3.4.1 Open Weave JGT...................................................................................................... 22

3.4.3 Nonwoven JGT ......................................................................................................... 22

3.5 Present scenery of jute Geotextile in Bangladesh ............................................................. 23

3.6 Strategy for Jute Geotextile in Bangladesh....................................................................... 24

3.7 Jute Nonwoven ................................................................................................................ 25

3.7.1 Manufacturing Methods ............................................................................................ 25

3.7.2 Needle Punching ....................................................................................................... 25

3.7.3 Stitch-bonding .......................................................................................................... 26

3.7.4 Thermal Bonding ...................................................................................................... 26

3.7.5 Hydro-entanglement ................................................................................................. 27

3.7.6 Adhesive Bonding ........................................................................................................ 27

3.8 Applications of Jute-nonwovens ...................................................................................... 27