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Using 1-Methelcyclopropene (1-MCP) as an ethylene inhibitor in horticultural

crops storage (a review)

Conference Paper · March 2017

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 3rd International conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges
With a focus on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Tourism
7-9 March 2017, Tabriz , Iran

Using 1-Methelcyclopropene (1-MCP) as an ethylene

inhibitor in horticultural crops storage (a review)
Michael Alabboud 1*, Khaled Mohi Alden 2, Fares alhaj alali 3

1. Responsible author: M.Sc. degree student at the University of Tehran – Karaj-Iran,

Email: alabboud@ut.ac.ir
2. M.Sc. degree student at the University of Tehran – Karaj-Iran, Email: mohialdin@ut.ac.ir
3. M.Sc. degree student at the University of Tehran – Karaj-Iran, Email: alhaj.alali@ut.ac.ir

Abstract
Since the discovery of ethylene role in ripening and senescence of horticultural crops,
scientists tried hardly to find out the right materials in order to stop its production after
crops harvest or at least decrease this production. Another way of approach was to
decrease its effect on postharvest and shelf life of crops by inhibiting its effect pathway
receptors. After many of experiments 1-Methelcyclopropene (1-MCP) was found to be
one of those inhibiting materials. This day (1-MCP) is being used in many countries and
has a lot of trade names. Also it is used on a wide range of horticultural crops including
fruit, vegetables and cut flowers. In this review article we try to shed the light on the most
recent studies on the field of using (1-MCP) as an ethylene inhibitor in horticultural
crops.

Key words: 1-Methelcyclopropene, 1-MCP, Ethylene, Postharvest, Storage, Ripening.

1. Introduction
The discovery of 1-Methylcyclopropene as an ethylene inhibitor can be considered as an
important turning point for postharvest scientific research.

After a Long study of ethylene‟s postharvest effect pathways and the ethylene binding sites,
Sisler, E.C. and S.M. Blankenship found that Diazocyclopentadiene (DACP) was very
effective in inhibiting ethylene action. The gas was effective even after it was exposed to the
fluorescent light before being applied to the tissue (it has to be exposed to florescent in order
to be active). This compound was highly explosive and toxic [1].

Sisler, E.C. and S.M. Blankenship then found that one of the breakdown products of (DACP)
was a very effective ethylene inhibitor; this product was 1-MCP [2].

The First commercial use of (1-MCP) was with cut flowers and potted plants. It was
confirmed that (1-MCP) was remarkably efficient in preventing the deleterious effects of
ethylene on ornamentals [3] [4] [5]. By 2011 more than 40 countries had approved (1-MCP)
for horticultural production. It is even has been approved in some countries to be used in
some specific agricultural products such as tulip bulbs in Netherland, and recently (1-MCP)
 3rd International conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges
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compound has been approved to be used for pre harvest applications [6]. SamartFresh™,
SmartTabs™, EthylBloc® and EthylBloc™ Sachet are (1-MCP) registered trade names.

Nowadays lots of researches had been done about the positive effects of (1-MCP) products in
postharvest life of horticultural crops.

2. Pathway of ethylene inhibition by (1-MCP)

The first step of knowing the presently accepted pathway of ethylene action was to determine
the ethylene receptor (ETR-1). Without the presence of ethylene, the kinase activity of this
receptor stays ON which means that the following activities will stay OFF, While at the
presence of ethylene, it binds to this receptor (The ethylene molecule acts like a key,
“unlocking” the receptor) and triggers a chain of biochemical activities that leads to the
activation of the response cascade (CTR 2) [7] [8] [9].

But, at the presence of (1-MCP) it binds on the same place of ethylene on the receptor and
this bind is believed to be irreversible which means that even at the presence of the ethylene,
it would not be able to bind with its receptor and therefore the receptor will stay off and so is
the response cascade (CTR2) which leads to a full inhibition for the ethylene [8].

There is also an alternative suggested model for ethylene inhibition by (1-MCP) that suggests
the presence of two pockets on the receptor (ETR-1) one for the ethylene and the other for (1-
MCP). When (1-MCP) binds to the receptor, the kinase activity irreversibly stays ON and the
ethylene pocket of the receptor stays covered. While if the ethylene presented first, it binds to
its pocket and the kinase activity turns OFF and the later cascade activates [8]

A dramatic inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and ACS gene expression was induced by 1-
MCP in apples whereas no marked difference was observed in peaches between the two
controls (in air and in sealed jars without 1-MCP) and the treated fruit. Md-ETR1 and Md-
ERS1 gene expression was down-regulated by 1-MCP starting from the end of the treatment,
while Md-CTR1 appeared negatively affected by the chemical at a later stage. Transcription
of Pp-ETR1, Pp-ERS1 and Pp-CTR1 genes appeared unaffected in 1-MCP treated peaches.
These results support the hypothesis that the different behavior of peaches and apples in
response to 1-MCP application might be related to differences in terms of ratio, expression
patterns and/or turn-over of the ethylene receptors [23]
 3rd International conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges
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Figure 1 : the presently accepted pathway of ethylene action and of the suggested mode of
action of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). (A) In the absence of ethylene, kinase activity of the
receptor (ETR-1) turns off the first step in the response cascade (CTR2). (B) When ethylene (red
spheres) binds with ETR-1 receptor, kinase activity is inhibited and the response cascade is
initiated. (C) 1-MCP (blue cones) binds irreversibly with the ethylene-binding domain in ETR-1,
preventing the binding of ethylene and thereby maintaining kinase activity even in the presence
of ethylene.

3. Optimum (1-MCP) using conditions

The effect of (1-MCP) varies depending on its concentration and the duration of the
treatment. Genotype, cultivar and maturity can be also highly valuable in determining (1-
MCP) response.

1-3- (1-MCP) concentration

Some studies showed that a higher concentration of 1-MCP application caused a significantly
higher suppression in ethylene production in storage and during shelf life. Although, it did not
cause significant deference in respiration rates, chilling injury tolerance or fruit firmness
(between the applications) in nectarine fruit [10].results of [13] also suggests that no
difference in weight loss of Chinese chives was found between 0.5 µL/L and 1.0 µL/L 1-MCP
treatments. On the other hand, carnation petals tip burn occurred earlier in the petals treated
with only 0.1 µL/L 1-MCP compared to higher levels. While the petals treated with 0.1 µL/L
1-MCP displayed 100% of tip burn on the tenth day, those treated with 0.2 and 0.5 µL/L 1-
MCP showed a delayed response of 2 additional days [11]. Ethylene production in spinach
leaves increased by 60 and 95% with 0.1 and 1.0 µL/L 1-MCP, respectively, in comparison
with control after 3 d of dark storage.[12].

The range of 1-MCP concentration was as low as 0.1 µL/L in Dendrobium [14] and 0.15
µL/L in Anjou pears [15] to 1 μL/L in eggplant, broccoli and Onion [44][45][46]. Higher
concentrations also were reported such as 2 μL/L in plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) [16], 2.5
μL/L in broccoli [40] And 5 μL/L in loquat fruit [17].
 3rd International conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges
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2-3- duration of the treatment

it has been reported that 6h treatment was not enough to maintain firmness in guava fruit
when treated with 300 nL/L of 1-MCP while 12h and 24h maintained a relatively better
firmness after 25 days storage at 10 C. Even at higher concentration of 1-MCP (600 nL/L) the
fruit firmness of the 6h treatment was less than the firmness of 12h and 24h at the same
concentration. Fruit firmness at this treatment (6h 600 nL/L) was also lower than 12h and 24h
at 300 nL/L, which means that the duration of the 1-MCP is a crucial factor that should be
taken into consideration for a successful 1-MCP treatment [18].

The range of the duration of 1-MCP traeatment was from 4 hours in Dendrobium [14] and
bananas [19] to 24 hours in „Bartlett‟ pear, Tomatoes, „Galia‟ (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus)
(fresh-cut), persimmon [33], broccoli [45] and onions [46].

3-3- Genotype and cultivar effect

]61[reported that when three types of plums „Gaixian‟, „Yuhuang‟ and „Aozhou 14‟were
harvested at immature stage andstored at 0◦C for 8, 4 and 4 weeks, respectively. And then
were removed and treated with 2.0 µL/L 1-MCP for 24 h and then incubated at 25◦C,
ethylene production for both „Gaixian‟ type and „Aozhou 14‟ type stayed at its minimum
amount even after 5 days, while ethylene production for „Yuhuang‟ type rise gradually and
reached 40 µL/kg.h .

Fruit firmness of four tomato cultivars („Cherry‟, „Daniela‟, „Patrona‟ and „Raf‟) during
storage at 10 .C after 0.5µL/ 1-MCP treatment was determined all cultivars maintained better
firmness than control (firmness for cherry and patrona reached its minimum after only 7
days). Although, with 1-MCP treatment (Daniela), (Patrona) and (Raf) tomato fruit
maintained better firmness than (Cherry) tomato fruits which treated with 1-MCP after 7 days,
(Cherry) tomato treated fruits continued to loss firmness till it almost reached control fruit
firmness after 28 days [20]. This means that the 1-MCP response may differ between cultivars
in the same species.

4-3- Maturity and stage of ripeness

In the same previous study [20] („Cherry‟, „Daniela‟, „Patrona‟ and „Raf‟) tomato fruit were
harvested at two ripening stages (S1 and S2), „Cherry‟ (S1, pink; S2, light red), „Daniela‟ and
„Patrona‟ (S1, light red; S2, red) and „Raf‟ (S1, mature-green; S2, breaker). treated with
0.5µL/L of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 24 h and stored at 10 C for 28 days. All
quality parameters for all cultivars were relatively maintained in treated fruit, and the efficacy
of 1-MCP was higher in tomatoes harvested at the S2 ripening stage .

At this stage, the organoleptic properties had already developed in fruit on the plant and
tomatoes could thus reach consumers with optimal postharvest quality [20].
 3rd International conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges
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5-3- Repeated treatment of 1-MCP

It has been reported that a repeated treatment with 1-MCP may have different response in
stored crops. „Cortland‟ and „Delicious‟ apples were treated with 1µL/L 1-MCP at different
times. Treatment times (days) were 1, 4, 7, 1 + 4, 4 + 7, 1 + 4 + 7, 7 + 14, 7 + 28, 7 + 42, and
7 + 84. A second application of 1-MCP on day 14 to fruit treated on day 7 increased
inhibitions of IECs, α-farnesene and CTol accumulations. Also, increasing time between the
first and the second 1-MCP treatment resulted in progressively less inhibition of these factors.
[21] Similar to the previous study, multiple 1-MCP applications kept IECs low and
maintained firmness compared with single applications in (McIntosh) and (Empire) apples.
Also, Either early 1-MCP treatment or multiple treatments reduced senescent breakdown in
(McIntosh), and core browning and greasiness in (Empire) [22].

In another study, ethylene binding to new receptors is completely prevented by successive

treatment of 1-MCP in carnation flowers prior to recovery of ethylene-sensitivity, resulting in
repression of petal senescence [11].

All these studies shows that a multiple treatment of 1-MCP (combined with an early first
application of it) can provide better postharvest results.

4. Recent studies of using (1-MCP) in the field of postharvest

Table 1: Current uses of (1-MCP) in fruit postharvest

Storing /
Concentra Time Ripening
Plant T* (C ) Effect R
tion (h) RH
T** (C )
(%)

No scald was found after

„Granny 9 months of cold storage,
937 nL/L 1 20-21 0-1 90-95 24
Smith‟ apples increase NA storage for
at least 3 months

maintain fruit firmness

and alleviate flesh
plum (Prunus reddening of Cv.
2 μL/L 25 24 0 16
salicina Lindl.) „Aozhou 14‟ (Firmness
decline effectively
delayed)

slowed fruit ripening and

therefore extended
„Bartlett‟ pear 0.6 μL/L 0 24 20 25
postharvest life with more
desirable sensory traits
 3rd International conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges
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inhibit ethylene
production of durian
durian fruit 500 nL/L 25 12 15 mainly by preventing an 26
increase in ACC oxidase
activity in the peel

aqueous 1-MCP micro

500 nL/L
bubbles delayed the
Bananas 1-MCP- 25–30 25 27
postharvest ripening and
MBs
maintained firmness

maintained quality and

0.5 or
nectarine 0 24 0 provided longer storage 10
1 μL/L
and shelf life

maintain postharvest
quality of loquat fruit and
loquat 5 μL/L 20 12 0  20 92–98 17
provide longer storage
life

delayed the ripening and

400 nL/L prolonged the shelf life
+
Bananas 16 25 ± 1 28
50 μL/L
ethephon

extended marketability of
300 - 600
guava 20 ± 1 24 - 12 25–29 fruit under ambient 18
nL/L
conditions

Avocado 300 nL/L 20 18 5  20 reducing pulp browning 29

„Galia‟
(Cucumis retained firmness and
melo var. retic 1 μL/L 20 24 5 94–97 reduced water soaking of 30
ulatus) (fresh- fresh-cut „Galia‟ cubes
cut)

did not develop ripening

−1.1  capacity due to extremely
pear "Anjou'" 0.15 μL/L 15
20 low internal ethylene
concentration

developed ripening
1.1 
pear "Anjou'" 0.15 μL/L 0 24 capacity with relatively 15
21
low levels of scald
 3rd International conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges
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7-9 March 2017, Tabriz , Iran

1000 nL/L Fruit treated with 1-

Bananas + PE 25 4 14 MCP + MAP had a 19
MAP*** storage life of 100 days

extending postharvest life

0.4 and
medlar fruit. 0 ± 0.5 24 0 ± 0.5 90 ± 5 and maintaining the 31
0.6 μL/L
quality of medlar fruit

chilling injury can be

Plum (Prunus significantly reduced
0.6 μL/L 12 0–1 32
salicina Lindl.) through CA and
pretreatment with 1-MCP

1  20 reduce firmness loss after

persimmon 500 nL/L 24 90 33
***** cold storage

cherimoya may contribute in

500 nL/L 20 16 20 34
fruit delaying fruit softening

decreased levels of
H2O2 and lipid
mango 2 mg/kg RT**** 12 peroxidation and 35
increased (SOD) and
(CAT)

increased (SOD) and

controlled ripening
apricot 500 nl/L 20 20 20 85 36
acceleration induced by
mechanical injury

both the storage life and

mangosteen 1 μL/L 25 6 15 - 25 the shelf life of the fruit 37
were extended

pre EFE +
post 1 may enhance the quality
sweet cherry ppm 4 24 4 90-95 and shelf life of sweet 38
1-mcp + cherry
hexanal

decreased ethylene
Kiwi 0.5 μL/L 0 24 20 production and reduced 39
CO2 production

* Treatment temperature in celecius ** Storage/Ripining temperature in celecius R: Reference

*** MAP: modified atmosphere packaging **** Room temperature ***** deastringency
Arrow () reffers to moving crop from temperature to another during storage or ripening process
 3rd International conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges
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Table 2: Current uses of (1-MCP) in vegetable postharvest

Storing /
T* Time Ripening
Plant Concentration Effect R
(C) (h) T**
RH
(C)
delay senescence of broccoli
broccoli 2.5 μL/L 20 6 15 95 40
florets
reduce postharvest decay
Tomatoes 0.6 μL/L 12 15 90 41
within a certain storage period
retarded fruit softening and
10
color changing and reduced
Tomatoes 0.5 μL/L 24  90 20
both ethylene production and
20
respiration
extending the shelf-life and
3 maintaining higher volatile oil
Sweet bazel leaf 0.4 g/m 15 8 20 42
percentage of sweet basil
leaves
Chinese chive maintain all postharvest
0.5 μL/L 10 20 20 80 13
scapes quality indicators
inhibited sprout growth
sweetpotato roots 625 nl/L 24 25 (suggesting ethylene is 43
necessary for sprout initiation)
0.1 or extend the postharvest life of
spinach 23 6 23 12
1.0 μL/L spinach leaves
delay senescence, prevent
browning, suitable with low
eggplant 1 μL/L 20 12 10 temperature storage and 44
maintains quality of non-
climacteric eggplant fruit.
extended the shelf life,
retarding chlorophyll
broccoli 1 μL/L 20 24 5 degradation, and delaying 45
visual quality loss and
flowering
Onion 1 μL/L 20 24 0-1 inhibition of sprout 46
* Treatment temperature in celecius ** Storage/Ripining temperature in celecius R: Reference
Arrow () reffers to moving crop from temperature to another during storage or ripening process

Table 3: Current uses of (1-MCP) in ornamentals postharvest

T* Ti Storing / Ripening
Plant Concentration (C ) me T** (C ) RH Effect R
(h) (%)
0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 ethylene binding to new
μL/L (and receptors is completely
carnation 12 11
successive prevented by successive
treatment) treatment
mitigated the injurious
Aglaonema 600 nL/L 6 16 effect of ethylene on 47
„White Tip‟ Cv.
 3rd International conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges
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increased postharvest
Rose 0 or 1 μL/L 12 20 ± 2 60–65 48
longevity
Dendrobium 100 nL/L 4 5-15 85 reduced Chilling injury 14
the ethylene sensitive
Tulip pulps 1 μL/L 17 16 17 49
varieties were protected
200 or partially alleviates
fern
300 nL//LL after dehydration
Nephrolepis 25 3 50
or before
cordifolia
dehydration
* Treatment temperature in celecius ** Storage/Ripining temperature in celecius R: Reference

5. Conclusions
It is clear that 1-MCP has been a helpful material in postharvest life of horticultural crops
preventing from negative effects of ethylene and delaying senescence. Many studies were
carried out in order to fully understand this material and to use it properly. Thing that should
be taken into consideration is using the rights dosage of (1-MCP) combined with the right
treatment duration and the right treatment temperature at the right time of ripeness of our
genotypes – cultivars are crucial factors that the success of the treatment depends on. Also
repeated treatment has shown good results in some studies and should be taken into
consideration. The studies about using 1-MCP properly continue and the future of using this
material in postharvest life is promising.

6. Appreciation
We would like to thank Dr. Syamak kalantari Associated Professor at the Department of
Horticultural Sciences - College of Agriculture and Natural Resources – University of Tehran
for his help and consideration.

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With a focus on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Tourism
7-9 March 2017, Tabriz , Iran

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[32]Singh, Sukhvinder Pal, and Zora Singh. "Postharvest oxidative behaviour of 1-
methylcyclopropene treated Japanese plums (Prunus salicina Lindell) during storage under controlled
and modified atmospheres." Postharvest Biology and Technology 74: 26-35, 2012.
[33] Khademi, Orang, Cristina Besada, Yunes Mostofi, and Alejandra Salvador. "Changes in pectin
methylesterase, polygalacturonase, catalase and peroxidase activities associated with alleviation of
chilling injury in persimmon by hot water and 1-MCP treatments." Scientia Horticulturae 179: 191-
197, 2014.
[34] Li, Cai-rong, Wei-bing Shen, Wang-jin Lu, Yue-ming Jiang, Jiang-hui Xie, and Jian-ye Chen. "1-
MCP delayed softening and affected expression of XET and EXP genes in harvested cherimoya fruit."
Postharvest biology and technology 52, no. 3: 254-259, 2009.
[35] Singh, Rupinder, and Upendra N. Dwivedi. "Effect of ethrel and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)
on antioxidants in mango (Mangifera indica var. Dashehari) during fruit ripening." Food Chemistry
111, no. 4: 951-956, 2008.
[36] De Martino, Giovanni, Konstantinos Vizovitis, Rinaldo Botondi, Andrea Bellincontro, and Fabio
Mencarelli. "1-MCP controls ripening induced by impact injury on apricots by affecting SOD and
POX activities." Postharvest Biology and Technology 39, no. 1: 38-47, 2006.
[37] Piriyavinit, Phatchara, Saichol Ketsa, and Wouter G. van Doorn. "1-MCP extends the storage and
shelf life of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit." Postharvest biology and technology 61, no.
1: 15-20, 2011.
 3rd International conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges
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[38] Sharma, Mohini, Jissy K. Jacob, Jayasankar Subramanian, and Gopinadhan Paliyath. "Hexanal
and 1-MCP treatments for enhancing the shelf life and quality of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)."
Scientia Horticulturae 125, no. 3: 239-247, 2010.
[39] Koukounaras, Athanasios, and Evangelos Sfakiotakis. "Effect of 1-MCP prestorage treatment on
ethylene and CO 2 production and quality of „Hayward‟kiwifruit during shelf-life after short, medium
and long term cold storage." Postharvest Biology and Technology 46, no. 2: 174-180, 2007.
[40] Xu, Feng, Hongfei Wang, Yuechang Tang, Shuanquan Dong, Xing Qiao, Xuehong Chen, and
Yonghua Zheng. "Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on senescence and sugar metabolism in harvested
broccoli florets." Postharvest Biology and Technology 116: 45-49, 2016.
[41] Su, Hai, and W. Douglas Gubler. "Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on reducing
postharvest decay in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)." Postharvest biology and technology 64,
no. 1: 133-137, 2012.
[42] Hassan, F. A. S., and S. A. Mahfouz. "Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on
sweet basil leaf senescence and ethylene production during shelf-life." Postharvest biology and
technology 55, no. 1: 61-65, 2010.
[43] Cheema, M. U. A., D. Rees, R. J. Colgan, M. Taylor, and A. Westby. "The effects of ethylene, 1-
MCP and AVG on sprouting in sweetpotato roots." Postharvest Biology and Technology 85: 89-93,
2013.
[44] Massolo, Juan F., Analía Concellón, Alicia R. Chaves, and Ariel R. Vicente. "1-
Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) delays senescence, maintains quality and reduces browning of non-
climacteric eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruit." Postharvest Biology and Technology 59, no. 1:
10-15, 2011.
[45] Cefola, Maria, Maria L. Amodio, Raffaella Rinaldi, Sebastiano Vanadia, and Giancarlo Colelli.
"Exposure to 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) delays the effects of ethylene on fresh-cut broccoli raab
(Brassica rapa L.)." Postharvest biology and technology 58, no. 1: 29-35, 2010.
[46] Downes, Katherine, Gemma A. Chope, and Leon A. Terry. "Postharvest application of ethylene
and 1-methylcyclopropene either before or after curing affects onion (Allium cepa L.) bulb quality
during long term cold storage." Postharvest Biology and Technology 55, no. 1: 36-44, 2010.
[47] Fan, Shu-Ting, Der-Ming Yeh, and Shiang-Jiuun Chen. "Genotypic differences in post-storage
photosynthesis and leaf chloroplasts in response to ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene in
Aglaonema." Postharvest Biology and Technology 76: 98-105, 2013.
[48] Nergi, Muhammad Ali Daneshi, and Noorollah Ahmadi. "Effects of 1-MCP and ethylene on
postharvest quality and expression of senescence-associated genes in cut rose cv. Sparkle." Scientia
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in tulip bulbs." Postharvest Biology and Technology 59, no. 3: 238-244, 2011.
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and Technology 59, no. 3: 253-257, 2011.

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