URBAN ACUPUNCTURE:

A FUTURE-PROOF FRAMEWORK FOR CITIES

WHAT IS URBAN ACUPUNCTURE AND HOW CAN IT CREATE

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES TO REGENERATE CITIES?

MADISON TAYLOR SACRAMONE

Master of Science (Advanced Sustainable Design-)

Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
The University of Edinburgh
Dissertation 2021

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ABSTRACT
The urbanization of the planet is irreversible; therefore it is essential to formulate methods
for urban planning and regeneration which allow cities to grow and adapt with current
circumstances. Cities are complex energy organism, much like the humans themselves who

create them. Cities. like humans arc alive, meaning they also can fall to illnesses caused by

over population, urban sprawl, and industrialization. By viewing the urban skin in micro-
components planners and designers have the capacity to design soluti ons with a bott om up -

approach. This dissertation aims to define the theory Urban Acupuncture and discover how

it can be developed into a design framework, allowing it to become more accessible as a

collaborative tool between professionals and the public. Urban Acupuncture is a bio urban-

theory which describes the city as a skin and suggests methods for intervention to promote
healing via urban regenerati on with micro interventions that have maximal impacts. The

theory was pioneered by architect and urbanist, Manuel de Sola Morales, as a theory for
-

urban regenerati on. This method is contrary to large scale regenerati ve planning as it
-

focuses on small-scale and localized resources.

Multiple methods were used to first study the concept and evolution of Urban Acupuncture

and then to discover strategies which inform a guided framework. Qualitative research was

collected via observational research inspired by research methods of autocthnography. The

methodology makes recommendations for how to contextualize urban spaces in order to

identify sensitive spots to pinpoint Urban Acupuncture interventions.

The research resulted in a holistic guided framework which has the potential to integrate
and elevate urban planning and design practices. Unlike similar frameworks addressed in

the study, the Urban Acupuncture Framework provides a step-by-step process for applying

minimal interventions for wider impact with relevant tools. It provides professionals and

citizens with the tools to face urban deficiencies to promote future-proof interventions.
Ultimately, this framework diverges from traditional planning and cultural norms by

analyzing socio spatial relationships in cities to create lasting impact and empower
-

communities through collaborati on, all while following a minimally strategic approach.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................................... 1
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... 3
L I S T O F F I G U R E S 4

TERMINOLOrw 9 1'1 cINITIONS 7

CHAPTER 1; INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Overview
1.2 Aims and Objectives
1.3 Structure

CHAPTER 2; THE CONCEPT OF URBAN ACUPUNCTURE ............................................... 13

2.1 What is Urban Acupuncture?
2.2 Urban acupuncture and the interdependent scales, from micro to macro.
2.3 A valuable strategy for urban regeneration.
2.4 The evolution of urban acupuncture as a theory.
2.3 Existing strategies for reassessing urban spaces in preparation of regeneration.
2.5.1 Assessment of spatial qualities.
2.5.2 Filtering framework for selecting urban acupuncture points.
2.5.3 Time-based approached.

CHAPTER 3: URBAN ACUPUNCTURE; A CATALYST FOR

URBAN REGENERATION. .......................................................................... 27
3.1 The Triple Bottom Line; key catalysts for sustainable regeneration.
3.1.1 Social
3.1.2 Economic
3.1.3 Environmental
3.2 Urban acupuncture is the most effective in comparison.

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 35

4.1 Methodology Overview
4.2 Secondary research; desk study.
4.3 Primary research; fieldwork.
4.3.1 What is autoethnography and how does it relate to design practice?
4.3.2 Preliminary planning of fieldwork.

CHAPTER : RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 51

5.1 Key Findings
5.2 The Urban Acupuncture Framework
5.3 Application of the Framework; developing a design proposal for Leith.

CHAPTER 6 - DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION .................................................................... 70

CHAPTER 7 - REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 73
CHAPTER 8: APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 79
8.1 Appendix 1; Methodology toolkit & systematic procedure for fieldwork.
8.2 Appendix 2; Methodology Research Portfolio
LIST OF
FIGURES
Figure 1.1 - Structure of dissertation, diagram. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 2.1 - Original layout of Salisbury courts Source: Geddes, P. (1915). Cities in evoluti on : an
introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics. Williams & Norgate. (p. 6)
Figure 2.2 - Later haphazard building over gardens Source: Geddes, P. (1915). Cities in evolution : an
introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics. Williams & Norgate. (p. 7)
Figure 2.3 - Conceptual Framework Source: Ewing, Reid & Handy, Susan. (2009). Measuring the
,

Unmeasurable: Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability. Journal of Urban Design.

Figure 2.4 - The Place Standard Tool Source: Place Standard; Strategic Plan 2020-2023. (2020).
PlaceStandard.scot.
Figure 2.5 - Different aspects of human-centered public space Source: Adapted by Madison
Sacramone — Original by Nassar, U. A. (2021). Urban Acupuncture in Large Cities: Filtering
Framework to Select Sensitive Urban Spots in Riyadh for Effective Urban Renewal. Journal of
Contemporary Urban Affairs. (p. 4-5)
Figure 2.6 - Principles and strategies for urban acupuncture Source: Adapted by Madison Sacramone
— Original by Nassar, U. A. (2021). Urban Acupuncture in Large Cities: Filtering Framework to
Select Sensitive Urban Spots in Riyadh for Effective Urban Renewal. Journal of Contemporary Urban
Affairs.(p.6)
Figure 2.7 - Sensitive spot selection and filtering framework for applying urban acupuncture Source:
Nassar, U. A. (2021). Urban Acupuncture in Large Cities: Filtering Framework to Select Sensitive
Urban Spots in Riyadh for Effective Urban Renewal. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs.
Figure 2.8 - The Three Track Approach illustrated Source: Loeckx, Andre. (2004). Urban trialogues:
visions, projects, co-productions. UN-HABITAT.
Figure 2.9 - Strategy Phases Relating Actors Involved, Type and Location of Interventions and Citizen
Participation Source: Casanova, H., Hernandez Jesits, Devesa, R.. & Bunning, A. K. (2014). Public
space acupuncture: strategies and interventions for activating city life.
Figure 3.1 - Treasure Hill 1 Source: Casagrande, Marco. 'Treasure Hill." Casagrande Laboratory.
April 07, 2016. https://www.casagrandelaboratory.comiportfolioltreasure-hill .
Figure 3.2 — Treasure Hill 2 Source: Casagrande, Marco. "Treasure Hill." Casagrande Laboratory.
April 07, 2016. Imps://www.casagrandelaboratory.com/portfolio/treasure-hill.
Figure 3.3 — Comparison between UA, Large and Small-Scale Urban Renewal. Source: Adapted from
`Urban Acupuncture in Large Cities: Filtering Framework to Select Sensitive Urban Spots in Riyadh
for Effective Urban Renewal' by Nassar, 2017, Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, p. 3.
Figure 4.1 — Research Methodology Overview. Source: Madison Sacramone - Referenced: 'Social
Research Methods' by Bryman, 2012, p. 384 (Main steps of qualitative research).
4
Figure 4.2 — Table summarizing the conclusions drawn from the literature review. Source: Madison
Sacramone
Figure 4.3 — Categories to consider in fi eldwork. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 4.4 — Opportunities & Challenges of autoethnography as a design methodology for urban
acupuncture. Source: Madison Sacramone.
Figure 4.5 — Process Outline for Site Selection. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 4.6 - Selecti on of Sensitive Spots, determine the feasibility of a site. Source: Madison
Sacramone
Figure 4.7 — Community-lead Garden example of UA in Leith, Edinburgh Source; Image by Madison
Sacramone
Figure 4.8 — Example of reused and local material, UA in Leith, Edinburgh Source; Image by Madison
Sacramone
Figure 5.1 - Three key fi ndings from qualitati ve research. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.2 - The Urban Acupuncture Framework, Illustrated. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.3 - The Urban Acupuncture Framework, Explained. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.4 - Summary of key site observati ons from qualitati ve research method. Source: Madison
Sacramone
Figure 5.5 - Existi ng conditi ons of site, micro-scale. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.6- Objecti ves & Potenti al design soluti ons. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.7 - The Vision; example quick action plan for New Kirkgate interventi on. Source: Madison
Sacramone
Figure 5.8- Phase 1 Design Proposal Illustrated. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.9- Phase 2 Design Proposal Illustrated. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.10- Phase 3 Design Proposal Illustrated. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.11- Phase 4 Design Proposal Illustrated. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.12- Before interventi on. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.13- Aft er interventi on. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.14 - Existi ng conditi ons of site, micro-scale. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 5.14 - Fully illustrated interventi on, view from above. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 8.1 - Annotated example of systemati c fi eldnotes. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 8.2 - Fieldnote layout guide. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 8.3 — Map showing the adjacent for Edinburgh center to Leith. Source: Adapted from Digirnap
Online Database, Aerial Roam.
Figure 8.4 — Top and Bottom of Leith Walk Source: Images by Madison Sacramone.
Figure 8.5 — Aerial view of site. Source: Adapted from Digimap
Online Database, Aerial Roam.
Figure 8.6 — Comparison of 1910s (left) and 1970s (right) Historic Map of the Leith Site. Source:
Digimap Online Database, Historic Roam.
Figure 8.7 — Conservation areas in Leith. Source: "Leith Conservation Area Character Appraisal," The
City of Edinburgh Council, p. 4.
Figure 8.8 — Image of South Leith Parish Church present day. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 8.9 — Image of early 20th century view of Leith's Kirkgate and Trinity House Source: Adaptled
from "Lost Edinburgh: Old Kirkgate recalled" by The Newsroom, Edinburgh News, 2017.
Figure 8.10 — Image of Trinity House of Leith present day. Source: Historic Environment Scotland
Database
Figure 8.11 — Image of Linksview House Present Day, view from site. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 8.12 — Environmental and Climatic Conditions in Leith. Source: Adapted from Average
Weather in Edinburgh, Weather Spark.
Figure 8.13 — Maps showing Populati on Demographics. Source: Digimaps Online Database, Society
Roam, March, 2011.
Figure 8.14 — Maps showing local Household Demographics. Source: Digimaps Online Database,
Society Roam, March, 2011.
Figure 8.15 — Maps showing UK Born Demographics. Source: Digimaps Online Database, Society
Roam, March, 2011.
Figure 8.16 — Maps showing levels of Multiple Deprivations in Leith. Source: Scotti sh Index of
Multiple Deprivation. 2020.
Figure 8.17 — Sketch Drawing Site Vignettes. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 8.18 — Site Photographs. Source: Madison Sacramone
Figure 8.19 — Video and Audio Recording, https:.7youtu.beijxhE5MnDdig . Source: Madison
Sacramone
Figure 8.20 — Comparison Household Demographics with and without cars. Source: Digimaps Online
Database, Society Roam, March, 2011.
Figure 8.21 — Comparison Household Demographics Health Impact. Source: Digimaps Online
Database, Society Roam, March, 2011.
Figure 8.22 — Analytical map of site circulations. Source: Adapted from Digimap Online Database,
Aerial Roam.
Figure 8.23 Analytical map of site acti vity. Source: Adapted from Digimap Online Database, Aerial
—

Roam.
Figure 8.24 — Analytical map of nearby amenities and services. Source: Adapted from Digimap Online
Database, Aerial Roam.
TERMINOLOGY &
DEFINITIONS
Consider these definitions as they relate to this dissertation;

Urban Acupuncture
(LA) a bio-urban theory which describes the city as a skin and suggests methods for intervention to
promote healing via urban regenerati on with micro interventi ons that have maximal impacts.

Urban Regeneration
The redevelopment of an area in need of long-term improvement, often places effected by urban decay.

Urban Voids
Places in a city which are categorized as unused, poorly used or having the potential to be improved.

rban Decay
This occurs when a previously functioning part of a city falls to disrepair and may cause social,
economic and environmental degradation.

Quality of Life
(QOL) a term used to describe the state of a person's wellbeing dependent upon environmental,
financial, psychological, physiological, interpersonal, and spiritual health factors.

Chi
the general life source of all living organisms and in this case, Chi applies to cities because they are
living entities with multiple layers of energetic forces.

Autoethnography
a qualitati ve research method which describes cultural contexts from a first-person lens and relies on
the descriptive analysis of self' and "others."

Intervention
the action or process of interfering with the outcomes, especially to improve the function of and
prevent further harm. In this paper interventions refer to the location of an Urban Acupuncture point.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will provide an overview of the topic, urban
acupuncture, and its relevance in this dissertation followed by
aims and objectives. The structure of the dissertation is also
explained for the reader's comprehension.
1.1 OVERVIEW

With more than half of the world's population living in cities, and the other half increasingly

dependent on cities for their economic survival and livelihood, urban centers have become the
epicenter for social, economic and environmental regeneration (Loeckx et al., 2004). As population

rates in cities continue to rise, new revitalization strategies must be developed to first assess said urban
spaces and then intervene with design. Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization is causing (urban) decay,

which occurs when a previously functioning part of a city falls to disrepair.

Urban interventions, which are methodologies that build on what already exists, appear to be more

effi cient and effective vs expansion and enlargement, of which is a common misstep that occurs during

large-scale redevelopment. Because of this, flexible design solutions warrant further study to determine
their capacity to transform modern day urbanity. Additionally, in times of economic crisis, quality of

life (QOL) for city dwellers tends to be greatly compromised, and what this calls for is an immediate,

yet minimally invasive response (Casanova & Hernandez, 2014).

Urban acupuncture (UA) is an urbanism theory which aims to restructure a city's energy

(environmentally, socially and economically) by imposing small-scale designs for maximal impact to
preserve natural resources and increase QOL of occupants eff ected by large-scale developments and

population expansion (Al-Hinkawi & Al-Saadi, 2020). It is based on ancient traditions of Chinese

medicinal acupuncture, in that a small pin prick can stimulate healing throughout the whole body, or
rather in this case the city (Casagrande, 2013).

Healing of the urban skin, which is the man-made layer of a city, can only occur by first identifying
its voids and then assessing the essence of a place. This is essential when attempting to understand

the dynamic that currently exists between an urban center's positive and negative relationships. Since

cities have become models for pioneering and development strategies, it is important to bring UA

to the forefront of the methods utilized. This is because it has the capacity to be a catalyst for the
sustainable regeneration and future-proofing of the world's urban centers.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This dissertati on aims to address the following research question;

What is urban acupuncture and how can it create sustainable strategies to regenerate citi es?

This dissertation evaluates the regenerative qualities of UA, investigates the theory, and aims to
transform it into a method for urban re-development. The foundational research is accomplished

through the following analytical questions:

What is UA?
How did it emerge as a theory and who are the key contributors?
How is UA a useful tool for urban regenerati on?
What models and methods exist?
What is the value of contextualizing a place in UA designs?
How can a framework for UA benefi t the urban design process?

These questions aim to reach the following conclusion:

Urban acupuncture is a catalyst for solving issues facing citi es and a framework for
implementi ng the theory as a strategy will make it more att ainable in the name of future-
proofi ng urban centers and empowering communiti es.

1.3 S TR U CTU RE

This dissertation will explore the theory of UA and construct a guided framework for applying
the theory to an urban development methodology. This will make it more attainable for designers,

developers, and policymakers to use as a tool for collaborative and gradual regeneration. A common

theme in UA theory is the comprehensive understanding, of place, with various methods existing for
evaluating the quality of an urban environment. Unfortunately, there is also little guidance on socio-

spatial analysis in designing significant interventions. To address this, autoethnography is a tool that

rill later be proposed to help immerse a designer into cultural contexts. Application of ethnographic

techniques to architecture and urban disciplines is relatively new, and yet it presents added value to

UA methodologies (Chun & TWOSC, 2019).

Each chapter in this dissertati on will build upon the previous and incorporate the reader' s knowledge

and understanding of U.A. The research addressing the previous questions (see 1.2 Aims and
Objectives) and subsequent hypothesis will be conducted in three parts. First, a literature review will
 FIELDWORK DESIGN
PROPOSAL
Auto-ethnography study Contextualize place through
rnuth-fnedia drawing. the framework will influence
to conxtualize place.
case study analysis of soixtd, photography. , video. a design proposal for
Edinburgh. UK Edinburgh, UK.

RESEARCH
(

QUESTION
URBAN
ACUPUNCTURE DISCUSSION &
What is urban OUTCOMES
acupuncture and how What rs it?
can it create sustarnable How has it evolved?
strategies to regenerate
cities?

LITERATURE ANALYSIS OF URBAN

ACUPUNCTURE
FINDINGS
Study on the value of
FRAMEWORK
Pioneers of urban contextualiznag place
,,,.,............ and what it has informed
about urban acupuncture. ,...„.„..")
guide for imciiementyng
,,,,...............
urban acupuncture in
acupuncture. existing cities_

Figure 1.1- Structure of dissertation. diagram_ Source. Madison Sacramone

analyze the theory of UA and how it has been transferred from ancient Chinese medicine to the hand

of pioneering architect and urbanist. Manuel de Sola-Morales, as a theory for urban regeneration.

Secondly, a qualitative analysis performed by the author using observational research derived from
autoethnography as a tool will guide the contextualization of the urban environment. The author

herself will engage in field work to undergo this process of immersion in a case study located in

Edinburgh, UK. Thirdly, the findings will formulate a detailed, guided framework for applying UA
and will demonstrate the framework in an urban design proposal for Edinburgh, UK to verify its merit.

Conclusions will be based on the findings with key points presented for discussion. It is recognized

that there is not just one solution to enact the regeneration of cities but, it will be argued that UA has
the capacity for the most immediate and widespread impact.
 CHAPTER 2
THE CONCEPT OF
URBAN ACUPUNCTURE
Urban acupuncture as a theoretical concept is explored
through the work of leading researchers in the field. Existing
strategies relating to urban regeneration are reviewed for their
relevance and added value to urban acupuncture.
2.1 WHAT IS URBAN ACUPUNCTURE?

The city is a sensitive environment that must be nurtured, UA is a theory which when applied to urban

contexts, it promotes organic and sustainable growth by empowering urban relationships. UA is an

urban environmentalism theory which combines urban design with the traditional Chinese medicinal
theory of acupuncture (Casagrande, 2013). The term (itself) was first introduced by urban designer and
architect, Manuel de Soli-Morales in 1983, as he studied the evolution and civic form of Barcelona,

Spain. He dreamt of the possibility to one day intervene as an urbanist and so he did rise as a leader in

urbanity and contemporary architecture (Soli-Morales et al., 2008). His approach to creating solutions
for the urban environment was anti-bureaucratic, the ethos of his work was not in the planning of the

city but in the stimulative effects on urbanism caused by minimal points of intervention for maximal

impact (Soli-Morales et al., 2008). In recent years, Finish architect, Marco Casagrande, has led
continued research on ti A, it has since been adopted by a variety of urban theorists, architects and

designers (Yimeng, 2015).

In the book "A Matter of Things," Soli-Morales refers to the city as a skin and in traditional

acupuncture treatment, skin is appreciated as a complex and enormously influential membrane which
effects the whole body (Soli-Morales et al.. 2008).

"The ancient oriental practice of acupuncture regards the skin of the human body as the
principal energy transport system, with 361 sensitive points scattered over the surface of the
body transmitti ng their sensory impressions to the rest of the organism, exterior and interior by
means of twelve meridians or pathways." (Soli-Morales et al., 2008, p. 24).

The therapy is grounded in the belief that imbalances are the fundamental cause of disease and by
triggering sensitive points in the epidermis, the larger network or the body can then begin to heal.
Similarly, UA views urbanity as the skin which is treated by relieving small parts to revitalize the

whole (Casagrande, 2013). The designer plays the role of practitioner or healer by treating the urban
environment, like in medicinal acupuncture, with determining needle placement being the first step of
the treatment. The key to successful UA is assessing the relative conditions of the city to identify the

most appropriate and sensitive point to redistribute energy (Landry, 2005).

The careful understanding of cause and effect is integral to the process, for example, Chinese experts
say that actions performed on the ear will have beneficial effects on the lung or the knee (Yimeng,
2015). Jamie Lerner was a Brazilian politician and urban planner who considered himself an urban
healer of sorts, saying "I have always nurtured the dream and the hope that with the prick of a needle,
diseases may be cured," but this was just a notion of hope (Lerner, 2014, p. 1). Lerner enforces that

planning for change is a process yet, no matt er how good a plan may be, it is the spark that spreads

immediate change (Lerner, 2014). As a practitioner to the urban environment, understanding the ripple
effect is paramount when planning an intervention. For a spark to form it is essential to understand the

flow of energy within a city. If we view the city as Casagrande did, the city is a 'multi-dimensional

sensitive energy-organism, a living environment," then there is a general life force that is constantly
circulating (Elkjxr, 2010). Chinese philosophers refer to this life force as Chi, and when this energy is

unbalanced, there is risk of disease. Acupuncture can rebalance Chi to heighten the healthy potential

of an area (Yimeng, 2015). The theory of UA relates to the complexity of relationships embedded in a
lively city and it is the deep understanding of these relationships that help us as designers to predict the

sensitive points of intervention to harness maximal energy forces for regeneration.

2.2 URBAN ACUPUNCTURE AND THE INTERDEPENDENT SCALES,

FROM MICRO TO MACRO.

Micro, meso and macro environments are valuable means for evaluating a city and have direct

impact on the successful development of urban conditions. They are aggregate forces which may
facilitate sustainable development or create constraints (Zavadskas, et al., 2004). The scales should

be viewed with a bottom-up systematic perspective, the macro-environment (the general location) is

viewed in components (Dopfer et al., 2004). Micro elements should be considered as prerequisites

for how a place will perform and influence the meso-environment (the immediate surroundings), the

contributions of these two scales form the large scale, macro relationships within the city (Varna,
-

2014). There is an intrinsic relationship between macro and micro, "the sum of micro is macro, and
the decomposition of macro is micro," the meso is an intermediate force (Dopfer et al., 2004, p. 264).

In terms of UA the micro-scale is the starting point to ignite an intervention as a catalyst which will

eventually spread across the meso and macro scales. As an analogy to the human body, the individual
acupuncture points which penetrate the skin are the micro-scale, the bodily systems composed of

twelve meridians or pathways are the meso-scale and the human body, the living organism in whole

is the macro scale. The effectiveness of an acupuncture point relies on the understanding of variable
-

relationships between the micro, meso and macro environments for optimal impact on the city
(Zavadskas, et al. 2004).
,
UA is widely characterized as "small-scale" interventions with large impact but, there is no precise
dimension defining UA. So, how big is small? According to Sola-Morales, each scale should be
viewed simultaneously, "viewing the kilometer and centimeter at once," paints a clear image of the

whole (Soli-Morales et al., 2008, p. 18). The success of an acupuncture point is not dependent on

the physical size of the design but, the careful execution of it. The focus is not the physical scale,
it is the interdependent system (Yimeng, 2015). By evaluating the city at a micro, meso and macro

scale, disconnected areas become evident. As an environmental therapy UA treats voids in the city

by filling them with elements which make the city cohesive and better connected across dimensions
(Lerner, 2014). These voided spaces can be as simple as a set of stairs or a ramp on a micro scale,

as Casagrande said, "in them we feel with our weight the shape and size of the city," meaning, these
intimate, transitional micro spaces mold character and form our impressions of a city on the macro-

scale (Sola-Morales et al., 2008). It is evident that the physical scale of an acupuncture point is relative

to the circumstances and needs of a specific city and the relationships that form from micro to macro.

While there is no parameter for physical size, a "small-scale" is not purely determined by size, it

also considers financial input and ability for rapid intervention (Nassar, 2021). With a bottom up -

approach UA targets a specific area to solve a wider agenda by redirecting community energy in a
,

positive way (Casagrande. 2013) A bottom-up approach focuses on the breakdown of key underlying

problems (micro as a starting point) as a fundamental plan to integrate into the whole, in this case

the overarching issues (Lemes de Oliveira et al., 2019). Contrary to this is the top down approach,
-

the focus is first on the big problem (macro as a starting point), this is causing desolate efforts at

problem solving such as, mega-interventions which typically require heavy investments of municipal

funds (Casagrande, 2013). The bottom up approach allows for more flexibility in the evolution of
-

an intervention point, temporality, expandability, and adaptability is encouraged as this allows for

immediate intervention and assessment of impact (Casanova & Hernandez, 2014). UA has the unique

ability to respond almost immediately to complications in urbanity. The emerging challenges of the
COVID-19 pandemic are exemplary of the increasing need to pursue efficient and fast-pace urban

development (Nassar, 2021). Traditional strategies focus on the macro scale and do not have the

capacity to address core issues, UA can be a tool that assists designers in addressing the micro scale
and therefore fostering healthier cities (Nassar, 2021). By looking at the micro and the macro scale at

once, designers and planners can formulate unique systematic and interdependent responses to issues
facing cities.
2.3 A VALUABLE STRATEGY FOR URBAN REGENERATION

The urbanization of the planet has become an irreversible phenomenon, the future relies on how we

proceed with the development of our citi es (Casanova & Hernandez, 2014). Rapid growth in cities

is causing stress to the urban environment and creating areas of urban sprawl, this refers to a city's

increasing land take and it may cause desolate areas to form in a city, instead we should work within

the parameters of the existing (Suzuki et al., 2013). Acupuncture relieves stress in the human body,

applied to cities it can relieve environmental and social stressors by fostering significant connections

Cities have become disconnected from nature. they are the outermost layer of the planet, industrial

shells built on top of nature's soil. The city is an epidermis fallen ill to issues that include pollution,

hierarchical societies, government policy, poor health, and a damaged sense of well-being... Not only

has man lost the inherit relationship to nature, with it the value of interdependence has disappeared

in the depths of urbanity (Sola-Morales et al., 2008). Marco Casagrande describes UA as a method

for bio-urban healing and development to connect modern man with nature, "every blade of grass

penetrating concrete in a city is urban acupuncture," (Elkjxr, 2010 , q. 3). UA aims to repair the cracks
that have formed from industrial tension by fillinc2, the existing damage with stimulating interventions,

rather than replacing the old with something new (Casagrande, 2019). Regeneration may begin when a

city is reconnected, UA is the link.

2.4 THE EVOLUTION OF URBAN ACUPUNCTURE AS A THEORY.

UA is a theory that has come forth in recent years, but, it is not an entirely original conception.

Although Manuel de Sola-Morales is regarded as 'the father' of UA, Patrick Geddes was one of

many predecessors with similar ideas. Geddes was a Scotti sh biologist, sociologist, philanthropist,

and geographer, well-known for his pioneering work during the late nineteenth and early twentieth

centuries in urban planning. His claim to fame was the regeneration of Old Town, Edinburgh following

the urban decay after the building of New Town (Hysler-Rubin, 2011; MacPherson, 2020). Like the

ideas of Sola-Morales and other theorists, Geddes held a deep understanding of the complex and
interconnected variables of civic change (Hysler-Rubin, 2011). There are historic relationships in cities

and the most successful urban planners have condoned them as indicators for development. Research

conducted throughout Geddes' career informed his belief that the development of human communities

is biological, consisting of interactions among people, their environment, and activities (Hysler Rubin,
-

2011).
A common theme among UA theorists is the value in comprehensive understandings of the urban
environment, as well as the relationship of the city to the region. Patrick Geddes believed in

contextualizing a place, he said, "diagnosis before treatment," this is a method which parallels the
work of Soli-Morales and Casagrande (Geddes, 1915). Manuel de Soli-Morales proposes the process

of UA firstly by acknowledging the urban reality (the diagnosis), secondly to discover the matters

of the city and thirdly, to better rearrange the matters (the treatment) (Yimeng, 2015). Casagrande 's
methods describe the procedure as determining the "sensitive flows," (the diagnosis) in reference
to the Chi, or energy force in the city and then place the acupuncture point (the treatment). He also

stresses the importance of analyzing the relationship of designer and community (Elkjwr, 2010). It is
evident that these theorists have similar concepts of UA but, each has pivoted the essence of the other,
making the evolution of the theory stronger.

While researchers before his time did have similar methods of treating a city, Sola-Morales built upon
them and coined the term UA. UA has evolved as a theory primarily from continued research on

the work of Manuel de Sola-Morales, and developed by key researchers such as Marco Casagrande,

Jaime Lerner, Helena Casanova & Jesus Hernandez. Each have individual notions on the theory as
it has been applied to their concept and field of work. Soli-Morales' ideas did not fall victim to the

usual rigid methods of urban planning, his approach encouraged creativity and exploration to solve

interconnected problems and encourage behavior changes by imagining the city as a skin (Sol&
Morales et al., 2008). Marco Casagrande builds on this concept but his work was focused on the

belief that nature wants to exist maximally so, he treated the city as an organic system where man

lives xvith nature ( Casagrande, 2019). Jaime Lerner adopted UA as a method to regenerate Brazil

during his ti me as a politi cian his work centered around social strategies and the profound impact
,

of citi zen participation (Lerner, 2014). Casanova and Hernandez relate their work in UA to the value

of public spaces for community participation, using time-based approaches and strategies for place

making in cities (Casanova, Hernandez, 2014). The core theory of UA remains a constant among these
researchers in that small-scale interventions provide the key connections needed to regenerate cities.
2.5 EXISTING STRATEGIES FOR REASSESSING URBAN SPACES IN
PREPARATION OF REGENERATION.

Figure 2.1 - Original layout of Salisbury courts Source: Geddes. Figure 2.2 - Later haphazard building over gardens Source. Geddes.
P (1915). Cities in evolution an introduction to the town planning P (1915). Cities in evolution an introduction to the town planning
movement and to the study of civics. Williams & Norgate. (p. 6) movement and to the study of civics. Williams & Norgate. (p. 7)

Strategies for planning connections in cities have existed for thousands of years and they represent

how humans have lived relevant to place and time. For example, many early planned cities were
developed from a aid, and while this may have been efficient at the time, developments must

be forward thinking for long-term sustainability. Patrick Geddes critiques cities with this issue,

such as Salisbury, England. While the original intentions for the gridded garden city were good,
as populations increased, overcrowding created "haphazard building over gardens," consequently

creating gardenless slums (Figure 2.1 & 2.2) (Geddes, 1915). The modern city is in a constant state

of flux, always evolving with time. As our cities continue to expand, we must redirect and control
their development for sustainable growth. It is important to reference successful strategies to make

them widely accessible to designers and developers for adaptation world-wide. These strategies can

range from simple to complex based on the scope of an intervention. While UA does not have a
stringent framework, similar models do exist and are valuable to further our knowledge on how to

optimize regenerative qualities. By referencing the recommended strategies by Sola-Morales, such as

immersing into the place to identi fy the acupuncture point and realizing the problems of that area, we
can develop a treatment to adapt to contexts in various citi es (Solit-Morales et al., 2008).
 2.5.1 ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL QUALITIES.

It is evident that contextualizing a place is of the utmost importance when applying the theory of UA.
As designers we apply a series of tools to assess the distinctive characteristics of a place. Principles

in New Urbanism suggest that walkability, connectivity. sustainable transportation, density, mixed

land use and mixed housing optimize livability" and the attractiveness of urban life, and therefore the

measure is QOL (Cysek-Pawlak, 2018). UA can introduce these elements to a city where one might
already exist the other can be fulfilled, together they create urban identity and therefore long-term

success across multiple sectors. Frameworks such as the "15-Minute City" and the "Place Standard

Tool" have gained popularity in recent years as valuable sets of principles to effectively assess and
implement change to make cities more efficient for people and the environment.

The QOL for city dwellers is often measured by proximity to daily needs and activities (Cysek-
Pawlak, 2018). Although conceptually different from UA, the 15 Minute City is a valuable theory -

for how this model promotes wellbeing. It relates to scale and the bottom up approach, by focusing -

on the localization of amenities

in small areas within the city (an approximate 15-
minute diameter
111,611
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of this method can range from
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_ Figure 2.3 - Conceptual Framework Source: Ewing. Reid. & Handy, Susan. (2009).

Moleeiliesome biome Ibobemoisi they previously spent commuting to

Measuring the Unmeasurable_ Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability. Journal and from work and amenities. The
of Urban Design.

15 minute city aims at localizing city life by reconnecting people to their neighborhoods, "bring
-

activities to the neighborhoods and not people to the activities" (Pozoukidou, Chatziyiannaki, 2021).
Reconstructing proximity will influence urbanites to walk and cycle more.

By measuring the QOL we can promote better connected, active communities. Researchers have
conceptualized a framework for "measuring the unmeasurable," and that is a person's perception of
a place (Figure 2.3) (Ewing & Handy, 2009). The framework informs how physical characteristics of
 the street environment may influence a person's use of a place, and it bridges a relationship between
the physical environment and human behavior (Ewing & Handy, 2009). While the framework is an
exploratory tool for an individual to complete based on their subjective experience of a place, it is

recognized that there is still value in understanding the power a specific location possesses (Ewing

& Handy, 2009). In UA, humans are referred to as the Chi, for people are the cause of the constant
flow of energy. The ability to assess and redirect that energy is thought to be vital to regenerating

cities (Casagrande, 2019). By understanding the psychological impact that stems from the physical

characteristics of a place we can design with better knowledge of what channels the Chi in cities, or
,

what governs urbanites. The idea of proximity, quality and a person's relationship to space is important

to consider when applying UA to cities.

The Place Standard tool is an advancement of these guiding principles (Figure 2.4). The tool was

developed in Scotland to create opportunities for communities to flourish from wellbeing and

sustainable economic growth through targeted place-based research preformed collaboratively

(Place Standard, 2020). Like the 15-minute city and the framework for rating walkability, this tool

assesses QOL and emphasizes the importance of localization to optimize human and environmental
wellbeing. While the previous framework by Ewing & Handy's fails to be accessible to the wider
creisi
public (this framework was only used
expe

concepts), the Place Standard Tool

has a clear guide and verbiage that is
I t easily understood by the public (Place
•I 6 is I I I •
Standard, 2020; Ewing & Handy,
2009). The "place" is
referred to on a
micro-scale, and by regenerating small
areas, the influence will accumulate
1 4 k i t o n a m a c r o , i n t e r n a ti o n a l

s c a l e .

kevt,cr _ma*wv11
'mat 40con00,1 is The tool is inspired by the United

045
Nations Sustainable Development
 goals (Place Standard, 2020), and
Figure 2.4 The Place Standard Tool Source. Place Standard: Strategic Plan 2020-
-

provides prompts for discussion to

ova
 help communiti es think about the physical elements of a place as well as the social aspects. This
methodological approach to evaluati ng place is addressed in 14 categories which are further explained

through an online database collecting information for wider research (Place Standard, 2020). The

essence of a framework such as this is valuable to apply in UA theory because it helps to pinpoint the

assets a location possesses, and where there is room for improvement. The ability to contextualize a
place informs where opportunities can rise versus other influences which limit potential. Casagrande

emphasizes the value in a relationship between "designer and community," the role of collaboration

in these frameworks highlighting a unique opportunity for public participation. In turn, this creates a
stronger relationship between human and city (Casagrande, 2013).

2.5.2 FILTERING FRAMEWORK FOR SELECTING URBAN

ACUPUNCTURE POINTS.

To choose the best strategy and location for UA specifi c criteria must be met. Additionally, identifying
the strengths and weaknesses of an area, like the previous methods outlined, may inform the decisions

made during the design and development stages. Dr. Usama A. Nassar is one of few researchers to

attempt a filtering framework to apply the UA approach in large cities, while previous works have

litt le guidance on how to realisti cally implement UA as a method (Nassar, 2021). The framework

aims to provide quick and effective strategies and principles for selecting suitable spots for UA while
filtering places with maximal potential. Nassar addresses the key criteria for human-centered public

space which is divided into two aspect categories, spatial and socio-spatial (Figure 2.5) (Nassar,

2021). It is suggested that where spaces are more walkable, safe, accessible, and sociable, UA is more
effective (Nassar, 2021). The individual aspects align with the common theme of accessibility and

Aspects Explanation

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Figure 2.5 Different aspects of human-centered public space Source: Adapted by Madison Sacramone - Original by Nassar, U_
-

A. (2021). Urban Acupuncture in Large Cities. Filtering Framework to Select Sensitive Urban Spots in Riyadh for Effective Urban
Renewal_ Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs. (p_4-5)
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U_ A_ (2021). Urban Acupuncture in Large Cities: Filtering Framework to Select Sensitive Urban Spots in Riyadh for Effective
Urban Renewal. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs.(p.6)
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-

Urban Acupuncture in Large Cities: Filtering Framework to Select Sensitive Urban Spots in Riyadh for Effective Urban Renewal.
Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs.
citi zen interacti on previously addressed in the 15 Minute City model, the conceptual framework for
-

measuring walkability, and the Place Standard Tool (Pozoukidou, Chatziyiannaki, 2021; Ewing &
Handy, 2009; Place Standard, 2020). These aspects are important to improve relationships between

users and public space (Nassar, 2021). The aspects for spatial and community relationships are

relevant for their interconnectedness and long-term success of existing cities but, it is Nassar's
framework that is unique in the way it executes an approach using the principles and strategies of

UA to locate the precise pinpoint. There are aspects of spatial and community relationships that

are relevant for their interconnectedness and long-term success of existing cities, but, it is Nassar's
framework that is unique in the way it executes an approach using the principles and strategies of UA

to locate the precise pinpoint. Said principles are what is required of a prosperous acupuncture point

(the constant) and each principle is accomplished by two or more strategies (the variables) which
will differ in unique sites (Figure 2.6) (Nassar, 2021). The sensitive spots, where these principles

and strategies are applied, are located using Nassar's "filtering framework" to address whether UA is
suitable for a given location (Figure 2.7).

The filters work in a funnel-like manner, ranging from broad site requirements to those that are
more specific. In filter 4 the sensitive spot is evaluated using the key aspects of public space and this

seamlessly filters to the strategy selection in filter 5. The aspects. strategies and principles accumulate

to deliver a precise point for intervention and proposes a starting point for conversation on what the
design of the acupuncture point may entail (Nassar, 2021).

2.5.3 TIME-BASED APPROACHES

UA relies on small interventions to create big impact, with a time-based approach being essential to

formulate a quick action plan that ignites the spark of lasting change (Nassar, 2021). The methods
previously outlined suggest what a city requires for high QOL, tools for assessing these qualities, and

how to begin the process of applying UA to the citifi ed skin. The following frameworks address the

process of sustainable integration over a period.

It is a misconception that the regeneration of a city requires large initial investment costs and

resources. The approach for urban regeneration has previously been master planning, which entailed
land-use planning and often unrealistic assessments of limited resources and rapid change (Loeckx
et al., 2004). The UN Habitat has created a "Three Track Approach" for balancing the vison-building
and policy-making process, which combines long-term objectives with short-term solutions which
consider rapid change and resource limitations (Figure 2.8) (Loeckx et al., 2004). The three tracks are
as follows; vision aims to develop a long-term vision for the desired future, development path and

structure of the city; action addresses the formulation and implementation of daily actions including

testing, training and feedback; communication/participation involves stakeholders in vision-building.

planning and decision-making, it aims to solve disputes among different levels of civic society by

creati ng urban development alliances and platforms for continued programs and projects (Loeckx

et al.. 2004). The three tracks must be continuously integrated for a balanced process that tackles
multiple problems simultaneously.

"Vision without actions and projects does not yield operational synergy, tangible results and
necessary feedback. Action without vision does not address strategic long-term conditions
to ensure that the essential resources for a good quality urban life are available for future
generations. Vision and action without communication is doomed to fail as it does not take
into consideration the aspirations of civil society as a whole and the construction of a social
agreement." (Loeckx et al., 2004, p. 22).

Phasing is another useful tool to consider in UA because it requires low initial start-up costs and
the ability to future-proof an intervention. Casanova and Hernandez coined the term "Public Space

Acupuncture." a key stakeholder of public space is the citizen, their strategy aims to evaluate citizen

parti cipati on with a phased time-based approach (Casanova & Hernandez, 2014). Their research is
,

heavily based on place making strategies that are restorative. adaptive, fl exible and have the capacity
-

for transformati on. The strategy involves a development process and management along a timescale

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Figure 2_8 - The Three Track Approach illustrated Source. Loeckx, Andre. (2004). Urban tnalogues. visions, projects. co-productions.
UN-HABITAT
 for phasing with the actors involved in each stage to promote gradual regeneration (Casanova &
Hernandez, 2014). The diagram (Figure 2.9) demonstrates the strategy applied to an exhibit at
Amsterdam Nieuw-West, the phases start small and expand over time with support from private
and public stakeholders that include municipalities, housing corporations, volunteers, architects
and urbanists (Casanova & Hernandez, 2014). Citizen participation is perhaps the most important
to show stakeholders it is a worthy investment, with programs being created to increase community
involvement that ultimately
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Figure 2.9 - Strategy Phases Relating Actors Involved. Type and Location of Interventions and community members (Casanova
Citizen Participation Source: Casanova. H.. Hernandez Jes0s. Devesa. R. & Bunning. A. K.
(2014). Public space acupuncture: strategies and interventions for activating city life.
& Hernandez. 2014).
 CHAPTER 3
URBAN ACUPUNCTURE;
A CATALYST FOR
URBAN REGENERATION
The core principles of sustainability are explained to further
contextualize urban acupuncture as a theory and their
relationship to sustainable urbanization. It is proposed that for
urban acupuncture to be an effective catalyst for regeneration
it must include social, economic, and environmental factors
to the design practice.
3.1 THE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE; KEY CATALYSTS FOR SUSTAINABLE
REGENERATION.

The strategy of UA is linked to trends in sustainable urbanization, and its principles aim to reconstruct

a city's energy by pinpointing environmental, social and economic issues with a positi ve yet simple

response to preserve natural resources and improve the community's QOL (Al-Hinkawi & Al-Saadi.

2020). Cities are comprised of a multi tude of energetic forces ranging from mechanical to emoti onal,

architectural to human, and together these forces create an urban identity. It is the physical matter that
constitutes the urban experience, the city has an innate power to infl uence human behavior and effect

the habits of urban residents to promote the regenerati on of multi ple factors (Solii Morales et al.,
-

2008).

"The triple bottom line" is a term which describes the three pillars of sustainability (social,
environmental, and economic factors), also referred to as 'people, planet and profit" or "ecology,

equity and economy" (Bergman, 2012). There is a misconception that urban development and

regeneration are costly. and that profit is the sole added value to a city. The triple bottom line also

addresses ecology and equity, which is diffi cult to put a number on ( Bergman, 2012). The benefit

of UA as a theory for urban regeneration is that it can require little financial cost, therefor social

and environmental viability can remain at the forefront of the design. Nassar suggests that from an

architectural point of view, "any successful building must stimulate economic and social activities and

be within walking distance of other activities". It becomes evident that the three factors together create

the highest value by thoroughly connecting places to people (Nassar, 2021, p. 4). The city is a living
organism containing a variety of focal points with high potential. and these places can act as catalysts

for widespread regeneration. Ultimately, the most effective catalyst for UA must be related to the

factors of the triple bottom line (Unt & Bell, 2014; Nassar, 2021).

Urban acupuncturists must be culturally literate to acknowledge "the webs of significance people have

spun" (Landry, 2005) to decode a place on the physical and non physical level. This can be done by
-

evaluating relationships and determining how an intervention might improve a community, stimulate
the economy, and benefit ecology (Landry, 2005; Casagrande, 2013). Intervention points should
be selected through a comprehensive analysis of the triple bottom line factors in combination with

dialogue between designers and communities. Due to this imperative, we must understand how each
of these pillars contributes to and participates in sustainable regeneration (Al-Hinkawi & Al-Saadi,
2020).
 •
see the connections between the natural, social, cultural, political and economic
. .

environments, and to grasp the importance not only of `hard' but also of 'soft' infrastructures,
which are the social network dynamics of a place." (Landry, 2005, p. 118)

As designers it is essential to embrace each of these pillars for lasting sustainable regeneration.

3.1.1 SOCIAL

UA transforms a city into a catalyst for regeneration not only by mending the physical form but, by

cultivating community interactions (Yimeng, 2015). At the city's core. people are the life source,

and it is important to frequently engage people to create impactful change without fear of disrupting

social and cultural norms (Nassar, 2021). Casagrande views cities as "complex energy organisms,"

with overlapping layers of energy flows determining the development of the city as well as the
actions of the citizens (Casagrande, 2013). Social factors concern citizens and their well-being, with

this best be understood by surveying the people themselves. It is widely believed that public space

contributes to QOL, urban identity, and economic development, fostering the social epicenter of the

city that possesses it (Nassar, 2021). It is important to strengthen the social functi on of urban spaces

and to foster a democratic society by way of incorporating meeting places (Gehl 2010). Casanova

and Hernandez coined the term `public space acupuncture' to describe strategies that activate city life
especially when it concerns equitable public space (Casanova & Hernandez, 2014). "The ethos of the
`public' in urban space also gives affordance of something often limited in indoor spaces, diversity

of activity" (Rishbeth et al., 2017, p. 48). Public space acupuncture gives the citizen a role in shaping

urbanity, whether that be intentionally or inadvertently, for people create the spark (Casanova &
Hernandez, 2014; Lerner, 2014). Sir Patrick Geddes is a prime example of igniting such a spark when

he relocated to Edinburgh. He began to restore his own property, which subsequently persuaded his

neighbors to take communal acti ons that could benefit them all (MacPherson, 2020).

Citizens are builders of the city, and in recent years local authorities have formed co-production

initiatives that include realized and maintained spaces by citizens and citizen groups. These places
include community gardens, art and urban farms occupying deteriorating public spaces, abandoned

lots, or poorly maintained urban intersections (Casanova & Hernandez, 2014). Citizens are motivated

to act for a multitude of reasons due to the simple aesthetic and spirit of improving their local
community or they may encourage economic drivers for food production and sale from urban gardens
(Casanova & Hernandez, 2014). Whatever public motivations there may appear to be, there will
always be multi ple stakeholders prioriti zing diff erent merit, and a combinati on of local authority

and public parti cipati on can balance these factors. There is great value in reclaiming the ownership

of public space, and the importance of community development through small interventions should

emphasize the regenerative effects that come from empowering social, economic and environmental

change (Nassar. 2021). With creative innovation and communal redevelopment prompted by

community-lead conservation, cities can be revitalized, and citizens can be empowered.

UA should prioriti ze equity with equal access and involve everyone from policymakers to populations

that range from the youth to the elderly. Jaime Lerner believes in the profoundness of social strategies

that concern people's parti cipati on. He used a strategy that involved youth education by publishing a

book for children that helped them understand how to improve urban environments through drawing.

The idea was that the children become the teacher as they show their parents their work (Yimeng,

2015). Engagement with the public influences a designer's intenti onal cultural competency to promote

ethnic diversity in public space by criti cally understanding social patt erns (Rishbeth et al., 2017).

Public engagement such as this will inform better design decisions for future-proofing our cities with a

people-centric approach.

Providing a multitude of social activities is positive for a citizen's well-being as well as boosting

economic traffi c. Multi-use spaces encourage social exchanges that have great value in the

regeneration of urbanity (Gehl 2010; Nassar, 2021). As humans, we are attracted to animation, and

people attract people. Lerner is quoted as saying stop to watch how a drop of molasses draws a

swarm of ants". An acupuncture point is the sweet spot in the city and once people begin to gather,

the spark will continue to spread (Lerner, 2014. p. 47). UA in combination with citizen participation

can reconnect cities by creating a social network in the physical world, and good acupuncture is about

filling the streets (Lerner, 2014).

3.1.2 ECONOMIC

A stable economy, with concomitant financial investment. is crucial when talking about balancing and

revitalizing urban life. This is because UA depends on initial funding, ongoing support and longer-

term maintenance. The benefit of this strategy is that UA focusses on a local and social approach to

resources. rather than capital-intensive municipal programs (Solii-Morales et al., 2008; Casagrande,
2013). Manuel de Sola-Morales invented UA at a time when budgets and resources were limited,
so he was able to demonstrate that social efforts can democratically and inexpensively increase the
QOL in the city by way of small-scale corrective responses that realize urban potenti al (Al Hinkawi
-

& Al-Saadi, 2020). When strong economies provide ready access to capital structures, regenerative

efforts often include demolishing the decrepit urban structure(s) and replacing them with something

new. In the case where a city or community does not have access to such capital, or is paralyzed by
an economic crisis, UA is best suited as a response (Casanova & Hernandez, 2014). The economic

approach is bottom-up, with minimal investment providing great opportunity for flexibility and

expansion in the future (Casagrande, 2013).

City centers are having to face with the reality that the public is disappearing from the streets, which

is proving to be detrimental to the economy (Yimeng, 2015). Well integrated interventions have the
potential to release energy in degraded areas of a city by way of cultural policies that can lead to

economic renewal. Subsequently, this can not only improve the vision of the city, but also its appeal

(Al-Hinkawi & Al-Saadi, 2020). When the aesthetic of a city is elevated, more people will be attracted
to it. The economic value of UA is intertwined with the social wellbeing of residents, with them

often-times depending on each other to foster a flourishing community. Earlier, we recognized that
walkability is closely correlated to a good QOL for urban dwellers. Pedestrian cities (usually historic

cities that were designed before the automobile) have an economy and social network that is based on

foot traffic (Gehl, 2010). Like Lerner suggests, UA should aim to fill the streets with people, for this
will stimulate the economy and it can also engage the public with the intervention for the possibility of

future involvement (Lerner, 2014).

Complementary to stimulating the economy is maintaining equal access to interventions. Public

engagement is important to foster community relationships and there is a fine line between

interventions being accessible to the masses vs feeling exclusive. Geddes sparked citizens of
Edinburgh to make strides to conserve the city, with some of his projects aimed towards encouraging

the wealthy to return to Old Town by making it a more desirable place. While bringing wealth back

to the city improves the lives of everyone, there is risk in that the city can also become unaffordable
(MacPherson, 2020). The desirable conveniences of a city should be mutually attainable and UA
interventions should encourage coexistence. Low-cost interventions combined with local skills and
resources will promote a sense of equity among citizens with diverse economic backgrounds.
 3.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL

Because human beings and nature are interdependent, people have an inherent relationship to the

environment, and Sir Patrick Geddes believed that by changing a society's surroundings, it is possible
to change their structure and behavior (Hysler Rubin, 2011). Similarly, Nassar suggests that changing
-

social and cultural norms by way of frequent public engagement will create an awareness that betters

urban environments (Nassar, 2021). UA is a strong catalyst for shaping urbanity and influencing
sustainable change. Casagrande describes humans as the chi (general life sources) of a city, and that
by educating and encouraging the public, a spark of change will ignite and work to reshape said city

(Casagrande, 2013; Lerner, 2014). People have an innate attraction to nature, thus a city should be

directed back towards its organic roots to help improve QOL. If acupuncture relieves stress in the
body, then UA relieves stressors of industrial tension in the city (Casagrande, 2013). UA has always

condoned this human nature relationship, and Soli Morales based the theory on a metaphor of the
- -

city as a layered skin and as having energy networks (Soli Morales et al., 2008). The city and man
-

are alike, "The analogy between cities and living organisms reflects the fact that cities can be born,

be transformed, and even die" (Casanova & Hernandez, 2014. p. 46). Humans are a part of nature

but, it is the byproduct of man that is unnatural. Man has the tendency to push away nature, although
it wants to exist maximally, nature should be encouraged as a part of the urban environment for

revitalization (Casagrande, 2019). Our initiatives to create better environments contradict the cycle

of nature. Everything in life is in a constant state of flux but, the urban structures we design stand still
for centuries (Imhof & Gruber, 2016). Like nature, UA has the potential to be organically flexible and

adaptive (Casanova & Hernandez, 2014).

There is a unique quality in comparing the city, that which is manmade, to living organ isms, naturally

existing and ever evolving. The concept of a city is biominietic described as having skin, like animals,
containing multiple layers and networks (Soli-Morales et al., 2008). VA is a tool with the aptitude

to join urban nature as part of nature (Casagrande, 2013). If humans are the life source of a city, then

our urban spaces should be people centric, without compromise to the environment, of which is a life

source to mankind.

Perhaps, the most notable example for design driven by coexistence is Marco Casagrande's work
with the Treasure Hill community in Taipei, Taiwan known as "Third Generation City"' (Casagrande,
 2019). His work explores the lifespan of cities, and focuses on how humans evolve with said city
as being notable Casagrande believes that "Urban Acupuncture is a form of bio - urban healing and

a development process connecting modern man with nature" (Casagrande, 2019, p.138). His UA

methods manipulate the timelines of urban Chi to create sustainable urban development (Al-Hinkawi

& Al - Saadi, 2020). In the first-generation, humans respect constraints and still depend on nature, with

the city being considered moderately urbanized (Yimeng, 2015; Unt, & Bell, 2014). Humans begin to

exploit natural resources in the second-generation as cities become overly industrialized. At this point
citizens feel independent from nature (Casagrande, 2019; Unt, & Bell, 2014). The third-generation

city is when the mechanical surface of the industrial city (second-generation) is shattered, and from

the cracks an organic city returns. Nature takes over and a new
sensitive urban layer is exposed
(Casagrande, 2019; Unt, & Bell, 2014). Whilst the theory

is experimental, with informal and minimal intervention,

this new urban layer is socially and biologically diverse

(Unt, & Bell, 2014). Casagrande applies this theory to the
regeneration of Treasure Hill, a community consisting of
Figure 3.2 - Treasure Hill 2 Source. Casagrande. elder KMT veterans, illegal foreign workers and artists
Marco. -Treasure Casagrande Laboratory
April 07. 2016. httpsilwww.casagrandelaboratory_
corn/portfolio/treasure-hill. within a village nearly demolished by the government but
saved by UA intervention, lead by the principles of the third

generation city (Casagrande, 2006). Treasure Hill was a dead

end unti l Casagrande, in collaborati on with the community

and local government, constructed stairways and passages

throughout the village to inject new energy and circulati on

(Figure 3.1 / 3.2) (Casagrande, 2006). The simple act of

reconnecting a community and reintroducing garden plots

Figure 3.1 - Treasure Hill 1 Source: Casagrande. Marco.
'Treasure Hill." Casagrande Laboratory. April 07, 2016. to a historic farming village resulted in the conservation
https://wwwcasagrandelaboratory.com/portfollo/ treasure-hill.
of a previously dilapidated village. Casagrande refers to
this process as turning over compost and feels that by penetrating the topsoil with UA intervention

as a tool, a "smelly" corner of the city is turned into the most fertile topsoil for future development
(Casagrande, 2019). (Casagrande, 2019). Like a compost pile, the intervention requires tending to

retain nourishment. UA is a therapeutic modality that may require multiple treatments until healing

begins. This healing is referred to as a ruin, the third-generation city aims to design ruins. It is at this
point industrial control is released and man becomes a part of nature (Casagrande, 2006).
3.2 URBAN ACUPUNCTURE IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE IN COMPARISON.

Streets, squares and parks are a city's public domain, they are key areas for catalysts such as UA

(Gehl, 2010). Within this structure, UA aims to impact every potential space in a city, eventually

creating and interconnecting a strong urban network (Nassar, 2021). Nassar evaluates various types

of urban renewal relati ve to their socioeconomic strategies, ulti mately quantifying the effectiveness of

UA (Figure, 3.1). UA strays from the typical large urban renewal strategies used in the past, instead

utilizing localized, small-scale intervention methods directly influenced by the local inhabitants
(Nassar, 2021). Nassar presents this table (Figure 3.1) to compare large-scale and small-scale urban

renewal to UA. This thorough analysis proves that UA is a strategic, holistic, and inclusive approach to
designing public space.

• . . . . . . . •
VARIOUS TYPES OF URBAN RENEWAL
Figure 3.3 — Comparison between UA. Large and Small-Scale Urban Renewal. Source: Adapted from 'Urban Acupuncture in Large Cifies: Filtering Framework to Select Sensitive
Urban Spots in Riyadh for Effective Urban Renewal' by Nasser. 2017, Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs. p. 3.
COMPARISON LARGE-SCALE URBAN SMALL-SCALE URBAN URBAN ACUPUNCTURE
RENEWAL RENEWAL
ITEMS

Aim of Development Improve the environment and living Solve different urban problems
Achieve mostly financial profit conditions (social. environmental, etc.)

Director of Government and residents Government, developers. and local

Government and developers
Development community

Development Mostly to demolish and reconstruct The accumulative effect.

Achieve goal in stages progressively
Method all at one time step by step

One-time investment from From government and residents' Vanoussunlimited channels

Funding government or developers funds

Strategy:
From top to bottom From top to bottom From bottom to top
Planning & design

Strategy: From bottom to top

From top to bottom From top to bottom
Construction

The difficulty of
Simple Flexible Flexible
Strategy Application
 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

The methodology for exploring the hypothesis includes a

combination of desk-based and qualitative field research to
further explore the hypothesis and inform the later proposed
framework for urban acupuncture as a design practice. This
chapter will explain the procedure and relative tools used in
the research method of this dissertation.
 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW

DISSERTATION
RESEARCH
QUESTION
What is urban acupuncture
.
.
.
_
„
)

a
n
d
CONTEXT  ( CONCLUSIONS
h
o
w THEORY What is missing /
needs further study?
c Tools & methods for
a selecting a "sensitive
METHODS
n spot' for intervention and
contextualizing the place
i
t

c
r
e
a SITE SELECTION
t
e
(PURPOSE OF DATA COLLECTION)
sustainable strategies to - BACKGROUND RESEARCH
Explore the questions. How is this space used
regenerate cities?
and by who? What behaviors occur and why?
How can an intervention benefit this place?
FIELDWORK
Can observational study add value to urban
acupuncture practices?

= - RESEARCH PORTFOLIO
i REVIEW
1
I
‘ Review of existing ANALYSIS • Unanswered questions
LITERATURE
should be resolved with
\\ literature to gain a further research
thorough understanding
of the topic

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 DESIGN
( FRAMEWORK
CO PROPOSAL
Conceptual & Theoretical Work Verification of theory
NHow
C L did research inform
How would this
the framework? Guide for framework be applied in
U Urban
S I O Acupuncture as a an Urban Acupuncture
design practice. design proposal for
NS & Edinburgh

REC

OM

MEN

DATI

ONS

Figure 4.1 - Research Methodology Overview. Source: Madison

Sacramone - Referenced_ 'Social Research Methods' by Bryman.
2012_ p. 384 (Main steps of qualitative research).
4.1 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW

The methodology for understanding and determining regenerati ve abiliti es to inform a framework

of UA includes multiple aspects. The principal method includes secondary desk-based research via

literature review on the history, context and theory of UA. Within this research, a common theme
emerged, with the fi rst step of an interventi on being the acceptance of the truth a place possesses

(Soli-Morales et al., 2008). To fully recognize reality, a first-person experience is most valuable when
grasping the concepts of everyday life and interpreting socio-spatial dialects (Cihanger, 2018). Until

now, desk-based study has been the sole research method. In support of this, the author will collect

qualitative information through a primary research methodology in tandem with literature and case
study review (Figure 1.1). Together conclusions will be met on the potential UA has to regenerate

cities and this will inform the UA framework. The qualitative research method in focus is more

specifically "autoethnography," which criti cally explores a researcher's immersive analysis of "self'
and "others," in order to highlight socio-spatial qualities and its additional value for directing urban

design practi ces (Chang, 2008; Nassar, 2021; Cihanger, 2018). Ethnography is a form of discovery

science concerning the observation of the everyday lives of people, and when paired with spatial
analysis, researchers comprehend the relationships between people and the built environment and
how/why specifi c interactions occur (Cihanger, 2018). By preforming an autoethnographic analysis

of my local city (Edinburgh , UK) I will analyze the fi ndings through various tools such as note-
taking, drawing, audio and video recording to make suggestions on using this method in combinati on
with UA theory. A guided framework for future urban designers, planners, community members and

policymakers will be derived from the fi ndings and conclusions drawn from both secondary and

primary research methods. This framework will be verified in an UA design proposal for the city of
Edinburgh.

4.2 SECONDARY RESEARCH; DESK STUDY.

The review of existing literature represents an important element when conducting research, for

it helps the researcher and reader gain a thorough understanding of the topic. Said understanding

is critical when assessing the significance of previous work(s) and affi rming the credibility of the
hypothesis (Bryman, 2012). In this case, a narrative review approach was used to study the literature

and was guided by the research questions (see 1.2 Aims and Objectives) to determine the following
conclusions (Figure 4.2);
Conclusions from Literature Raves

I UA a tnit moat powerful catalyst for regeneration

Compared to oar urban reseasval
methods. UA • benelicsaty a more
adaptive and illeiable smooch b urban
planning

2 &nee eta* UA inlrrrerAiOris ote trtewenel but

-

they hove mamma, imps!

AithOugh UA ICCueftli On enx/Co-sale ditry*Oliment
Vte flOSO and enact° are veitiab4 to srlom an
rvlarwntan.
UA interventions locus on hurnan-scale deegns
that 111 urban voids

3 The most successful UA interventions rociuda

considscalion for the social. economic. and
errniorentintal %COX*

4 Collaboration between planners and citizens is vital

to the success of an liA intervention
Existing A'arneworlts tot UA tack guide ice and
eaDessiblity to designers planners. and cittzens
to equally understand Po method and work
colabcrativety

5 UA and reered% *ke n nave hisocr► c rnent, cr.ies

Eclinbi.rgh helm been given a second Is
Aim Wing So disrepair
6 The city is Diamenstic effi gy. 11 is loiligng
otarrism and InoiAl be Pealed in small Nus
to heal the vi.tole body
7 Pubic spa:* es rnpcxlant for social welter"; and fostering a
der•icratec soceatv

8 Socio-spatial relabonsfvps are ovarian* design Figure 4_2 - Table

dowers summarizing the
conclusions drawn from the
UA empowers urban relabonshops between literature review. Source.
people and their environments Madison Sacramone
Thoroughly ccrteafiislong a place prior to
intervention is essential to Vie process of
odere:tyrig aonsitmliMont* to reastroute
ortorgy

Following the assessment of the

signifi cance in previous authors
work, key fi ndings derived from
the literature review were
analyzed for how they fit into the
narrative of UA. It became
evident that
UA as a theory has powerful
regenerative qualities, but
further study is required to
advise a suitable

strategic method for utilizing it

in existing cities. Researchers
such as Nassar have developed
guidance

on principles and strategies

(Figure 2.6) for UA, but advanced
counsel is necessary to
thoroughly
illustrate a design process that
has potential to be widely
adopted within the field of
urbanism (Nassar,

2021 ). It is important to further

explore effective procedures for
assessing relative conditions to

locate sensitive points in the city

and identi fy why they occur
(Landry, 2005). UA views urban
voids
in small parts and examines their
opportunity for revitalizing the
whole city (Casagrande, 2013).

To refrain from theoretical

proposals, the relationship and
mutual understanding of
community and

designer is important for

success. Designing intervention
points require maximal
information to
best concoct a regenerative
catalyst. Interventions which
empower urban relati onships
and focus

on the social and environmental

factors first will later influence
sustainable growth and
economic

regeneration. As a designer and

researcher, I will participate in
observational fieldwork using
principles of autoethnography
to thoroughly comprehend these
factors that make up urbanity. A
purely
desk-based research approach
would not be a feasible
demonstration of UA because an
urban planner
cannot possibly attain all the answers without experiencing it themselves. UA interventions should be
informed by citizens, therefore it is essential to recognize how the built environment is perceived by its
society (Nassar, 2021). I will observe space as a society member to holistically experience the essence

of place.

4.3 PRIMARY RESEARCH; FIELDWORK.

Whilst reading the literature on a topic or reflecting on generalized studies of modern life, questions
occur as gaps or inconsistencies in the literature materialize, with resolution achieved by way of

primary research (Bryman, 2012). UA is an underrepresented method when targeting regeneration

and therefore further research is required on the best methods for successful interventions.
Autoethnography has inspired this portion of qualitative research via fieldwork for its ability to depict

a citizen's everyday life.

This method relates to urban design practice within multi-cultural dimensions because it depicts the
story of place. Telling stories is a practice perhaps as old as mankind. At its core, autoethnography tells
a mundane narrati ve of everyday life based on people's observed behaviors. Sola-Morales describes

cities as narratives that are defined by their themes and this determines how urban spaces are used and
observed (Soli Morales et al., 2000. Cities can be read like books, they have a language formed by
-

their grammatical elements such as streets, footpaths, squares, and parks (Gehl, 2010). A descriptive

understanding of 110W people interact with such elements help planners design to support behaviors

rather than enforce them. There is an important distinction between ideal and manifest behaviors; ideal
behaviors describe what a good member of society should do whilst manifest behavior are what people

actually do (Blomberg, 1993). By observing manifest behavior, designers are allowing the community

to write their own story, a guiding method which parallels the human-centric nature of UA.

This dissertation will utilize observational fieldwork inspired by the principal methods of

autoethnography yet will exclude techniques such as interviewing and interacti ve parti cipation. This is
due to ethical restrictions and limitations in part by the university and the current covid-19 pandemic.

The fieldwork observes and analyzes a selected site located in Edinburgh, UK (reference 4.3.2

Planning the autoethnographic analysis), including the physical conditions and parti cipants. Some
recommended considerations for this type of fieldwork are shown in Figure 4.3, valuable categories

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to analyze during and after the site study. The research will remain within the ethical boundaries of
non-intrusive participant observation-, thus a later study may more deeply divulge the everyday lives
of society for future findings. Although it will not be feasible to conduct a traditional autoethnographic

analysis for reasons previously mentioned and the constraint of time, it is valuable to understand the

approach and it's added value to design practitioners.

4.3.1 WHAT IS AUTOETHNOGRAPHY AND HOW DOES IT RELATE TO

DESIGN PRACTICE?

Autoethnography is a qualitative design method derived from the field of anthropology. It has a

similar sense of storytelling but exceeds self-narration to engage in cultural analysis and interpretation

(Bryman, 2012; Chang, 2008). The term suggests that autoethnography examines self; auto, culture;

ethno and research; graphy. The method explores cultural, social, and political contexts through a first-

person lens (Dwyer, et al., 2017). A descriptive analysis of observed behaviors is performed by the
researcher to understand a social world beyond themselves (Blomberg, 1993; Anderson, 2006). The
analysis will require the ethnographer to be immersed in the environment and people being studied

through fieldwork that can include a combination of informal interviewing, participation in community

activities or observation. This experience will be followed by a detailed report of impressions and key
repetitions (Blomberg, 1993; Cihanger, 2018). It has many opportunities to create a holistic design

approach but, socio-spatial analysis comes with its challenges (Figure 4.4). The examination and

interpretation of the world by its participants has great value in designing future-forward cities
because
like culture is made of an invisible web of human behaviors, patterns and rules, the city is similarly a

multi-layered energy organism (Bryman, 2012; Sunstein & Chiseri-Strater, 2016; Casagrande, 2013).
"Self' and `others" are two vital agents and participants in culture, utilizing these interactive agents as

informants for regenerative urbanization will infl uence more holistic and people-centric urban spaces

(Chang, 2008). Techniques derived from autoethnographic research will help dissect the multiple

layers of culture and place.

Social and physical space shape the quality of public living conditions therefore designers and
,

planners should conduct intensive studies of the socio-spatial dynamics in cities. Design ethnography

is an understudied method in terms of regenerative urban design (Cihanger, 2018). Large-scale

regenerative plans have exclusionary tendencies. thus creating marginalized designs, where
autoethnography allows for thorough evaluation of micro-scale formations between individuals,
cultures and their environment (Rishbeth et al., 2017; Cihanger, 2018). Autoethnography presents a
unique opportunity for the designer to gain valuable empathy for local ecology.

Autoethnography as a design research method provides access to people's everyday lives, and

because of this it has become a useful tool for researchers and practi ti oners related to people and

multicultural setti ngs (Blomberg, 1993; Chang, 2008). This was selected as a research method due

to its close relation to how practitioners of the built environment typically direct design decisions
with fundamental knowledge of a site's demographics and physical form (Chun & Twose, 2019). It

OPPORTU NI TIES & C H ALLEN GES OF

A UTOET H NOGRAPH Y AS A DES IGN MET H ODOLOGY
OPPORTUNITIES CHALLENGES

The autoethnographer has a unique opportunity to Social research can be messy but effective planning can
coexistence in a place. Planners and designers have a combat (Bryman, 2012).
responsibility for "managing our co-existence in shared
space" (Rishbeth et al.. 2017, p. 37).

The nature of this research is difficult to replicate

(Bryman. 2012).
By evaluating people (the interactive agents of culture),
researchers can identify social patterns (Chang, 2008).
There is a lack of clarity for what the researcher actually
did (Bryman. 2012).

Storytelling is an ancient human practice and is

therefore reader friendly (Chang, 2008).
There is a concern for ethical privacy in some settings
(Change. 2008).

Easy access to primary data (Chang, 2008). The autoethnographer plays a dual role as a member in
the environment under study and as a researcher of that
place (Anderson, 2006).

Clarify inconsistencies in literature review (Bryman. The method can lose its sociological promise if the
2012). autoethnographer indulges in self-absorption (Anderson.
2006).

Informative tool to design in support of community Subject to the researcher's perspective and personal
activity (Blomberg, 1993). view (Bryman, 2012).

Social analysis of public life is too often generalized and

simplified. autoethnography realizes the complexity and
fluidity of local ecology (Rishbeth et al., 2017. p. 37).
ie; I am come from America, I am a young adult and I have an
educational background in sustainability and architectural design. this
will give me a different lens for viewing an experience compared to
someone such as a child. Lerner used children in a study that implied
how they see places more purely (Yimeng, 2015).

Figure 4.4 - Opportunities & Challenges of autoethnography as a design methodology for urban acupuncture. Source: Madison Sacramone.
is common practice for designers and planners to consider the whole set of existing conditions by
studying the place as it is and discovering how it has become what it is by evaluating its positive and
negative components (Hysler-Rubin. 2011). This is similar to the bottom-up approach in UA which

aims to relieve small urban spaces to revitalize the wider area (Casagrande, 2013). The principal

concept of holism refers to how particular daily behaviors fit into the larger whole (Blomberg, 1993).
The ethnographic mindset for evaluating particles of a place eliminates a designer's conceptual

blinders (Rishbeth et al., 2017). This is important because designs that are realized prior to a holistic

knowledge for place lack information as a driver for sustainable, long-term intervention.

"...urbanism studies do not need to invent or pre-mediate uses and corresponding urban
spaces for people. Instead, everyday life and its spaces are needed to be better observed,
understood and valued by the professionals. Being almost unique to each case, the everyday
users contribute to the objectives and principles of urban design from a more genuine
perspective. with their humble richness for alternative and authentic design ideas." (Cihanger,
2018 p. 3)
,

Engaging with ethnographic research can better inform cultural literacy in design policy and

professional practice ( Rishbeth et al., 2017). Evidently, the active involvement by all participants

of urban development helps to design more inclusive public space by understanding socio-spatial
patterns. Each place is different and should not be molded to fit one form, it should be thoroughly

analyzed through its everyday users prior to creating design concepts.

4.3.2 PRELIMINARY PLANNING OF FIELDWORK.

Preparing for observational analysis requires a strategic plan for fieldwork that will adequately
develop an understanding for a place and human behavior. This section will make recommendations

and outline the preparation of the observational study. Autoethnography is a method that is available

to anyone, for it is simply allowing oneself to experience what is before them. If design is defined
as the organization of any space transformed into a preferred one, then every individual is a capable

decision maker when erecting an ideal environment. It is with this in mind that anyone can play the

role of a design researcher to transform urban space (Cihanger, 2018). UA theory suggests that actions
of citizens lead the development of cities (Casagrande. 2013). In this study, I will demonstrate how

observational research in my local city is an attainable method by a citizen (myself) and is appropriate
for analyzing potential spaces for intervention in conjunction with UA theory.
Site Selection UA addresses potenti al opportuniti es in a city to advance regenerati on and improve
—

the QOL for everyday urbanites. In this case, methods for selecting a 'sensitive" spot were applied
in identifying a study site. Sola Morales believed that successful interventions should be attentive
-

to the richness of urban sites for existi ng richness and more importantly, potential richness (Soli-

Morales et al., 2008). Referencing analytical strategies and rating methods for successful urban
spaces (see 2.5 Existing strategies for reassessing urban spaces in preparation of regeneration) helps

to clarify the distinction of unappealing versus desirable assets in urban conditions. To name a few,

walkability, safety, and socialization promote good QOL (Nassar, 2021; Gehl, 2010). By realizing
the positive aspects, opportunities in sensitive points can be realized where these are lacking (Figure

2.5). It is not enough to assume, for example, a place is "safe," for an individual's perception based

on place is equally valuable and subject to their personal views and experiences (Figure 2.3) (Ewing
& Handy, 2009). Therefore, observati onal study will allow me to fully experience the sites from my

personal, read subjective, perspective. It goes without saying that if you were to conduct this study you

may / would have a completely different perception, experience, etc., and ultimately draw different
and unique conclusions. The study site was selected from key criteria for predicti ng a successful

place for intervention based on initial impressions. The process is partially lead by intuition and
by our knowledge of existing principles and strategies for UA (Figure 2.6). Using a guide for site

selection, any citizen has the capability to assess a sensitive spot for its feasibility and opportunity for

intervention. Due to limitations inherent to the dissertation I will perform this task myself, but, this
guide can be used to identify sensitive points in your city. Like the Place Standard Tool (Figure 2.4), it

can be used by professionals and the public to reach collaborative conclusions on reality of a place and

need for UA intervention (Figures 4.5 & 4.6).

Nassar suggests that it is best to select intervention locati ons that are "small, leftover, neglected spaces

in the urban fabric" because well designed and large spaces such as parks already have a defi niti ve
-

purpose in the city (Nassar, 2021 p. 4). Sir Patrick Geddes similarly approached his areas of work

in Edinburgh by recognizing potential where nobody else did, he began restorati on and subsequently

people began to move back to Old Town (MacPherson, 2020). In projects such as Casagrande's "Third
Generation City," interventions are constructed in places where the land is underused, the status is
unclear, or ownership is undefined (Casagrande, 2006; Unt & Bell. 2014).
 As a current resident of Edinburgh, I
PROCESS: SITE SELECTION
have realized a similar circumstance in
The site selection process is outlines as it relates to choosing an appropriate
site for urban acupuncture intervention. Once the site passes step 3. the northern Edinburgh, Leith, where urban
researcher can proceed with the fieldwork study portion.
voids have formed for various reasons.
SITE SELECTION is based on educated impressions and observations_
Designs from Geddes and other historic
EXPLORE THE CITY)
urbanists make Old Town Edinburgh

the vibrant and celebrated district it

INTUITIVELY IDENTIFY A SENSITIVE SPOT)

see guide for site selection

is today. Likewise, Leith can benefit
CAN THIS PLACE HOST A SUCCESSFUL from regeneration, like Old Town did
INTERVENTION? Yes I No

after Geddes prompted intervention

FIELDWORK STUDY is the main observational study. begin to
question why specific behaviors occur. following the construction of New
Town (MacPherson, 2020). Leith is a
c -_
THOROUGH OBSERVATIONAL
part of Edinburgh that feels relatively
FIELDWORK OF SELECTED S I TE
see Appendix 1 for guide on fieldwork
disconnected and would benefit

Figure 4.5 - Process Outline for Site Selection. Source. Madison Sacrarnone from intervention as is evident from

community-lead UA that I observed

while scoping for study sites (Figures 4.7
& 4.8). This suggests that the community
seeks intervention,

hints such as this assure that an

interventi on would be successful.
"Planners and designers have a

responsibility for managing our co-

existence in shared space,"
autocthnography helps us to experience
coexistence, between ourselves, the
environment and people (Rishbeth et al.,
2017 p. 37). As the

observational researcher selecting

specific study sites, it is important to
focus on these relationships

for how they make or break a successful

UA intervention and clues in the
community may suggest a
craving for interventions such as this.

Background Research — During, the

initial phases of this dissertati on, I
began to see Edinburgh
differently. Whilst reviewing literature on
urbanism. In ti me my senses were
heightened to the point
that I began noticing local urban voids.
Before selecting the site, I considered a
site located on the

Royal Mile in central Old Town,

Edinburgh. I observed that although
Hunter Square encompassed

many of the UA principles and strategies,

it still attracted antisocial behavior. I was
intrigued to
study why such behaviors occur in a
theoretically desirable place, but
temporary outdoor cafes (an
economic response to covid-19
restrictions) filled the square and like the
flip of a switch Hunter
Figure -community-lead Garden exainpie of W4 if Figure 4.8 - Example of reused and local material. LJA in Leith,
Edinburgh Source, Image by Madison Sacramone Edinburgh Source: image by Madison Sacramone

Square was gentrified. Though this was unfortunate for my planned research, it was also a beneficial
experience because I began to understand my own innate ability to question urban voids. As an urban

acupuncturist it is important to practice diagnostic skills in your local city.

Diagnosis is not purely lead by intuition, it can be supplemented by gathering quantitative background

information. My initial impression of Hunter Square led me to questions that I otherwise would

not have if I had purely studied the site from desk-based analytical data. Visiting potential sites for
intervention can inform the initial background research that must be conducted prior to proceeding

with the observational autoethnographic fi eldwork (Sunstein & Chiscri Strater, 2016). A combinati on
-

of intuiti ve fieldwork and preliminary desk based site analysis will widen the scope of informati on
-

during the qualitative fieldwork stage and inform more educated questions that may arise. Placing the

needle in site selection was only the first step, Geddes suggests that we must acknowledge where we

are in the timeline of a place and this information is best gathered via a traditional approach prior to
fi eldwork (Hysler Rubin, 2011). I developed a brief site analysis for the site in study to adequately
-

inform myself on the relative context of the area (Appendix 2). Some starti ng points to background
research include climate. demographics and local industry, this information will help both in the

fi eldwork and in generating a design proposal. UA interventions aim to scale down input, therefore

fully understanding the sensitive point and the potential there may be for utilizing local skill, recycled
materials and community ideas, provides a holisti c view to wisely select a site and its prescribed

intervention (Unt & Bell, 2014). The collection of this data lead me to quicker conclusions that I was
able to record in my fieldnotes and later contextualize in my results.
 SELECTION OF SENSITIVE SPOTS FOR
URBAN ACUPUNCTURE INTERVENTION

This guide should be used as a checklist to determine the feasibility of a location for urban acupuncture
intervention. A fieldworker may intuitively select an urban void and then evaluate it against the "Necessary"
and "Opportunity" categories to realize the potential of an area.

NECESSARY FOR A SUCCESSFUL INTERVENTION

This principles on this checklist are required for a successful intervention point site.

SMALL SCALE IV URBAN VOID

Either the physical area is relatively small to the human The site is cattgurized as leftover, neglected. a place of
scale or it would require minimal financial input (Nassar, transition, unused or poorly used. The site has little or no
2021). design, well-designed spaces do not need intervention and it is
better to build on existing (Nassar, 2021; Casagrande. 2013).

__________ WELL C O N N E C TE D
rc/ CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
The potential to encourage citizen education and
The site is accessible to the public, it is in walking distance to participation will ensure long-term success. Are there clues to
residential areas and local commerce to stimulate community suggest interest from the community? (Nassar. 2021;
interactions. Casanova & Hernandez, 2014).

Note: The site which I have selected in Leith. Edinburgh has been used as an example for completing the guided process of these
tools.

Recommendation: Although I was not able to. it is recommended to complete this task collaboratively as it is subjective to
individuals. I would also recommend including further information on these necessary principles and opportunity areas in your
lieldnotes.

See Figure 4.3 for explanation of categories.

 OPPORTUNITY AREAS

These categories describe, as Manuel Dc Sola-Morales said, the "richness" or "potential richness" of a site.
The items on this checklist arc not all required for successful intervention, but should be included in the
design proposal. They can be evaluated on a basis of Adequately Exists, Potential for Improvement, or Not
Feasible. In the most ideal scenario all categories exist or have potential for improvement.

Local aesthetic
n 34

Incorporates .......... ...... .

Heritage Access to green-space

4004 wildlife and ilature.
• ...........................
•••.•.....
.•-
............................
Accessibility public
access, conveniently
accessed via walk, .,.•- Open
bike or public
transportation

SPATIAL ASPECTS
Flexible & relating to the physical site
Adaptive Walkability

Safety 0 SOCIAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL Sociable,

ASPECTS Promotes
relating to now people community
perceive the site and how it
 fosters interactions •
engagement.

Locality 'Jse of
local resources & Diverse &
skills Inclusive

••• ......
-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Education opportunity
:o educate the public. '•• ....
...... .....
....
..••••

Comfort . . . . . . . . .

.• ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Citizen participation, collaborative management, shared responsibility among community and & local government

O Adequately Potential for Not Feasible

exists on site improvement
 Rate the quality of each category from 0 - 5
(0 = it is not present or is not feasible 3 = small amounts but has potential 5 = adequately exists or it has great potential to exist)

Figure 4.6 - Selection of Sensitive Spots. determine the feasibility of a site. Source: Madison Sacramone
Fieldwork Autoethnographic methods for observati onal research suggest that a fi rst-person insight
—

to cultural practices and phenomena is a valuable research approach to contextualize place but. the
reliability of a narrator is always questionable. Participant observations have limited merit without

adequate fi eldnotes. A site can't be fully recorded and examined through the lens of technology,

after the gathered background research, we must prepare a "toolkit" to document the site for further
analysis, the most important tool is fi eldnotes (Sunstein & Chiseri Strater, 2016). This type of
-

fieldwork is subjective, therefore the ethnographer should immediately record fi eldnotes after or

during their observation (Sunstein & Chiseri-Strater, 2016). Ways to combat subjectivity may include
a personal systematic way for taking field notes. or a collaborative approach to fieldwork. For studies

on observati onal research for UA of this nature, I would recommend a team of individuals (ideally a
combination of community members, designers and policvmakers) to undergo this fi eldwork activity

to collaborate and compare impressions of a site, like the Place Standard Tool (Figure 2.4). Although

recommended. this is not feasible to preform for this dissertation but. would be valuable in future
studies to open community discussions around UA interventions.

A criticism of autoethnography is that it can be unclear what the researcher actually did (Wyman,

2012). By developing a consistent, systematic process including a toolkit, strategic fieldnotes and
a specifi c procedure performed during the site visit, this can ensure accurate results (Appendix 1).

Observational research can be messy, but this can be a positive quality in analyzing the uncontrolled

variables of the study and accepting the potential added value of spontaneity. The researcher must
write themselves into the narrative of a place, fieldnotes should be descriptive and balance personal

experiences, such as sensati ons and feelings, with other observed behaviors from people, nature and

animals (Sunstein & Chiseri-Strater, 2016). There is an important distinction between "me," "us,"
and "them," that can help categorize observations for further analysis on how the researcher fits into

the narrative (Chang, 2008). UA forms relationships, in this qualitative method, the researcher has a

significant role in these relationships.

Research Portfolio — The research portfolio is a compilation of everything that came out of the
research process. Collecting all the work in one place helps the fi eldworker to adequately reflect

through analysis then synthesis by presenting the work to themselves and fellow researchers (Sunstein

& Chiseri-Strater, 2016). A portfolio is not limited to any amount or type of element, it may include
fieldnotes, narratives, photographs, drawings., diagrams, photographs, videos, and artifacts from the
site visits. The unfiltered collection of these elements can help the researcher to decide what they want
to accomplish (Sunstein & Chiseri-Strater, 2016). Geddes similarly encouraged the explorati on and
consideration of the "whole set of existing conditions," and studying a place "as it stands" to recognize

its advantages and defects (Hysler-Rubin, 2011). By collecting as much as possible we can holistically

visualize the evidence and then filter through synthesis for the most valuable pieces.

A research portf olio is personal to the fieldworker, therefore I will not include every piece of my work

in this dissertation, Appendix 2 will display the most relevant elements in my portfolio. It would be
too much to present the whole collection here but, synthesizing and the narrowing of these elements is

a useful process especially if it is attainable in a collaborative way (Sunstein & Chiseri-Strater, 2016).
,

Analysis — The summative analysis of background research with the documented fieldwork experience

and the research portfolio is what alludes to signifi cant findings. The first step was to record all the

informati on, now we must respond with critical analysis (Sunstein & Chiseri-Strater, 2016). Sola-

Morales states that UA interventions are "...reinterpretations of the cities and sincere proposals for

their transformation... demonstrate an attention to questions beyond the realm of usual professional

practice..." (Soli-Morales et al. , 2008 p. 19). This method for contextualizing place has added
value because questi ons arise during the process that otherwise would not from a typical desk-based

site analysis. By experiencing the place as it stands, I was able to make educated connections and
conclusions through observed behaviors, especially those that were repetitive. A fieldwork narrative

is something that helped to reflect on the experience and compose the fieldnotes into one essay for a

more cohesive narrative to further analyze (See narrati ve in Appendix 2). The analysis should question
the reason for specifi c occurrences whether they are positi ve or negative for how they may influence

the design of an UA intervention. If questions remain unanswered the researcher should further

investigate them. For example, during my site visit I noticed subpar access to healthy, fresh food and
a large amount of people eating during lunch breaks, this lead me to question why this is lacking and

how it may be resolved by intervention. These questions were not resolved via observation, but the
fieldwork provoked these questions for further study and analysis.