Title of Micro-Project

Environmental Issue: Radiation

1.0 Brief Introduction (Importance of the project, in about 4 to 5 Sentences)
Introduction to Radiation All life has evolved in an environment filled with
radiation

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project (in about 4 to 5 Sentences)

This Micro-Project aims at Environmental issues of radiation

3.0 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major activities for 8 Weeks)
S. No. Details of activity Planned Start Planned Name of Responsible
date Finish date Team Members
1 Writing information on radiation 20/09/2022 21/09/2022 Khan Hamza Sattar
2 Taking information on effects of radiation 22/09/2022 22/09/2022
3 Solution of radiation issues 23/09/2022 24/09/2022
4
5
6
7
8

4.0 Resources Required (major resources such as raw material, some machining facility, software etc.)
S. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks
1 Windows word Windows software 1
2 laptop I5 11gen 256ssd 1
 Project On

Enviromental Studies

Topic of Project:-

Radiation Issue
Submitted by:

Khan Hamza Abdul Sattar

Enrollment No: 2105680069

Subject: Environmental Issues

Under the Guidance

Ms. Zeba Syed

 INTRODUCTION TO
RADIATION
The word "radiation" arises from the phenomenon waves radiating (i.e., traveling
outward in all directions) from a source. This aspect leads to a system
of measurements and physical units that are applicable to all types of radiation.
Because such radiation expands as it passes through space, and as its energy is
conserved (in vacuum), the intensity of all types of radiation from a point
source follows an inverse-square law in relation to the distance from its source.
Like any ideal law, the inverse-square law approximates a measured radiation
intensity to the extent that the source approximates a geometric point

Introduction to Radiation All life has evolved in an environment filled with

radiation. The forces at work in radiation are revealed upon examining the
structure of atoms. Atoms are a million times thinner than a single strand of
human hair, and are composed of even smaller particles – some of which are
electrically charged.

In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form

of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
the origin and existence of life on Earth owe to the presence of radiations that
triggered photochemical transformations for sustainable life forms. The
classification of radiations into ionizing and non-ionizing radiations, on the basis
of interaction with matter, distinguishes their role in the evolution of the
environment and its components. With advancement in scientific knowledge,
there has been vast development in technological processes that utilize radiations
for human benefits. But sometimes radiations pose to be potential risk for
environment especially when used as weapon for mass destruction and during
human negligence leading to catastrophic disasters.

You have likely heard some scary things about nuclear radiation effects and
how they can impact human health. Though nuclear power plants produce very
little pollution when compared to fossil fuels, they certainly do not come
without their risks – just ask anyone affected by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.

WHY IS RADIATION BAD?

You have to look into what exactly radiation does to living things to get a
better idea of why radiation is considered bad. The most damaging of nuclear
radiation effects involves DNA. Energy from the radiation damages the
DNA, or genetic material, within the cell. The body can repair damage from
small amounts of radiation, but large amounts can result in cell death and
even cancer.

SOME HARMFUL EFFECTS OF

RADIATION ON HUMANS AND
ANIMALS INCLUDE:
  Burns
 Nausea and vomiting (acute radiation syndrome)
 Cancer or increased risk of cancer
 Cardiovascular disease

HOW DOES NUCLEAR RADIATION

AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT?

Nuclear radiation can impact the environment in three primary ways:

improper disposal of nuclear waste, direct exposure via disasters and through
the mining process of uranium.
While nuclear power plants do not emit very much pollution, they do
produce radioactive waste as a byproduct. Some plants dispose of nuclear
waste – particularly waste with lower levels of radiation than is harmful to
human health – using landfills or by releasing it into lakes and rivers.
Unknown leaks of nuclear wastes can also find their way into the
environment, as can damage to permanent underground housing facilities for
nuclear waste.

Disasters provide a similar danger

to the environment and surrounding ecosystems, simply on a larger and more
destructive scale. Accidents can happen, and the impact of an accident and a
nuclear power plant can catastrophic consequences to human health and the
environment. Disasters can directly expose those in the vicinity to high levels
of radiation; wind and water can carry radiation long distances, and radiation
can remain in the soil for many years.

Nuclear power requires the use of uranium, which companies must mine
from the ground to obtain. Uranium mining provides its own slew of
environmental impacts. Some facilities dispose of the byproducts of uranium
mining, known as tailings, in the surrounding area of the mine. These not
only expose the area to radiation, which can spread through the air or leach
into the water, but also pose the risk of heavy metal contamination as well.

MMEDIATE ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS:
When an atomic bomb explodes, plutonium in the device undergoes fission,
releasing enormous quantities of energy. The initial blast creates a blinding
flash, followed by temperatures in the area of the explosion reaching upwards
of 10 million degrees Celsius. Electromagnetic radiation leads to the
formation of a fireball. A crushing wind caused by the initial blast destroys
buildings and

trees in its path. A single 15 kiloton bomb detonated over the center of
Hiroshima near the end of World War II, destroying everything within a 1-
mile radius of the city. The effect on the immediate environment is one of
total devastation. The extreme heat of thermal radiation burns everything in
its path, including animals, trees, buildings and people. Many of those who
did not die from radiation or burns later developed cancers from the
radiation.

RADIATION EFFECTS:
The release of radiation from the Chernobyl power plant gives scientists an
idea of what the effects would be on the environment in a small nuclear war.
The amount of radiation released at Chernobyl is equivalent to the detonation
of about a dozen atomic bombs at an altitude that would cause maximum
blast damage. At Chernobyl, large amounts of radioactive particles called
iodine-131 and cesium 137 were released into the environment during a fire
that burned for 10 days. These isotopes are particularly dangerous to living
organisms.
WATER AND FOREST
CONTAMINATION:-

Radioactive particles can travel from the site of an atomic bomb explosion
and contaminate bodies of water, including aquatic life like fish. In addition,
the fallout from the detonation of numerous atomic bombs would result in the
contamination of berries and other plant life found in the surrounding areas
and forests. Genetic mutations and disease in the generations of animals and
 humans following contamination would also occur. Animals in Chernobyl’s
forests, for example, have high levels of radioactive cesium. Scientists expect
the contamination to remain that way for decades

RADIATION IN EVERYDAY OBJECTS:-

 Air Travel
 Airport Security Screening
 Building Materials
 Cigarette Smoking and Radiation
  Frequently Asked Questions about Cell Phones and Your Health
 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
 Wearable Computers and Wearable Technology

RADIATION IN NATURE:-
 Radon and Your Health
 Radiation from Space (Cosmic Radiation)
  Radiation from the Earth (Terrestrial Radiation)

IT’S ALL ABOUT THE DOSE:

As with other types of toxins, “the dose makes the poison” We receive low
doses of radiation from our natural environment every day We know that
radiation at high doses can cause cancer, could harm fetuses, and can even
lead to death.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT DOSE: -

A dose received over a long period of time is less harmful than the same dose
received all at once A dose to a part of the body is less harmful than a dose to
the whole body Children and young adults are more sensitive to the effects of
radiation.

HOW RADIATION AFFECTS YOUR

BODY:
Radiation can damage the DNA in our cells High doses of radiation can cause
Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) or Cutaneous Radiation Injuries (CRI).High
doses of radiation could also lead to cancer later in life Radiation damage is
the effect of ionizing radiation on physical objects including non-living
structural materials. It can be either detrimental or beneficial for materials.
Radiobiology is the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things,
including the health effects of radiation in humans. High doses of ionizing
radiation can cause damage to living tissue such as radiation burning and
harmful mutations such as causing cells to become cancerous, and can lead to
health problems such as radiation poisoning.

COUNTERMEASURES:-
Two main approaches to reduce radiation damage are reducing the amount of
energy deposited in the sensitive material (e.g. by shielding, distance from the
source, or spatial orientation), or modification of the material to be less
sensitive to radiation damage (e.g. by adding antioxidants, stabilizers, or
choosing a more suitable material). In addition to the electronic device
hardening mentioned above, some degree of protection may be obtained by
shielding,

usually with the interposition of high density materials (particularly lead,

where space is critical, or concrete where space is available) between the
radiation source and areas to be protected. For biological effects of substances
such as radioactive iodine the ingestion of non-radioactive isotopes may
substantially reduce the biological uptake of the radioactive form,
and chelation therapy may be applied to accelerate the removal of radioactive
materials formed from heavy metals from the body by natural processes.
Solid countermeasures to radiation damage consist of three approaches.
Firstly, saturating the matrix with oversized solutes. This acts to trap the
swelling that occurs as a result of the creep and dislocation motion. They also
act to help prevent diffusion, which restricts the ability of the material to
undergo radiation induced segregation.[19] Secondly, dispersing an oxide inside
the matrix of the material. Dispersed oxide helps to prevent creep, and to
mitigate swelling and reduce radiation induced segregation as well, by
preventing dislocation motion and the formation and motion of interstitials.
[20]
 Finally, by engineering grain boundaries to be as small as possible,
dislocation motion can be impeded, which prevents the embrittlement and
hardening that result in material failure.

EFFECTS ON HUMANS:-
Ionizing radiation is generally harmful and potentially lethal to living things
but can have health benefits in radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer
and thyrotoxicosis. Its most common impact is the induction of cancer with
a latent period of years or decades after exposure. High doses can cause
visually dramatic radiation burns, and/or rapid fatality through acute radiation
syndrome. Controlled doses are used for medical imaging and radiotherapy.
Most adverse health effects of radiation exposure may be grouped in two
general categories:

Deterministic effects (harmful tissue reactions) due in large part to the killing/
malfunction of cells following high doses; and Stochastic effects, i.e., cancer
and heritable effects involving either cancer development in exposed
individuals owing to mutation of somatic cells or heritable disease in their
offspring owing to mutation of reproductive (germ) cells.

Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by

the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people
from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for
achieving this".[1] Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the
human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion
of radioactive contamination.
 Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a
significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue.
There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high
exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due
to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the
unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures
there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called
"stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally
indicated by the unit sievert.

Planning Applications:-
Most local planning authorities will include standard conditions relating to land
contamination and the most basic requirement is to prepare a Phase One
Environmental Risk Assessment to show whether or not potential land
contamination hazards exist which may need to be carefully managed. This can
sometimes be referred to as a Contamination Assessment or Environmental Desk
Study.
Ashfield’s assessments are written in accordance with the latest industry best
practice guidance, in line with the government’s Land Contamination Risk
Management Framework (LCRM), as well as meeting the requirements of
National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF). The assessment looks at existing
liabilities under Part IIA (Part 2A) of the Environmental Protection Act as well as
what needs to be done to ensure the development scheme is suitable for use.
Ashfield will work to address any specific conditions outlined by the Local
Planning Authority on your behalf, and where required provide recommendations
on how to manage any residual risk for the development’s lifetime. To
understand more about this service, please contact us.

Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: Khan Hamza Abdul Sattar Enrollment No. 2105690068

Name Of Program: Enviromental Issues Semester: 5th Semester Course Title : Computer
Science
Code: ……………………………………………………………

Title Of The Micro-Project: Radiation Effects On Environment

Course Outcomes Achieved

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

Sr. Characteristic to be assessed Poor Average Good Excellent

No. ( Marks 1 - 3 ) ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9- 10 )

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature Survey / Information
Collection
 3 Project Proposal
4 Completion of the Target as per
project proposal
5 Analysis of Data and
representation
6 Quality of Prototype/Model

7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense

Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total

Part A - Project Project Methodology Part B - Project individual Marks
Proposal (2 marks) Report/Working Presentation/Viva
(2 marks) Model (4 marks) 10
(2 marks)

Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns & individual
evaluation in 4TH columns for each group of students as per rubrics.

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Any Other Comment:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Name and designation of the Faculty Member…………………………………………………………….

Signature…………………………………………………………………………………………...................