Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to work together to provide the needed

oxygen and fuel to the body during sustained workloads.

Examples would be jogging, cycling and swimming. The 3 minute step test is used most often to test
cardiovascular endurance.
Muscular strength is the amount of force a muscle can produce.
Examples would be the bench press, leg press or bicep curl. The push up test is most often used to
test muscular strength.
Muscular endurance is the ability of the muscles to perform continuous without fatiguing. Examples
would be cycling, step machines and elliptical machines. The sit up test is most often used to test
muscular endurance.
Flexibility is the ability of each joint to move through the available range of motion for a specific
joint. Examples would be stretching individual muscles or the ability to perform certain functional
movements such as the lunge. The sit and reach test is most often used to test flexibility.
Body composition is the amount of fat mass compared to lean muscle mass, bone and organs. This
can be measured using underwater weighing, Skinfold readings, and bioelectrical impedance.
Underwater weighing is considered the “gold standard” for body fat measurement, however because
of the size and expense of the equipment needed very few places are set up to do this kind of
measurement.
Anthropometric methods are:
-Skin fold thickness- measurements involve measuring skin and subcutaneous adipose tissues at
several different standard anatomical sites around the body and converting these measurements to
percentage body fat.
-BMI- Key index for relating a person’s body weight to height. BMI= M/(H*H), where M= body
mass in kilograms and H= height in meters (A higher BMI score usually indicates higher levels of
body fat)
-Waist to hip ratio- Measured using a tape measure around the waist and the largest hip
circumference. The ratio is a simple calculation of the waist girth divided by the hip girth.

MUSCULAR FITNESS It includes muscular endurance and strength. They determine bone mass,
glucose tolerance, musculo-tendinous integrity, and ability to carry out ADLs.

Muscular Endurance: It is the ability of muscle group to execute repeated contractions over a period
of time sufficient to cause muscle fatigue, or to maintain a specific percentage of the maximal
voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time. Absolute muscular endurance is the total
number of repetitions at a given amount of resistance is measured.
Muscular Strength: It is the muscle's ability to exert force at high intensities over short periods of
time. Static or isometric strength can be assessed by using various devices such as dynamometer and
tensiometers.
CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS is related to the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic,
moderate to high intensity exercise for prolonged periods. The performance depends upon the
functional state of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems.
FLEXIBILITY is the ability to move a joint through its complete range of motion. It is important in
the ability to carry out ADLs and in athletic performance. It depends on a number of specific
variables including distensibility of the joint capsule, adequate warm-up, and muscle viscosity.
Flexibility is joint specific, thus, no single flexibility test can be used to evaluate total body
flexibility.